Analysis of Ethnicity in the 2001 Census - Summary Report

Analysis of Ethnicity in the 2001 Census - Summary Report

Ascribed ethnicity of children by ethnicity of parents

The ethnicity of children in the census will generally have been ascribed by their parents. It is possible to look at the ethnicity of children both from single parent families and from couple families and to cross tabulate the ascribed ethnicity with the ethnicity of the parents. Table 1.5 and table 1.6 present results for couple families only. Whilst the ascribed ethnicity of children can differ from that of the parent in single parent families we cannot make any inferences without knowing the ethnicity of the other parent. In both these tables, the data relate to dependent children only, where a dependent child is defined as: 'a person aged 0-15 in a household or aged 16-18 in full-time education and living in a family with his/her parents'.

Table 1.5 shows the percentage of children in each ethnic group where both parents reported the same ethnic group.

Table 1.5: Ascribed ethnicity of children by ethnicity of parents - All Children with Parents in a Couple
Percentages

	Ethnicity of parents	White		Indian	Pakistani		Bangladeshi			Other South Asian	Chinese			Caribbean		African		Black Scottish or Other Black		Any Mixed Background	Other Ethnic Group
Ethnic group of child
White		99.8		1.8	1.4		3.5			3.7	2.5			17.4		2.7		0.0		14.9	3.1
Indian		0.0		94.7	0.3		0.0			2.4	0.3			0.0		0.0		0.0		0.0	0.1
Pakistani		0.0		1.4	96.3		1.1			4.1	1.0			2.2		0.1		0.0		0.0	0.4
Bangladeshi		0.0		0.0	0.2		94.8			0.1	0.2			0.0		0.0		0.0		0.0	0.0
Other South Asian		0.0		1.4	1.2		0.0			85.0	0.5			0.0		1.0		0.0		1.8	1.6
Chinese		0.0		0.2	0.2		0.0			0.1	95.0			0.0		0.0		0.0		0.0	0.2
Caribbean		0.0		0.0	0.0		0.0			0.0	0.0			76.1		0.0		0.0		0.0	0.0
African		0.0		0.1	0.0		0.2			0.2	0.0			0.0		93.8		5.0		0.0	0.2
Black Scottish or Other Black		0.0		0.0	0.1		0.0			0.6	0.0			4.3		1.7		95.0		0.9	0.4
Any Mixed Background		0.1		0.2	0.2		0.2			0.6	0.4			0.0		0.4		0.0		78.9	1.3
Other Ethnic Group		0.0		0.2	0.2		0.2			3.0	0.1			0.0		0.3		0.0		3.5	92.8
Base		658,213		2,804	9,237		522			828	2,831			46		706		20		114	1,113

Note: The four 'White' categories have been collapsed into one to compress the table.

• Over 90% of children from White, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Chinese parents are ascribed the same ethnicity as their parents.
• 85% of children of Other South Asian parents are also described as Other South Asian. 3.7% are described as White, 4.1% as Pakistani and 3.0% as 'Other Ethnic group'.
• 17.4% of children of Caribbean parents are described as White. However, the numbers involved here are very small.

All possible combinations of parental ethnicity were analysed, but given the small numbers involved, data are only presented for children where one of their parents is white.

Table 1.6: Ascribed ethnicity of children by ethnicity of parents where one parent is white - All Children with Parents in a Couple
Percentages

	Ethnicity of non-white parent	Indian	Pakistani	Bangladeshi	Other South Asian	Chinese	Caribbean	African	Black Scottish or Other Black	Any Mixed Background	Other Ethnic Group
Ethnicity of child
White		36.5	36.5	42.9	37.0	25.4	40.3	34.7	55.2	63.9	33.7
Indian		39.7	0.5	0.0	1.1	0.2	0.4	0.1	0.0	0.3	0.1
Pakistani		0.2	38.1	1.3	1.6	0.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4	0.2
Bangladeshi		0.0	0.3	22.1	0.2	0.0	0.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other South Asian		7.0	6.6	5.2	11.5	0.7	0.2	1.5	0.5	0.6	1.7
Chinese		0.0	0.4	0.0	0.0	50.9	0.0	0.3	1.0	0.9	0.1
Caribbean		0.1	0.0	0.0	0.5	0.0	15.7	0.0	0.0	0.5	0.0
African		0.1	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.8	20.0	0.0	0.5	0.2
Black Scottish or Other Black		0.4	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.0	1.7	4.5	11.9	0.5	0.0
Any Mixed Background		15.8	17.1	26.8	45.7	22.3	39.8	38.5	31.0	31.8	47.1
Other Ethnic Group		0.3	0.4	0.0	2.1	0.1	0.8	0.3	0.5	0.8	16.9
Base		1,001	1,063	77	806	1,026	528	711	210	1,746	2,472

• Children with one White and one parent from a Mixed background are most likely to be described as White (63.9%).
• Children with one White parent and one Indian parent are more likely to be described as Indian (39.7%). However, 36.5% of these children are described as White and 15.8% as mixed.
• The same is true for children of White/Pakistani parents: 38.1% are described as Pakistani, 36.5% as White and 17.1% as Mixed.
• More than half of the children born to White and Chinese parents are described as Chinese (50.9%).

Table 1.6 presents results for children where either one of the parents is White. It would be interesting to examine whether the ascribed ethnicity of a child differs depending whether it is the father or the mother who is from an ethnic minority. It would also be possible to analyse the data by country of birth of both the parents and the child; does this make any difference to the ascribed ethnicity of the child?

Family structure and number of dependent children

Table 1.7 shows the proportion of families ¹ within each ethnic group who have no dependent children ².

Table 1.7: Families with no dependent children by ethnic group
Percentages

Ethnic group of family reference person3	% of families with no dependent children	Base number of families
White Scottish	56.8	1,246,932
Other White British	58.8	119,473
White Irish	63.3	15,197
Other White	56.1	18,595
Indian	42.2	3,760
Pakistani	27.9	7,329
Bangladeshi	29.8	443
Other South Asian	32.5	1,420
Chinese	39.7	3,599
Caribbean	43.9	435
African	29.3	1,106
Black Scottish or Other Black	44.7	219
Any Mixed Background	47.1	1,708
Other Ethnic Group	34.9	2,099
All families	56.7	1,422,315

White families are more likely to have no dependent children than families from minority ethnic groups but no conclusions can be drawn as to whether White couples are less likely to have children than couples from other ethnic groups. These data only refer to dependent children and do not cover children who are not classed as dependent who are still at home (see footnote for definition of dependent) or children who have left home. Given the older age structure within the White population, it is likely that many couples will have adult children who will no longer be classed as dependent. There are no current sources in Scotland for information on the average number of children by ethnic group.

Table 1.8 presents information on the number of children per family for families who have dependent children.

Table 1.8: Proportion of families with different number of dependent children - (for families with dependent children)
Percentages

Ethnic group of family reference person4	One dependent child	Two dependent children	Three or more dependent children	Base
White Scottish	46.7	39.1	14.2	539,265
Other White British	42.2	41.1	16.7	49,177
White Irish	44.4	37.4	18.2	5,578
Other White	45.5	38.5	16.0	8,164
Indian	42.3	38.7	19.0	2,174
Pakistani	32.5	30.5	37.0	5,283
Bangladeshi	36.0	35.7	28.3	311
Other South Asian	39.9	38.3	21.8	958
Chinese	44.3	39.2	16.5	2,169
Caribbean	50.0	33.6	16.4	244
African	39.4	35.4	25.2	782
Black Scottish or Other Black	44.5	38.8	16.5	121
Any Mixed Background	49.1	35.9	15.1	903
Other Ethnic Group	41.0	37.1	21.9	1,366

Some differences can be seen between the numbers of children by ethnic group. For example, for all White groups, there are three times as many families who only have one dependent child compared to the families with three or more dependent children. This is not the case for Pakistani families: 37% of families have 3 or more children compared to 32.5% of families who have only one child. White Scottish people appear to be the least likely to have 3 or more children (only 14.2% of families. However these data only represent a picture at one point in time (the Census day). Families who only had one child on Census day may well have more than one child now. Some further work could be done on these data by making assumptions based on the age of the children (and the age of the mother) which might yield more information on whether there are significant differences in family size between ethnic groups.

Lone parent families

Table 1.9 shows the proportion of families with dependent children who are lone parent families.

Table 1.9: Lone parent families with dependent children
Proportion of all families with dependent children

Ethnic group of family reference person5	% of families who are lone parent families	Base number of families
White Scottish	29.5	539,265
Other White British	17.7	49,177
White Irish	19.8	5,578
Other White	18.5	8,164
Indian	13.6	2,174
Pakistani	16.1	5,283
Bangladeshi	9.6	311
Other South Asian	17.1	958
Chinese	13.4	2,169
Caribbean	28.7	244
African	28.8	782
Black Scottish or Other Black	38.0	121
Any Mixed Background	39.8	903
Other Ethnic Group	17.2	1,366

The Mixed ethnic group has the highest proportion of lone parent families (39.8%). 38% of Black Scottish families who have dependent children are lone parent families (the numbers involved are quite small). In contrast, only 9.6% of Bangladeshi families, 13.4% of Chinese families and 13.6% of Indian families who have dependent children are lone parent families.

Multiple family households

Table 1.10 provides information on the number of families per household by ethnic group. The Census definition of a family is:

'A family comprises a group of people consisting of a married or cohabiting couple with or without child(ren), or a lone parent with child(ren). Cohabiting couples include same sex couples. The 2001 Census question asks for the relationship of each person in the household to every other member (except in large households). This enables the identification of concealed families (second or subsequent families in a household), families containing step-children and the relationship between families.

Each individual within a household is allocated to a single family or is classified as an 'ungrouped individual'. One or more of these families and/or one or more individual(s) makes up a household.'

What does this mean? Using the example of White Scottish households - the first section of the table refers to ungrouped individuals only, which will be people sharing a home with others who are not their 'family' under the Census definition ⁶. Hence, 14.6% of White Scottish people live on their own and 1.6% share a home with one other, 78% of White Scottish people live in single family households and 3.4% of them live in households with one family plus one other individual (grandparent?, sibling?). 1.1% of White Scottish people live in households which contain 2 families.

Table 1.10: Household Structure by ethnic group of people in household - All People in Households
Percentages

		White Scottish	Other White British	White Irish	Other White	Indian	Pakistani	Bangladeshi	Other South Asian	Chinese	Caribbean	African	Black Scottish or Other Black	Any Mixed Background	Other Ethnic Group
0 - Couple/Lone Parent families	Ungrouped Individuals	17.0	21.0	30.0	26.6	14.4	5.3	12.2	18.1	18.6	24.8	25.7	21.4	17..3	20.9
	0
	1	14.6	14.3	20.3	13.9	6.9	3.3	6.0	10.9	9.0	17.7	15.3	15.1	9.4	9.6
	2	1.6	2.5	3.9	4.2	2.8	1.0	2.5	3.8	3.4	2.8	4.7	3.8	3.3	4.7
	3	0.5	1.7	2.8	3.5	2.1	0.5	1.3	1.4	2.6	1.8	2.3	1.8	1.8	3.0
	4+	0.3	2.4	3.0	4.9	2.5	0.5	2.4	2.0	3.6	2.5	3.5	0.7	2.7	3.6
1 - Couple/Lone Parent family	Ungrouped Individuals	81.8	78.1	69.1	72.2	76.6	79.7	79.8	79.7	78.7	74.5	73.3	78.0	81.3	77.9
	0	78.0	74.1	65.1	66.5	67.0	67.4	66.8	71.9	70.6	69.1	65.3	70.3	75.4	71.0
	1	3.4	3.4	3.3	4.4	8.0	9.8	9.3	6.6	6.9	4.7	6.9	6.4	4.8	5.4
	2	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.7	1.2	1.9	2.4	0.9	0.8	0.5	0.7	1.0	0.7	0.9
	3	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.3	0.4	1.0	0.2	0.3	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2
	4+	0.0	0.1	0.1	1.2	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0	0.1	0.3
2 - Couple/Lone Parent families	Ungrouped Individuals	1.1	0.9	0.9	0.9	7.5	12.7	7.4	1.8	2.6	0.7	1.0	0.5	1.3	1.2
	0	1.0	0.9	0.8	0.2	5.7	9.6	4.7	1.3	2.3	0.5	0.9	0.5	1.2	1.0
	1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	1.2	2.2	2.1	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.1
	2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
	3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
	4+	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
3 or more Couple/Lone Parent families	Ungrouped Individuals	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	1.6	2.3	0.6	0.4	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.1
	0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.1	1.8	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
	1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.3	0.2	0.5	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
	2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
	3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
	4+	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

Note: Totals may not add up due to rounding

• 20.3% of White Irish people and 17.7% of Caribbean people live in single person households. This compares with only 3.3% of Pakistani people.
• Only 0.9% of people from White British, White Irish and Other White backgrounds and 0.5% of Black Scottish/Other Black people live in households which consist of 2 or more families compared with 7.4% of Indian people and 12.7% of Pakistani people.
• 2.3% of Pakistani people live in households comprising 3 or more families.

These data can also be analysed by housing tenure (tables not shown here). Whilst the general patterns shown in the table above hold across all tenure types (most single households amongst White people and most multi-family households amongst Indian and Pakistanis), there are differences in the relative proportions between owned homes and rented homes. For owned homes, across all ethnic groups, there is a lower proportion of people living in single person/ungrouped individual households and there is a higher proportion of people who live in single family households (sometimes with other 'non family' members). In addition, for all ethnic groups, there are a higher proportion of people who live in households containing 2 or more families. The highest figure is for Pakistani people: 18.5% of Pakistani people who live in owned homes live in households comprising 2 or more families. This compares with 5.2% of Pakistani people in rented homes living in households of 2 or more families.

Table 1.11: Car availability by ethnic group - All People in Households
Percentages

	No cars	1 car	2 cars	3 or more cars	Base
White Scottish	26	44	25	6	4,394,838
Other White British	17	45	31	7	361,146
White Irish	33	41	21	5	47,897
Other White	28	43	24	5	73,514
Indian	21	38	30	11	14,662
Pakistani	17	43	28	12	31,637
Bangladeshi	30	48	17	5	1,949
Other South Asian	33	41	22	5	5,960
Chinese	21	43	31	6	15,319
Caribbean	30	44	21	4	1,694
African	42	41	15	2	4,811
Black Scottish or Other Black	40	41	16	2	1,102
Any Mixed Background	32	42	22	4	12,383
Other ethnic group	33	44	20	3	9,093
All People in Households	26	44	25	6	4,976,005

Notes:

1. Table accounts for both cars and vans.
2. Data on car and van availability is collected at household level and this 'attribute' is then attached to every person living in that household. Thus 26% of the population live in households which have no cars etc.

• Whilst most minority ethnic groups are less likely to have a car than the White group, Pakistani, Indian and Chinese people are more likely to have one or more car than White people. This is true despite the fact that the majority of people in these groups live in large urban areas (see table 1.12 below) and other research has shown that car ownership is related to where you live. (Results from the Scottish Household Survey show that 46% of households in large urban areas do not own a car compared with 21% of households in remote rural areas). Across all area types, Pakistani, Indian and Chinese people are more likely than White Scottish people to own at least one car.
• The percentages of households that have 1 car are very similar across all ethnic groups.
• Both Indians and Pakistanis are most likely to have 3 or more cars (11% and 12% respectively). In comparison, only 6% of White Scottish people live in households which have access to 3 or more cars. (Before drawing any conclusions from these data we would need to take into account the findings of table 1.10 which shows that people from minority ethnic groups are more likely to live in multi-family households. Do Pakistani and Indian families have more cars than other groups or are there more cars per household because there are more families per household?)

Geographic Analysis

Table 1.12: Urban and Rural Scotland by ethnic group - All People in Households
Percentages

	Large Urban Areas	Other Urban Areas	Accessible Small Towns	Remote Small Towns	Accessible Rural	Remote Rural	Base
White Scottish	39	31	11	3	13	5	4,394,838
Other White British	30	22	11	3	21	13	361,146
White Irish	57	22	7	1	9	3	47,897
Other White	53	20	7	2	12	6	73,514
Indian	74	15	4	1	5	1	14,662
Pakistani	80	13	3	-	3	-	31,637
Bangladeshi	76	11	6	2	3	2	1,949
Other South Asian	75	14	4	1	5	1	5,960
Chinese	67	22	5	1	4	1	15,319
Caribbean	52	21	10	2	11	5	1,694
African	74	17	4	1	4	1	4,811
Black Scottish or Other Black	56	24	6	2	8	4	1,102
Any Mixed Background	54	22	8	2	10	4	12,383
Other ethnic group	65	18	6	1	8	3	9,093
All People in Households	39	29	10	3	13	6	4,976,005

The Scottish Household Survey Urban Rural Classification:

Large Urban Areas	Settlements of over 125,000 people.
Other Urban Areas	Settlements of 10,000 to 125,000 people.
Accessible Small Towns	Settlements of between 3,000 and 10,000 people and within 30 minutes drive of a settlement of 10,000 or more.
Remote Small Towns	Settlements of between 3,000 and 10,000 people and with a drive time of over 30 minutes to a settlement of 10,000 or more.
Accessible Rural	Settlements of less than 3,000 people and within 30 minutes drive of a settlement of 10,000 or more.
Remote Rural	Settlement of less than 3,000 people and with a drive time of over 30 minutes to a settlement of 10,000 or more.

A much higher percentage of people from minority ethnic backgrounds live in large urban areas, compared to White people. Only 39% of White Scottish people live in large urban areas but for Indians (74%), Pakistanis (80%), Bangladeshi people (76%), Other South Asians (75%), and Africans (74%) the proportions are much higher.

Table 1.13: Minority ethnic population by council area- All People
Percentages

	Percentage of people in each council area that are minority ethnic	Percentage of total minority ethnic population living in each council area	Base
Aberdeen City	2.9	6.0	212,125
Aberdeenshire	0.7	1.6	226,871
Angus	0.8	0.8	108,400
Argyll & Bute	0.8	0.7	91,306
Clackmannanshire	0.8	0.4	48,077
Dumfries & Galloway	0.7	1.0	147,765
Dundee City	3.7	5.2	145,663
East Ayrshire	0.7	0.8	120,235
East Dunbartonshire	3.1	3.3	108,243
East Lothian	0.7	0.6	90,088
East Renfrewshire	3.8	3.4	89,311
Edinburgh, City of	4.1	18.0	448,624
Eilean Siar	0.6	0.2	26,502
Falkirk	1.0	1.5	145,191
Fife	1.3	4.4	349,429
Glasgow City	5.5	31.0	577,869
Highland	0.8	1.6	208,914
Inverclyde	0.9	0.7	84,203
Midlothian	0.9	0.7	80,941
Moray	0.9	0.8	86,940
North Ayrshire	0.7	0.9	135,817
North Lanarkshire	1.3	4.0	321,067
Orkney Islands	0.4	0.1	19,245
Perth & Kinross	1.0	1.3	134,949
Renfrewshire	1.2	2.1	172,867
Scottish Borders	0.6	0.6	106,764
Shetland Islands	1.1	0.2	21,988
South Ayrshire	0.7	0.8	112,097
South Lanarkshire	1.1	3.3	302,216
Stirling	1.5	1.3	86,212
West Dunbartonshire	0.7	0.7	93,378
West Lothian	1.3	2.1	158,714
SCOTLAND	2.0	-	5,062,011

• Glasgow has the highest percentage of minority ethnic people with 31% of the total minority ethnic population living in the city. This is followed by Edinburgh with 18% of the total minority ethnic population residing in the city.

Table 1.14: Minority ethnic population by health board - All People
Percentages

	Percentage of people in each health board that are minority ethnic	Percentage of total minority ethnic population living in each health board	Base
Argyll & Clyde	1.0	4.1	420,491
Ayrshire & Arran	0.7	2.5	368,149
Borders	0.6	0.6	106,764
Dumfries & Galloway	0.7	1.0	147,765
Fife	1.3	4.4	349,429
Forth Valley	1.1	3.1	279,480
Grampian	1.6	8.4	525,936
Greater Glasgow	4.5	38.7	867,150
Highland	0.8	1.6	208,914
Lanarkshire	1.2	6.5	552,819
Lothian	2.8	21.4	778,367
Orkney	0.4	0.1	19,245
Shetland	1.1	0.2	21,988
Tayside	1.9	7.4	389,012
Western Isles	0.6	0.2	26,502
SCOTLAND	2.0	-	5,062,011

• Greater Glasgow health board has the highest percentage of the total minority ethnic population with 38.7% living within the boundary. This is followed by Lothian health board with 21.4% of minority ethnic people living in this health board.

Ward analysis of the ethnic make-up of Glasgow city and Edinburgh city show that certain wards have a high percentage of ethnic minority people:

Glasgow City

In Pollokshields East, 48% of the people living in this ward are minority ethnic. Maxwell Park (24%), Woodlands (23%) and Strathbungo (21%) also have a high percentage of people from minority ethnic backgrounds.

Edinburgh City

The ethnic minority population within Edinburgh city appears to be much more widely dispersed. Southside and Marchmont have the highest percentage of ethnic minority people with 9% of people living in these wards coming from a minority ethnic background.

Information on the size of population by broad ethnic group (using the 5 way classification) is also available from the Census by Output Area. An Output Area is the smallest geographic unit for which Census results are available. They are sets of postcodes grouped together in order to fit, as well as possible, into higher level geographies such as Council Areas and electoral wards. Output areas vary in size but generally they cover around 50 households. There are 42,600 output areas in Scotland.

Analysis of ethnicity by output area show that there is a high density of particular ethnic groups in certain output areas. Overall, the 250 output areas which have highest percentage of population from minority ethnic groups account for just under 13% of the total Scottish minority ethnic population. For the Indian group, 250 output areas account for 19.6% of the total Indian population; for Pakistani and Other South Asian people, almost 25% of the total population live in 250 output areas (and 10.6% live in the 'top 50' of these output areas). 21.6% of Chinese people live in 250 output areas and 10.2% of people from 'Other Groups' live in 250 output areas.