Building a New Scotland: Culture in an independent Scotland

Endnotes

1. Scottish Government (2021) Scottish Household Survey found that in Scotland "89% of adults had been culturally engaged in the last year, either by attending a cultural event or place of culture or participating in a cultural activity" see chapter 9. From the same survey (see supporting tables, Culture and heritage), 66% either 'strongly agreed' or 'tended to agree' with the statement 'culture and the arts make a positive difference to my life' and 62% adults either 'strongly agreed' or 'tended to agree' with the statement 'culture and the arts make a positive difference to my local community'. (last accessed 24 November 2023)

2. In 2019, 50% of adults agreed that 'culture and the arts make a positive difference to my local community' – Scottish Household Survey (2019) Section twelve, Culture and Heritage p.74

3. Visit Scotland (2017) Scotland Visitor Survey (2015/2016) found that history and culture in Scotland was ranked the second highest motivation for visiting, behind the scenery and landscape (last accessed 24 November 2023) Published April 2017

4. Scottish Government (2020) A Culture Strategy for Scotland (first published 28/2/20 and updated 15/3/22) p.3

5. British Council and Creative Scotland (2022) To see Ourselves: Cultural Assets and Attributes of Scotland p.36

6. British Council and Creative Scotland (2022) To see Ourselves: Cultural Assets and Attributes of Scotland p.23

7. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 27

8. These treaties include the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Article 15); the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (Articles 29, 30 and 31); and the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Article 30). The right to culture also features in treaties which protect the rights of minority communities and seek to eliminate race discrimination and discrimination against women.

9. European Court of Human Rights (2011) Cultural rights in the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights

10. The UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has published a General Comment (No. 21) describing the substance of the right to culture in more detail. The UN Committee makes clear that "culture is a broad, inclusive concept encompassing all manifestations of human existence". These include language, oral and written literature, music and song, rites and ceremonies, sport and games, natural and man-made environments, food, clothing and shelter and the arts, customs and traditions through which individuals, groups of individuals and communities express their identity.

11. Scottish Government (2020) A Culture Strategy for Scotland p.46

12. Scottish Government (2020) A Culture Strategy for Scotland p.35

13. European Commission (2005) The role of culture in preventing and reducing poverty and social exclusion

14. For example, Creative Carbon Scotland works with individuals, organisations and strategic bodies engaged across culture to harness the role of culture in contributing to a more environmentally sustainable Scotland.

15. British Council (2021) Values and cooperation – a cultural relations perspective

16. Scottish Government (2022) Scotland's Global Affairs Framework see Chapter 7

17. Scottish Government (2023) Scotland's Economic Strategy (2015) identified sectors where Scotland has a distinct comparative advantage. These 'growth sectors' include creative industries and sustainable tourism. Growth Sector Statistics (last accessed: 24 November 2023)

18. Scottish Government (2022) Scotland's Global Affairs Framework see Chapter 7

19. Scottish Government (2022) Scotland's Global Affairs Framework see Chapter 7

20. British Council and Creative Scotland (2022) To see Ourselves: Cultural Assets and Attributes of Scotland

21. British Council and Creative Scotland (2022) To see Ourselves: Cultural Assets and Attributes of Scotland p.38

22. British Council and Creative Scotland (2022) To see Ourselves: Cultural Assets and Attributes of Scotland p.40

23. Scottish Government (2020) A Culture Strategy for Scotland p.8, and see Case Study on CCA Glasgow p.10

24. Visit Scotland: Year of Stories 2022

25. International Council of Museums UK (2022) Empire, Slavery and Scotland's Museums Six Recommendations were made to the Scottish Government to better recognise and address Scotland's imperial, colonial and slavery histories

26. Museums and Galleries Scotland – Please note as of 06 December 2023, as confirmed by MGS, the figure is 450 not 449. The graphic on the website is due to be updated in due course to reflect this.

27. Scottish Government (2020) A Culture Strategy for Scotland. See Guiding Principles p.3

28. Scottish Government: National Partnership for Culture

29. First Minister's Speech to SNP Conference

30. Scottish Government (2023) Scottish Budget 2024-25 p.9

31. At the statement on the Scottish Budget 2024-2025, Deputy First Minister Shona Robison stated: "This is only the first step on the route to investing at least £100 million more in arts and culture by 2028-29. And our aim is to increase arts and culture investment in 2025-26 by at least a further £25 million."

32. The Youth Music Initiative (2019) Impact Evaluation Report, and case studies by the Arts in Education Recovery Group (2021) have found that arts and cultural activity for young people increases confidence and feelings of connection.

33. Youth Music Initiative aims put music at the heart of young people's lives and learning

34. Youth Arts Fund was established to support youth arts and ensure creative opportunities for children and young people

35. Creative Scotland (2022), Youth Music Initiative 2021-2022 Evaluation p.4

36. Creative Scotland (2022), Youth Music Initiative 2021-2022 Evaluation see pp.2-3, 20

37. Creative Scotland (2022), Youth Music Initiative 2021-2022 Evaluation p. 39

38. Big Noise

39. Glasgow Centre for Population Health (2022) Report: Statistical analysis of educational outcomes among Big Noise Raploch participants p.8. The report found that "Almost all (98%) Big Noise participants (87 participants from a total of 89) achieved a positive post-school destination. In comparison 84% of non-participants achieved a positive post-school destination (740 from 878 total non-participants)."

40. European Commission (2005) The role of culture in preventing and reducing poverty and social exclusion p.3

41. UCL (2023) Evidence brief: how the arts can support children and young people's development and wellbeing

42. For example, Creative Carbon Scotland works with individuals, organisations and strategic bodies engaged across culture to harness the role of culture in contributing to a more environmentally sustainable Scotland

43. Initiated by Creative Carbon Scotland and Festivals Edinburgh in 2013, the Green Arts Initiative supports Scottish arts and cultural organisations to reduce their impact on the climate and environment.

44. Historic Environment Scotland (2022) Green Recovery Statement for The Historic Environment

45. Historic Environment Scotland: COP 26 and the Historic Environment

46. Edinburgh Festival City: Environmental Policy statement

47. UNFCCC (2015) Paris Agreement

48. European Commission (2023) European Green Deal

49. Climate Heritage Network (2022) Climate Heritage Network lauds landmark Culture Outcomes at COP27; Redoubles Efforts to Win More Holistic Recognition

50. UNESCO (2022) MONDIACULT 2022 : States adopt historic Declaration for Culture

51. Ofcom (2020) Small Screen: Big Debate – a five-year review of Public Service Broadcasting (2014-18)

52. Ofcom (2023) News consumption in the UK: 2023; Ofcom (2020) Small Screen: Big Debate – a five-year review of Public Service Broadcasting (2014-18)

53. Ofcom (2020) Small Screen: Big Debate – a five-year review of Public Service Broadcasting (2014-18) p.23

54. Ofcom (2020) Small Screen: Big Debate – a five-year review of Public Service Broadcasting (2014-18) p.43

55. Ofcom (2023) Media Nations: Scotland 2023 p. 9

56. Ofcom (2023) Media Nations: Scotland 2023 p. 33

57. Ofcom (2020) Small Screen: Big Debate – a five-year review of Public Service Broadcasting

58. Jigsaw Research and Ofcom (2020) The impact of lockdown on audiences' relationships with PSB

59. Ofcom (2020) Small Screen: Big Debate – a five-year review of Public Service Broadcasting

60. The current BBC Charter runs until the end of 2027; Ofcom is proceeding with the renewal of licences for channel 3 services including STV's licences and, on renewal, these would likely run until the end of 2034; Channel 4's licence runs until the end of 2024; Ofcom is also proceeding with the renewal of Channel 5's licences and, on renewal, this would likely run until the end of 2034.

61. Ofcom (2023) Media Nations: Scotland 2023

62. Scottish Government (2021) Channel Four privatisation: letter to UK Government

63. Ofcom (2023) Media Nations: Scotland 2023 p.12

64. Ofcom (2023) Public service broadcasting annual report 2023 – Ofcom

65. Ofcom (2023) Media Nations: Scotland 2023 p. 33

66. Ofcom (2023) News Consumption Survey 2023: Scotland p.3

67. Ofcom (2023) Media Nations: Scotland 2023 p. 20

68. MG Alba delivers Gaelic media to audiences in Scotland and across the UK, including through BBC Alba

69. BBC Alba is a partnership between MG Alba and the BBC

70. Ofcom (2021) What is Ofcom? – Ofcom

71. Ofcom (2020) Small Screen: Big Debate – a five-year review of Public Service Broadcasting

72. UK Government (2022) Up next – the government's vision for the broadcasting sector (last accessed 24 November 2023)

73. House of Commons (2023) Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), Vol 725, Cols 275-6, 9 January 2023 (last accessed 24 November 2023)

74. British Council (2021) Values and cooperation – a cultural relations perspective

75. Scottish Government (2022) Scotland's Global Affairs Framework see Chapter 7

76. British Council and Creative Scotland (2022) As Others See Us: What Makes Scotland's Cultural Sector Distinctive? p.21

77. UNESCO

78. UK in a Changing Europe (2021) Brexit: Impacts on the arts and culture

79. Scottish Government (2020) A Culture Strategy for Scotland

80. British Council and Creative Scotland (2022) As Others See Us: What Makes Scotland's Cultural Sector Distinctive? p.62

81. Visit Scotland Major Events Benefits (last accessed 26 July 2023)

82. In addition to the range of cultural events Scotland hosts each year, including our festivals, Scotland has also hosted a wide range of global major events, and is due to host more in the coming years. These include Commonwealth Games (2014), Ryder Cup (2014), Solheim Cup (2019), European Athletics Championships (2018), UEFA EURO 2020 (2021), UCI Cycling World Championships (2023), World Athletics Indoor Championships (2024), and Island Games (2025).

83. UK in a Changing Europe (2021) Brexit: Impacts on the arts and culture

84. Scottish Government (2023) Building a New Scotland: An independent Scotland in the EU p. 30

85. ICM Unlimited and SQW (on behalf of Arts Council England) (2017) Impact of Brexit on the arts and culture sector, p.39

86. House of Commons: Digital, Culture and Sport Committee (2021) Economics of music streaming, p.30

87. Incorporated Society of Musicians (2019) Impact of Brexit on Musicians

88. House of Commons: Digital, Culture and Sport Committee (2021) Economics of Music Streaming, p. 31

89. European Parliament, Fact Sheets on the European Union: Free movement of persons, (last accessed 20 November 2023)

90. ICM Unlimited and SQW (on behalf of Arts Council England) (2017) Impact of Brexit on the arts and culture sector p.76

91. UK Government (2021) Visa-free short term touring allowed in 20 member states

92. An ATA carnet is an international customs document that permits duty-free and tax-free temporary import of goods for up to one year.

93. House of Lords Library (2022) Musicians: Working and Touring in the European Union. See Section 2 'How has the situation changed following Brexit?'

94. European Union, Facts and figures on life in the European Union, (last accessed 26 July 2023)

95. Glasgow Times: Music festival boss speaks out over Brexit risk to cultural scene, 17 January 2019

96. House of Lords Library (2022) Musicians: Working and touring in the European Union (last accessed 20 November 2023)

97. House of Lords Library (2022) Musicians: Working and Touring in the European Union

98. Arts Council England (2016) The arts and cultural sector and exit from the European Union p. 17

99. Cabinet Office (2022) Common Travel Area Guidance

100. Scottish Government (2023) Building a New Scotland: An independent Scotland in the EU p. 56 sets out: "Under an arrangement called the Common Travel Area (CTA) Scotland would also retain freedom of movement with the UK and Ireland. Ireland, as an EU member state, is part of the CTA, which is a long-standing arrangement recognised in EU Treaties. Scotland's geography lends itself to a similar arrangement, in the event of Scottish independence."

101. Creative Europe has two main objectives. 1- to safeguard, develop and promote European cultural and linguistic diversity and heritage, 2- increase the competitiveness and economic potential of the cultural and creative sectors, in particular the audiovisual sector

102. European Parliamentary Research Service (2018) Creative Europe Programme (2014 to 2020) – European Implementation Assessment (update)

103. European Parliamentary Research Service (2018) Creative Europe Programme (2014 to 2020) – European Implementation Assessment (update)

104. ICM Unlimited and SQW (on behalf of Arts Council England) (2017) Impact of Brexit on the arts and culture sector, "Underpinning all artistic and educational programming is a strong foundation of national and international networks and partnerships. These networks allow the organisation to curate and deliver bespoke activity outside its own core programme. More fundamentally, they promote a culture of embracing open and active knowledge transfer." p.60

105. European Parliamentary Research Service (2018) Creative Europe Programme (2014 to 2020) – European Implementation Assessment (update)

106. Scottish Government (2023) Building a New Scotland: An independent Scotland in the EU

107. Scottish Government (2020) Non-UK nationals in Scotland's workforce (last accessed: 20 November 2023).

108. Scottish Government (2017) The contribution of EEA citizens to Scotland: response to the Migration Advisory Committee call for evidence, p. 19

109. Scottish Government (2022) Scotland's Global Affairs Framework see Chapter 7

110. Carrell, S. Post-Brexit visa rules a 'disaster' for arts, say Edinburgh festival director, The Guardian 10 July 2022

111. ICM Unlimited and SQW (on behalf of Arts Council England) (2017) Impact of Brexit on the arts and culture sector, p. 46

112. UK Government, Visit the UK for a Permitted Paid Engagement, (last accessed 20 November 2023)

113. UK Government (2016) Immigration Rules Appendix Visitor: Permit Free Festival List

114. Scottish Government (2023) Building a New Scotland: Migration to Scotland after independence

115. British Council (2021) Values and cooperation – a cultural relations perspective

116. UNESCO, Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage – adopted in 1972 (last accessed 20 November 2023)

117. Scotland can currently put forward sites to be considered for inclusion in the state party (UK Government's) tentative list which the UK Government then submit to UNESCO for potential awarding of World Heritage status. However, as a full member state, Scotland would be able to put sites forward for World heritage status to UNESCO in our own right.

118. UNESCO, What is Intangible Cultural Heritage?

119. UNESCO (2003) Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage

120. UNESCO, What is Intangible Cultural Heritage? Intangible cultural heritage includes traditions or living expressions inherited from ancestors and passed on to descendants, such as oral traditions, social practices, rituals, and festive events.

121. Council of Europe

122. Council of Europe, Cultural heritage at the Council of Europe,

123. Eurimages is the cultural support fund of the Council of Europe.

124. Council of Europe: European Cultural Convention (1954)

125. Council of Europe: Convention for the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage of Europe (1992)

126. Council of Europe: The European Landscape Convention (2000)

127. The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages is the European convention for the protection and promotion of languages used by traditional minorities.

128. Creative Scotland: SXSW Funding

129. Showcase Scotland Expo promotes Scottish music and artists to markets and countries outside the UK.

130. WIDEDAYS Scotland's Music Convention

131. Scottish Government (2023) Developing Scotland's International Cultural Presence

132. British Council and Creative Scotland (2022) As Others See Us: Cultural Assets and Attributes of Scotland

133. Scotland + Venice is a major, international project designed to promote the best of contemporary art and architecture from Scotland on the world stage.

134. Scottish Government, International Relations, (last accessed 26 July 2023)

135. Scotland House Brussels provides services to support Scotland's economic growth, diplomatic engagement, and cultural promotion at the EU level.

136. Scotland House London is a joint initiative of the Scottish Government, Scottish Enterprise, Highlands and Islands Enterprise and VisitScotland to provide a base for Scottish organisations looking to expand their horizons.

137. Ireland House was announced in 2018 as a hub for diplomacy, trade, business and cultural promotion.

138. The Austrian Cultural Forum in London promotes cultural contacts between the UK and Austria by organising events and supporting artists and projects in the fields of music, performing arts, visual arts, literature, film and science.

139. Irish Government (2018) Ireland's Global Footprint to 2025

140. Centre Culturel Irlandais is the Irish Government's cultural hub in Paris

141. Irish Arts Center supports the culture of contemporary Ireland and Irish America

142. The Creative Ireland Programme is an all-of Government culture and wellbeing programme, established in 2017

143. See, ACF London

144. British Council and Creative Scotland (2022) To see Ourselves: Cultural Assets and Attributes of Scotland, p.38

145. Edinburgh Festival Fringe is a celebration of arts and culture, taking place every August in Edinburgh

146. British Council and Creative Scotland (2022) To see Ourselves: Cultural Assets and Attributes of Scotland, p.32

147. Edinburgh Festival City (2020) Overview of festival numbers (last accessed 26 July 2023)

148. Edinburgh Festival City (2023) Economic impact of the Edinburgh Festivals, p 16

149. Scottish Government Creative talent and engagement, (last accessed July 2023)

150. Scottish Government (2023) £1.8 million for Scotland's world-class arts festivals

151. Celtic Connections

152. Edinburgh Festival City (2019) Festivals 2019 – Summary of activity, p 8

153. Edinburgh International Festival takes place in Edinburgh every August, presenting a programme of performers from the world of dance, opera, music and theatre

154. The Edinburgh International Children's Festival showcases high quality, distinctive Scottish and international performances to an audience of around 19,000 children

155. Edinburgh Festival City (2022) The Uniquely Scottish Charm of the Edinburgh Festivals

156. See: World Fringe

157. Melbourne Fringe

158. O'ahu Fringe

159. Lagos Fringe

160. The Seoul Spring Festival, Fringe Festival

161. Scottish Government (2023) Building a New Scotland: Migration to Scotland after independence p. 28

162. Scottish Parliament (2022) Historic Environment Scotland Written Submission to Inquiry into Budget Scrutiny 2023-24, p1

163. Historic Environment Scotland World Heritage Sites in Scotland, [last accessed July 2023] These are St Kilda, Edinburgh's New and Old Towns, the Heart of Neolithic Orkney, New Lanark, the Antonine Wall and the Forth Bridge

164. Historic Environment Scotland (2022) Annual Report 2021-22 | Historic Environment Scotland | History, p6

165. Historic Environment Scotland, Heritage for All (last accessed July 2023)

166. Scottish Government (2019) Scottish Household Survey – Culture and Heritage Report 2019, p 58 (last accessed 26 July 2023)

167. Associate membership of UNESCO may be possible if made on behalf of Scotland by the UK as a member state. See Rule 99 –UNESCO (2012) Basic texts: 2012 edition; including texts and amendments adopted by the General Conference at its 36th session, Paris, 2011, p 56

168. Associate members have the right to "participate without voting rights in the deliberations of the General Conference and of its commissions and committees" – UNESCO (2012) Basic texts: 2012 edition; including texts and amendments adopted by the General Conference at its 36th session, Paris, 2011, p 19

169. The World Heritage Committee is responsible for the implementation of the world heritage convention

170. UNESCO, The World Heritage Committee,

171. Highlands and Islands Enterprise (2014) AR STÒRAS GÀIDHLIG The economic and social value of Gaelic as an asset

172. Scottish Government (2015) Scots language policy

173. Scotland's 2011 Census: Languages

174. An Comunn Gàidhealach – Royal National Mod

175. UNESCO (2003) Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage

176. Highlands and Islands Enterprise (2014) AR STÒRAS GÀIDHLIG The economic and social value of Gaelic as an asset

177. Visit Scotland (2017) Scotland's Visitor Survey (2015/16). (last accessed 24 November 2023)

178. Scottish Parliament (2023) Scottish Languages Bill

179. Scottish Government (2023) Building a New Scotland: Creating a modern constitution for an independent Scotland

180. Statistics and definitions here refer to both the Scottish Government Growth Sector Definition (referred to as "creative industries growth sector") or the National Performance Framework Definition (referred to as arts culture and creative economy'). The National Performance Framework definition builds upon the Creative Industries Growth Sector definition, including additional activities identified after engagement with stakeholders in the sector.

181. OECD (2021) Economic and social impact of cultural and creative sectors (oecd.org)

182. Visit Scotland (2017) Scotland Visitor Survey (2015/2016)

183. Scottish Government (2022) Building a New Scotland: A stronger economy with independence

184. Scottish Government (2023) National Indicator Performance | National Performance Framework (last accessed 20 November 2023)

185. Scottish Government (2023) National Indicator Performance | National Performance Framework (last accessed 20 November 2023)

186. Scottish Government (2023) Growth Sector Statistics see 'Creative Industries' p. 2 (last accessed 20 November 2023). In total there were 175,175 businesses registered in Scotland in 2022. Creative industries makes up 7.6% of that total.

187. SXSW 2023 hosted an official showcase of Scottish talent

188. In 2017, Rudolstadt hosted a spotlight on Scotland event.

189. In 2019, six Scottish musicians performed alongside six Breton musicians in a brand new collaboration organised by Fèis Rois in partnership with Festival Interceltique de Lorient.

190. Celtic Connections 2023 line up

191. Sonica presents the best of UK talent alongside exceptional international artists.

192. Scottish Development International (2021) Games and Creative Industries

193. Scottish Government (2023) Growth Sector Statistics (Last accessed 04 December 2023)

194. Scottish Government (2023) Growth Sector Statistics (Last accessed 04 December 2023)

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196. Scottish Development International (2021) Games and Creative Industries

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198. Saffery Champness and Nordicity (2022) The Economic Value of the Screen Sector in Scotland in 2019

199. Saffery Champness and Nordicity (2022) The Economic Value of the Screen Sector in Scotland in 2019, p.5

200. Saffery Champness and Nordicity (2022) The Economic Value of the Screen Sector in Scotland in 2019 p.5,6

201. Screen Scotland (2018) Studio and Build Space

202. Saffery Champness and Nordicity (2022) Economic Value of the Screen Sector in Scotland in 2019, p.17

203. Screen Scotland

204. Saffery Champness and Nordicity (2022) Economic Value of the Screen Sector in Scotland in 2019 p.36

205. British Film Commission (2018) Film Tax Relief – British Film Commission

206. Screen Ireland (2023) The Cultural Dividend Generated by Ireland's Section 481 Film and Television Incentive

207. Visit Scotland (2017) Scotland Visitor Survey (2015/16) (last accessed: 23 November 2023)

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209. Visit Scotland (2017) Scotland Visitor Survey (2015/16) (last accessed: 23 November 2023)

210. Scottish Government (2023) Growth sector statistics (last accessed: 6 December 2023) ONS (2023) Regional gross value added (balanced) per head and income components (last accessed 6 December 2023). Scotland's total GVA at current basic prices in 2020 was £150bn, Sustainable Tourism made up 2.2% of the total.

211. Scottish Government (2023) Growth sector statistics (last accessed: 23 November 2023)

212. ONS (2023) Travel trends: 2022 – Office for National Statistics see section 4, Figure 8 (last accessed: 20 November 2023)

213. Moffat Centre (2023) Scottish Visitor Attraction Monitor 2022 (last accessed: 20 November 2023)

214. Historic Environment Scotland (2021) Our Place in Time – Annual report 2021 p.9

215. Gambling Commission (2022) Fourth National Lottery licence formally awarded to Allwyn

216. Creative Scotland: Open Funding

217. In line with EU obligations

218. Scottish Government (2022) Building a New Scotland: A stronger economy with independence p. 45

219. HMRC Policy Paper (2023) Two year extension of the higher rates for theatre, orchestra, and museums and galleries exhibition tax reliefs

220. HMRC Policy Paper (2023) Two year extension of the higher rates for theatre, orchestra, and museums and galleries exhibition tax reliefs notes that "The government intends to extend the current rate rise for the Cultural Reliefs for a further two years. This is intended as a temporary measure to continue to offset current pressures on these industries and boost investment in our cultural sectors"

221. Ireland Revenue Commissioners (2023) Artists' Exemption (revenue.ie)

222. European Commission Research and Innovation, Cluster 2: Culture, Creativity and Inclusive Society

223. UK Government (2023) Press Release: UK joins Horizon Europe under a new bespoke deal

224. Scottish Government (2022) Building a New Scotland: A stronger economy with independence p. 64

225. Scottish Government (2022) Building a New Scotland: A stronger economy with independence p. 65

226. OECD (2022) The Culture Fix, chapter 5

227. Scottish Government (2022) Building a New Scotland: A stronger economy with independence p.81

228. Creative Scotland (2022) Review of Fair Work in the creative and cultural sectors in Scotland

229. Scottish Government (2023) Building a New Scotland: Social security in an independent Scotland. p.46

230. Scottish Government (2022) Building a New Scotland: A stronger economy with independence p.42