Building a New Scotland: Our marine sector in an independent Scotland

Endnotes

1. Specifically those under the remit of the Scottish Government’s Marine Directorate

2. Marine Scotland Information: Facts and figures about Scotland’s sea area (coastline length, sea area in sq kms)

3. United Nations UN Convention on the Law of the Seas Part V Exclusive Economic Zone

4. Marine Scotland Information: Facts and figures about Scotland’s sea area (coastline length, sea area in sq kms)

5. United Nations UN Convention on the Law of the Seas Part IV Continental Shelf.

6. Marine Scotland Information: Facts and figures about Scotland’s sea area (coastline length, sea area in sq kms)

7. “Core waters” refers to waters within the “metropolitan” or “European” EU i.e. excluding the Special Territories of the EU (e.g. Outermost Regions and Overseas Countries and Territories).

8. Further information on Exclusive Economic Zones is available via the European Marine Observation and Data Network – Exclusive Economic Zones

9. The Faroes Special Area is an agreement that third country fishing vessels can be authorised by Faroe Islands to fish within the Scottish zone: UK/Denmark: Protocol to Agreement with Faroe Islands on Maritime Delimitation [CS Denmark No.1/2013]

10. Scottish Government (2021) Rural Scotland Key Facts 2021

11. Biggar Economics on behalf of Scottish Government (2020) Estimation of the Wider Economic Impacts of the Aquaculture Sector in Scotland

12. British Medical Journal (2020) Associations of habitual fish oil supplementation with cardiovascular outcomes and all cause mortality: evidence from a large population based cohort study | The BMJ

13. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2022) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022. Towards Blue Transformation. Rome, FAO

14. Scottish Government (2022) A Blue Economy Vision for Scotland, Chapter 4

15. Scottish Government (2022) Scotland’s Marine Economic Statistics 2019

16. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2022) Fisheries and Aquaculture: Global Production by Production Source (1950-2020); Scottish Government (2022) Scottish fish farm production survey 2021

17. HMRC (2022) Overseas Trade Statistics 2021 (note: using commodity codes 03021400 – Fresh or chilled Atlantic and Danube salmon for ‘salmon’ and SITC1 0 – Food and live animals for ‘food’; ‘single’ meaning CN8 codes that clearly define a distinct product – the most valuable CN8-level export by value in 2021 was 21069098 – Food preparations, not elsewhere classified[...] which may cover a variety of products.

18. Scottish Government (2020) Aquaculture sector – wider economic impacts: estimates

19. Note that rest of UK production is zero tonnes in the 2021 FAO global production dataset because of the small number of producers outwith Scotland; showing this production would be disclosive.

20. Scottish Government (2022) Scottish Sea Fisheries Statistics 2022 (www.gov.scot)

21. UK Government (2022) UK Sea Fisheries Statistics 2021

22. Scottish Government (2020) 6. Scottish sea fisheries in comparison to other countries – Scottish Sea Fisheries Statistics 2020

23. Scottish Government (2022) Scottish Sea Fisheries Statistics 2021

24. Scottish Government (2022) Marine Economic Statistics 2019 (adding GVA for commercial fishing, aquaculture, and seafood processing)

25. HMRC (2022) Regional Trade Statistics 2021

26. Seafish (2023) Seafood Processing Enquiry Tool on Tableau

27. ScotWind leasing is the process of making seabed available for commercial-scale offshore wind projects. It involves granting options for developing opportunities and then leasing seabed, not selling it. Crown Estate Scotland, ScotWind leasing round – Offshore Wind

28. Scottish Government, Scottish Energy Statistics Hub Installed supply capacity and peak electricity demand

29. Scottish Government, Scottish Energy Statistics Hub Operational renewable capacity

30. Scottish Energy Statistics Hub

31. Scottish Government, Scottish Energy Statistics Hub Pipeline renewable by planning stage

32. Scottish Government (2022) – Sectoral marine plan – offshore wind for innovation and targeted oil and gas decarbonisation: initial plan framework

33. RSPB (2022) White-tailed eagles bring tourism boost to Mull

34. Scottish Government (2022) Potential scale of Scottish seaweed-based industries: research paper

35. NatureScot (2023) Priority marine features in Scotland’s seas

36. Marine Scotland (2020) Scotland’s Marine Assessment 2020 (Seabirds)

37. Scottish Government (2020) Why Scotland’s Nature Is Special – Scottish biodiversity strategy post-2020: statement of intent

38. Marine Scotland, Scotland’s Marine Assessment (2020), Natural capital, ecosystem services and the Blue Economy

39. See, for example: Jentoft, S., Knol, M. Marine spatial planning: risk or opportunity for fisheries in the North Sea? Maritime Studies Vol. 12, Article 13 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/2212-9790-12-13

40. Marine Scotland, Scotland’s Marine Assessment (2020), Biogenic Habitats

41. Marine Scotland Information (2022), Facts and figures about Scotland’s sea area (coastline length, sea area in sq kms)

42. European Commission (2020) EU Diversity Strategy: Bringing nature back into our lives

43. Scottish Government (2021), Agreement with Scottish Green Party

44. Scottish Government (2023), Draft Energy Strategy and Just Transition Plan

45. Scottish Parliament Research Briefing (2021) Blue Carbon | Scottish Parliament

46. Scottish Blue Carbon Forum (2022), Blue Carbon International Policy Challenge

47. Finance Centre for South-South Cooperation – Organization in Special Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (2015), Global South Countries (Group of 77 and China) – Partnership Program

48. European Parliament (2014) Directive 2014/89/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 establishing a framework for maritime spatial planning

49. Scottish Government (2022), Scottish Government at COP26: What was achieved?

50. North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organisation (2020), About

51. Hansard (2001), House of Commons – Fisheries – Volume 361 – Debated on Thursday 25 January 2001

52. Scottish Government (2021) The Brexit Referendum 5 Years on – Summary of Impacts to Date – Information note from the Scottish Government

53. Dhingra S, Fry E, Hale S and Jia N (2022) The Big Brexit – An assessment of the scale of change to come from Brexit (Resolution Foundation – The Economy 2030 Inquiry)

54. UK Government (2020) Prime Minister’s statement on EU negotiations: 24 December 2020 – GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

55. Fishing News, Boris Brexit betrayal, 11 January 2021

56. The Independent, Brexit: Raab claims EU trade agreement is ‘great deal’ for fishermen, as firms complain of costs and delays, 17 January 2021

57. UK Government (2020), Prime Minister’s statement on EU negotiations: 24 December 2020

58. The Independent, Boris Johnson ‘sacrificed’ Britain’s fishing industry to get deal with EU, fishermen say, 25 December 2020

59. Scottish Fishermen’s Federation (2022), Scottish Fishermen’s Federation Chief’s letter to the Prime Minister (thefishingdaily.com)

60. UK Government (2018), Sustainable fisheries for future generations: consultation document

61. Farming UK Drop in seasonal workers leaves some farms ‘critically short’, Farming UK, 22 June 2017

62. The Scotsman (2022), Brexit one year on: ‘Desperate need’ to tackle crippling staff shortages in Scotland’s food and drink sector

63. Herald Scotland, Agenda: Seafood sector is facing up to the challenges of 2022, 10 January 2022

64. The Daily Express, Brexit news: Michael Gove promises UK will be outside Common Fisheries Policy, 2 December 2019

65. Fox, L. Speech on Manufacturing (EEF National Manufacturing Conference speech, February 2018)

66. EFRA Select Committee, UK Parliament (2021) – MPs slam ‘lamentable’ delays on EU food import checks – Committees – UK Parliament

67. EFRA Select Committee, UK Parliament (2022) – MPs probe checks on food and animal imports from EU – Committees – UK Parliament

68. BBC News (2022), Brexit: Rishi Sunak rules out deal that relies on EU law alignment – BBC News

69. Dhingra S, Fry E, Hale S and Jia N (2022) The Big Brexit – An assessment of the scale of change to come from Brexit (Resolution Foundation – The Economy 2030 Inquiry)

70. European Commission (2021) Common fisheries policy (CFP) (europa.eu) (last updated 21 February 2023)

71. Scottish Government (2020) Brexit deal means drop in key fishing stocks

72. Taylor G. (2021) Brexit Balance Sheet (prepared for The National Federation of Fishermen’s Organisations)

73. UK Government (2018), Sustainable fisheries for future generations (publishing.service.gov.uk)

74. Trade and Cooperation Agreement, Annex 35, EUR-Lex – 22021A0430(01) – EN – EUR-Lex

75. Stewart, B.D., Williams, C., Barnes, R., Walmsley, S. and Carpenter, G. (2022) The Brexit deal and UK fisheries–has reality matched the rhetoric?, Maritime Studies, Vol 21, 26 January 2022, pp. 1–17

76. Taylor G. (2021) Brexit Balance Sheet (prepared for The National Federation of Fishermen’s Organisations)

77. Assuming all under 12 metre vessels are inshore: Scottish Government (2022) Scottish Sea Fisheries Statistics 2021, Table 38a

78. STV News,’Costs keep rising and there’s not enough workers’, 5 January 2022

79. Ridler, G. Brexit red tape has cost food businesses £60m, Food Manufacture, 23 February 2022

80. Scottish Salmon Producers Organisation, Scottish Salmon on Brexit deal, Salmon Scotland, 24 December 2020

81. The Press and Journal, Salmon Scotland urges post-Brexit digital push to slash costs, 5 April 2022

82. Reuters, Exclusive: ‘It’s a catastrophe’: Scottish fishermen halt exports due to Brexit red tape, 8 January 2021

83. Food Standards Scotland (2022) Shellfish safety and sanitation

84. Politics Home (2021), Exclusive: EU Says A Post-Brexit Shellfish Export Ban Is Indefinite, After Government Claimed It Was Only Temporary

85. UK Government (2021), Trade in live bivalve molluscs from GB to EU for purification in the EU

86. UK Government (2016), Export or move animal feed or pet food, last updated 6 January 2021

87. Scottish Government (2021) A Scotland for the future: opportunities and challenges of Scotland’s changing population

88. Scottish Government (2022) Building a New Scotland: A stronger economy with independence

89. National Records of Scotland (2020) Population Projections for Scottish Areas (2018-based)

90. See for example American Association for the Advancement of Science (2023) U.K. finally rejoins Horizon Europe research funding scheme, Sir Ball, J (2023) “Horizon Europe news comes not a moment too soon” (The Royal Society of Edinburgh), McKie, R. UK’s years out of EU Horizon programme did ‘untold damage’, say scientists, The Guardian, 9 September 2023 and UK Government (2023) UK joins Horizon Europe under a new bespoke deal.

91. UK Government (2023) Joint Statement by the European Commission and the UK Government on the UK’s association to Horizon Europe and Copernicus

92. European Commission – STECF About – European Commission (europa.eu)

93. Scottish Government (2022), Scotland’s Vision for Trade Annual Report March 2022 p. 5

94. Scottish Government (2022), Australia and New Zealand Free Trade Agreements: Letter to UK Government - gov.scot

95. Australian Government (2023) Benefits for Farmers | Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade

96. UK Government (2021) UK Seafood Fund (last updated 20 March 2023)

97. inews, Fishing industry reacts to £100m funding pledge in Brexit deal: ‘It’s not really significant’, 29 December 2020

98. Scottish Government (2022) UK Seafood Fund, Infrastructure Pillar – letter from Cabinet Secretary for Rural Affairs and Islands

99. UK in a Changing Europe (2020) Fisheries policy exposes tensions between the UK and Scottish governments

100. Scottish Government (2017) Queen’s Speech – more Brexit clarity needed

101. Seafish (2023) About Us – The Seafish Levy

102. The Press and Journal, Holyrood plea for greater say in Seafish spending, 9 September 2020

103. Scottish Government (2021) After Brexit: The UK Internal Market Act and devolution

104. Scottish Government, Retained EU Law – Europe

105. European Parliament Think Tank (2020) Marketing of and trade in fishery and aquaculture products in the EU

106. Guillen, J., Natale, F., Carvalho, N. et al (2019) Global seafood consumption footprint. Ambio, Vol 48, pp. 111–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-018-1060-9

107. HMRC (2022) Regional Trade Statistics 2021

108. HMRC (2022) Overseas Trade Statistics 2021 (note: using commodity codes 03021400 – Fresh or chilled Atlantic and Danube salmon for ‘salmon’ and SITC1 0 – Food and live animals for ‘food’; ‘single’ meaning CN8 codes that clearly define a distinct product – the most valuable CN8-level export by value in 2021 was 21069098 – Food preparations, not elsewhere classified[...] which may cover a variety of products.

109. Salmon Scotland (2022) Scottish salmon exports explained

110. House of Commons Library, UK Parliament (2013), Standard Note (parliament.uk)

111. Norwegian Government, Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries (2018) Fisheries and trade in seafood

112. Norwegian Government, Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries (2018) Fisheries and trade in seafood

113. Salmon Scotland (2022) How much Scottish salmon is exported to the rest of the World? | Salmon Scotland

114. European Parliament (2022), Czech Presidency outlines priorities to EP committees

115. Norwegian Government (2021) EU/Norway Skagerrak Agreed Record (paragraphs 13.11 and 13.12)

116. Denmark and Sweden hold the majority of the Skagerrak quota (HER/03A). See, for example, Council Regulation (EU) 2022/109 of 27 January 2022 fixing for 2022 the fishing opportunities for certain fish stocks and groups of fish stocks applicable in Union waters and for Union fishing vessels in certain non-Union waters

117. European Parliament (2022) EU fisheries management | Fact Sheets on the European Union

118. Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee, UK Parliament (2011): DEFRA must improve fisheries quota management system, say MPs

119. BBC News, Brexit trade deal: Who really owns UK fishing quotas?, 1 January 2021

120. European Commission (2022): Fisheries conservation: Reinforced protection for 11 vulnerable sites in the North Sea (Kattegat)

121. The Fishing Daily (2022): New rules force trawlers in the Kattegat to have a camera on the fishing line

122. European Commission (2021), EMFAF (europa.eu)

123. European Commission, Horizon Europe (europa.eu)

124. European Commission, LIFE (europa.eu)

125. UK Government (2018) European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF): before you apply

126. Scottish Government (2019) The Scottish Government response to the Rural Economy and Connectivity (REC) report on ‘Salmon Farming in Scotland’

127. Official Journal of the European Union (2014) Commission Implementing Decision of 11 June 2014 setting out the annual breakdown by Member State of the global resources of the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund available in the framework of shared management for the period 2014-2020

128. European Commission (2023) European Atlas of the Seas

129. Marine Scotland Information: Facts and figures about Scotland’s sea area (coastline length, sea area in sq kms)

130. Eurostat (2020): EU Population in 2020: Almost 448 Million

131. Scotland’s Population | National Records of Scotland

132. European Commission (2023) European Atlas of the Seas

133. Marine Scotland Information: Facts and figures about Scotland’s sea area (coastline length, sea area in sq kms)

134. The Guardian, David Cameron suffers Commons defeat on EU budget | David Cameron | The Guardian, 31 October 2012

135. BBC News, Brown urges cap on EU spending, 10 February 2004

136. Scottish Parliament (2022) S6W-07816 | Scottish Parliament Website

137. Scottish Government (2022), Support for marine and fishing businesses

138. European Parliament (2021), Regulation (EU) 2021/1139, Annex V

139. Scottish Government (2022), Horizon Europe and the Northern Ireland Protocol: letter to Minister for Science, Research and Innovation

140. Scottish Government (2021), A Scotland for The Future: The opportunities and challenges of Scotland’s changing population

141. UK Parliament (2023), Fishing Industry: Visas for Foreign Workers – Hansard – UK Parliament

142. UK Parliament (2018), Non-EEA Visas: Inshore Fishing – Hansard – UK Parliament

143. Scottish Government (2022), Rural visa pilot proposal

144. Scottish Government (2023), Building a New Scotland: migration to Scotland after independence

145. Scottish Government (2020), Future fisheries: management strategy – 2020 to 2030

146. Scottish Government (2022), Fisheries – future catching policy: consultation

147. There is no single global definition of the “blue economy”. Scotland’s blue economy, however, is taken to include the marine, coastal and the inter-linked freshwater environment of Scotland, the different marine and maritime sectors it supports, and the people connected to it. It also encapsulates the legislation, policies, programmes and international commitments that determine its management, as well as the under-pinning scientific research that provides data and information for evidence-informed policy development and is used to evaluate our success.

148. OECD (2016) The Ocean Economy in 2030

149. Aberdeen and Grampian Chamber of Commerce (2022), UK’s underwater industry set to grow to £45bn, creating thousands of new jobs and billions in exports

150. Thomas, A. (22 February 2022) Scotland will take ‘more than its fair share’ of $3 trillion Blue Economy, Energy Voice

151. Global Underwater Hub (2022) The Blue Opportunity

152. World Bank and Technical University of Denmark (2017), Global Wind Atlas

153. New European Wind Atlas, ERANET+ project funded by the European Commission and national funding agencies (2019), New European Wind Atlas

154. Scottish Government (2023) Draft Energy Strategy and Just Transition Plan, p. 62

155. Scottish Government (2023) Draft Energy Strategy and Just Transition Plan, p. 62

156. Based on independent research carried out for the Scottish Trade Union Congress; Scottish Government (2023) Draft Energy Strategy and Just Transition Plan, p. 62

157. Scottish Government (2023), Energy Statistics for Scotland – Q4 2022

158. European Commission, A European Green Deal

159. European Commission, Biodiversity strategy for 2030

160. EUR-Lex – Access to European Law (2022)

161. United Nations (2023), UN delegates reach historic agreement on protecting marine biodiversity in international waters | UN News

162. International Union for Conservation of Nature High Time for the High Seas

163. Scottish Government (2021), Blue Carbon International Policy Challenge

164. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2021), The Glasgow Climate Pact – Key Outcomes from COP26 | UNFCCC

165. United Nations, THE 17 GOALS | Sustainable Development (un.org)

166. OSPAR Commission | Protecting and conserving the North-East Atlantic and its resources

167. Scottish Government (2021), A Fairer, Greener Scotland: Programme for Government 2021-22

168. Scottish Government (2022), A Blue Economy Vision for Scotland