Building trust in the digital era: achieving Scotland's aspirations as an ethical digital nation: case study supplement

References

Public Awareness of Data Use and Sharing

Case Study: Targeted Advertising, Advanced Marketing and Behaviour Change – Dr. Ben Collier & Dr. James Stewart

No references supplied.

Harm Protection when Online

Case Study: Elections and Social Media – Prof. Shannon Vallor

Gleicher, Nathaniel (2018). ‘Coordinated inauthentic behavior explained,’ Facebook. https://about.fb.com/news/2018/12/inside-feed-coordinated-inauthentic-behavior/

Jones, Jennifer (2018). ‘How Twitter bots and sock puppets attack pro-independence women.’ The Herald. 28 August 2018. https://www.heraldscotland.com/opinion/16601876.twitter-bots-sock-puppets-attack-pro-independence-women/

Leask, David (2018). ‘Meet the McBots: how Scottish cyber activists try to game Twitter,’ The Herald. 28 August 2018. https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/16601798.meet-mcbots-scottish-cyber-activists-try-game-twitter/

McLaughlin, Mark and Andrews, Kieran (2020). ‘Foreign interference undermining SNP, conference told,’ The Times. 30 November 2020. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/foreign-interference-undermining-snp-conference-told-0qdfd8hp7

David Miller, Claire Harkins, Matthias Schlögl, and Brendan Montague (2017). ‘Astroturf, front groups, sockpuppets and the capture of civil society, in Miller et al., Impact of Market Forces on Addictive Substances and Behaviours: The web of influence of addictive industries (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

The Scotsman (2018), ‘Facebook removes pro-Scottish independence page linked to Iran,’ 23 August 2018. https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/facebook-removes-pro-scottish-independence-page-linked-iran-1426569

Patrick, James. (2018). ‘Triptrapping. Scotland and Social Media: Trolls Under the Bridge?’ https://drive.google.com/file/d/1D0WTJqsw9vsUifTBvK1ZreiGY3t2qyp8/view

A ‘Green’ Digital Scotland

Case Study: Digital Waste – Gerry McGovern & Dr. Laura Fogg-Rodgers

Industrial Revolution Scotland https://d1xw84ija6gjgy.cloudfront.net/production/412604be30f701b1b1e3124c252065e6/conversions/HD.jpg

Children and digital dumpsites: e-waste exposure and child health https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240023901

CO₂ emissions - Our World in Data https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions

Children and digital dumpsites: e-waste exposure and child health https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240023901

Global E-waste Monitor 2020 https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Environment/Pages/Spotlight/Global-Ewaste-Monitor-2020.aspx

Design for a circular economy, UK Green Alliance https://www.green-alliance.org.uk/resources/Design_for_a_circular_economy.pdf

UK worst offender in Europe for electronic waste, The Guardian, 2019 https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/feb/07/uk-worst-offender-in-europe-for-electronic-waste-exports-report

Regulate Hazardous Waste to End New Forms of “Toxic Colonialism”, International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), 2021 http://sdg.iisd.org/news/regulate-hazardous-waste-to-end-new-forms-of-toxic-colonialism-stockholm50-brief/

E-Waste Management Is Not Keeping Pace With Consumer Electronics, EcoWatch, 2021 https://www.ecowatch.com/ewaste-consumer-electronics-2649872499.html

Electric vehicles: recycled batteries and the search for a circular economy, Financial Times, 2021 https://www.ft.com/content/e88e00e3-0a0c-469a-986b-1ffda60b6aee

Reliable, Representative Data & Technologies Underpinning Algorithmic Decision Making

Case Study: Gambling – Dr. Raffaello Rossi & Prof. Agnes Nairn

No references supplied.

Case Study: Video Games in Scotland: Risks, Opportunities and Myths – Dr. Matthew Barr

Aarseth, E. et al. Journal of Behavioral Addictions (2017) ‘Scholars’ open debate paper on the World Health Organization ICD-11 Gaming Disorder proposal’, , 6(3), pp. 267–270. doi: 10.1556/2006.5.2016.088.

Allen, G. (2014) ‘Prostitute performs sex acts on GTA V player and is then knocked unconscious’, Daily Record, 20 November. Available at: http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/video-games/grand-theft-auto-v-shocking-4660452 (Accessed: 24 August 2021).

Barr, M. (2017) ‘Video games can develop graduate skills in higher education students: A randomised trial’, Computers & Education, 113, pp. 86–97. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2017.05.016.

Barr, M. (2019) ‘Reflections on Game-Based Learning’, in Barr, M. (ed.) Graduate Skills and Game-Based Learning: Using Video Games for Employability in Higher Education. Cham: Springer International Publishing (Digital Education and Learning), pp. 127–155. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-27786-4_5.

Barr, M. and Copeland-Stewart, A. (2021) ‘Playing Video Games During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Effects on Players’ Well-Being’, Games and Culture, p. 15554120211017036. doi: 10.1177/15554120211017036.

BBFC (no date). Available at: https://www.bbfc.co.uk/ (Accessed: 29 August 2021).

Bean, A. M. et al. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice (2017) ‘Video game addiction: The push to pathologize video games’, , 48(5), pp. 378–389. doi: 10.1037/pro0000150.

Bowman, N. D. (2015) ‘The Rise (and Refinement) of Moral Panic*’, in The Video Game Debate. Routledge. Available at: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315736495-2/rise-refinement-moral-panic-nicholas-bowman.

Brasington, R. (1990) ‘Nintendinitis’, New England Journal of Medicine, 322(20), pp. 1473–1474. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199005173222020.

Byron, T. (2008) Safer Children in a Digital World - The Report of the Byron Review: Be safe, be aware, have fun. Department for Children, Schools and Families. Available at: http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/7332/1/Final%20Report%20Bookmarked.pdf (Accessed: 29 August 2021).

CDC (2020) Coping with a Disaster or Traumatic Event Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, . Available at: https://emergency.cdc.gov/coping/selfcare.asp (Accessed: 31 August 2020).

Colder Carras, M. et al. Social Science & Medicine (1982) (2018) ‘Connection, meaning, and distraction: A qualitative study of video game play and mental health recovery in veterans treated for mental and/or behavioral health problems’, , 216, pp. 124–132. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.08.044.

Dorman, S. M. (1997) ‘Video and Computer Games: Effect on Children and Implications for Health Education’, Journal of School Health, 67(4), pp. 133–138. doi: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.1997.tb03432.x.

Ferguson, C. J. (2015) ‘Pay No Attention to That Data Behind the Curtain: On Angry Birds, Happy Children, Scholarly Squabbles, Publication Bias, and Why Betas Rule Metas’, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(5), pp. 683–691. doi: 10.1177/1745691615593353.

Ferguson, J. (2020) ‘Scottish parents warned to boycott video games with “loot boxes” this Christmas’, Daily Record, 13 December. Available at: https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/mp-warns-scottish-parents-boycott-23159113 (Accessed: 24 August 2021).

Gambling Commission (2016) Gambling Commission shines light on virtual currencies, eSports and social gaming Gambling Commission, . Available at: https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/news/article/gambling-commission-shines-light-on-virtual-currencies-esports-and-social (Accessed: 29 August 2021).

Gentile, D. A. et al. Pediatrics (2011) ‘Pathological Video Game Use Among Youths: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study’, , 127(2), pp. e319–e329. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-1353.

Gwinup, G., Haw, T. and Elias, A. (1983) ‘Cardiovascular changes in video-game players’, Postgraduate Medicine, 74(6), pp. 245–248. doi: 10.1080/00325481.1983.11698546.

Haydn Taylor (2018a) Belgian Gaming Commission recommends criminal prosecution over illegal loot boxes GamesIndustry.biz, . Available at: https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-05-10-belgian-gambling-commission-lays-out-recommendations-over-illegal-loot-boxes (Accessed: 29 August 2021).

Haydn Taylor (2018b) Loot boxes in leading games violate Dutch gambling legislation GamesIndustry.biz, . Available at: https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-04-19-loot-boxes-in-leading-games-violate-dutch-gambling-legislation (Accessed: 29 August 2021).

Hern, A. (2013) ‘Grand Theft Auto 5 under fire for graphic torture scene’, The Guardian, 18 September. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/sep/18/grand-theft-auto-5-under-fire-for-graphic-torture-scene (Accessed: 24 August 2021).

Hoggins, T. (2013) ‘Grand Theft Auto V is designed deliberately to degrade women’, The Telegraph, 4 October. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/10355275/Grand-Theft-Auto-V-is-designed-deliberately-to-degrade-women.html (Accessed: 24 August 2021).

Kandola, A. et al. Psychological Medicine (2021) ‘Prospective relationships of adolescents’ screen-based sedentary behaviour with depressive symptoms: The Millennium Cohort Study’, , pp. 1–9. doi: 10.1017/S0033291721000258.

Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité, D. G. A. (1994) ‘Video-game epilepsy’, The Lancet, 344(8930), pp. 1102–1103. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90625-4.

Kaye, L. K., Kowert, R. and Quinn, S. (2017) ‘The role of social identity and online social capital on psychosocial outcomes in MMO players’, Computers in Human Behavior, 74, pp. 215–223. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.04.030.

Keepers, G. A. (1990) ‘Pathological preoccupation with video games’, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(1), pp. 49–50. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199001000-00009.

Maclean, D. (1993) ‘Television Violence [Hansard]’, 234. Available at: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1993-12-16/debates/4df15910-e101-491b-a7e1-195096c57a37/TelevisionViolence (Accessed: 24 August 2021).

Microsoft (2021) Minecraft Franchise Fact Sheet. Available at: https://news.xbox.com/en-us/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Minecraft-Franchise-Fact-Sheet_April-2021.pdf (Accessed: 21 August 2021).

Ofcom (2021) Online Nation 2021 report, p. 185. Available at: https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/220414/online-nation-2021-report.pdf (Accessed: 21 August 2021).

Pan European Game Information (no date) PEGI, PEGI Public Site, . Available at: https://pegi.info/ (Accessed: 29 August 2021).

Przybylski, A. K. and Wang, J. C. (2016) ‘A large scale test of the gaming-enhancement hypothesis’, PeerJ, 4, p. e2710. doi: 10.7717/peerj.2710.

Reinecke, L. (2009) ‘Games and Recovery’, Journal of Media Psychology, 21(3), pp. 126–142. doi: 10.1027/1864-1105.21.3.126.

Rieger, D. et al. Computers in Human Behavior (2014) ‘The winner takes it all: The effect of in-game success and need satisfaction on mood repair and enjoyment’, 39, pp. 281–286. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.037.

Rob Davies (2020) UK could class loot boxes as gambling to protect children, The Guardian. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/games/2020/jun/07/uk-could-class-loot-boxes-as-gambling-to-protect-children (Accessed: 29 August 2021).

Rooij, A. J. van et al. Journal of Behavioral Addictions (2018) ‘A weak scientific basis for gaming disorder: Let us err on the side of caution’, , 7(1), pp. 1–9. doi: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.19.

Ryan, R. M., Rigby, C. S. and Przybylski, A. (2006) ‘The Motivational Pull of Video Games: A Self-Determination Theory Approach’, Motivation and Emotion, 30(4), pp. 344–360. doi: 10.1007/s11031-006-9051-8.

Scharkow, M. et al. Computers in Human Behavior (2015) ‘Beyond the “core-gamer”: Genre preferences and gratifications in computer games’, , 44, pp. 293–298. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.020.

Shanley, P. (2019) ‘Trump’s Video Game Attack Reignites Decades-Old Debate’, The Hollywood Reporter, 9 August. Available at: https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/politics-news/trumps-video-game-attack-reignites-decades-old-violence-debate-1230504/ (Accessed: 21 August 2021).

Spence, S. A. (1993) ‘Nintendo hallucinations: a new phenomenological entity’, Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 10(2), pp. 98–99. doi: 10.1017/S0790966700012970.

Take-Two Interactive (2021) ‘Take-Two Interactive August 2021 Investor Slides’, 2 August. Available at: https://ir.take2games.com/static-files/557a2e9d-18dd-47bf-a1cd-7a82903ff967 (Accessed: 21 August 2021).

Ukie (2020) Player Diversity & Demographics - Ukie Ukiepedia, . Available at: https://ukiepedia.ukie.org.uk/index.php/Player_Diversity_%26_Demographics (Accessed: 21 August 2021).

Ukie (2021) 2020 UK Consumer Games Market Valuation Ukiepedia, . Available at: https://ukiepedia.ukie.org.uk/index.php/2020_UK_Consumer_Games_Market_Valuation (Accessed: 24 August 2021).

Roth, W. V. et al. Senate Report 104-27: Activities of the Committee of Governmental Affairs (1995) . Washington, D.C.: United States Congress. Available at: https://www.congress.gov/104/crpt/srpt27/CRPT-104srpt27.pdf.

VSC Rating Board (no date). Available at: https://videostandards.org.uk/RatingBoard/ (Accessed: 29 August 2021).

World Health Organization (2018a) 6C51 Gaming disorder ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics, . Available at: https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/1448597234 (Accessed: 23 August 2021).

World Health Organization (2018b) International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision. Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: https://icd.who.int/en (Accessed: 23 August 2021).

World Health Organization (2018c) QE22 Hazardous gaming ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics, . Available at: https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f1586542716 (Accessed: 23 August 2021).

Digital Inclusion

Case Study: Online Courts – Prof. Burkhard Schafer

Bosland, J. and Townend, J. (2018). Open justice, transparency and the media: representing the public interest in the physical and virtual courtroom. Communications Law Vol. 23, No. 4, 2018, 183-202.

Berkeley Research Group: the psychological impact of remote hearings

https://media.thinkbrg.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/05105717/BRG-Remote-Hearing-Impact-2021-Final.pdf

Brownsword, R., 2016. ‘Technological Management and the Rule of Law’. Law, Innovation and Technology 8 (1): 100–140.

Dubois, C, ‘How Do Lawyers Engineer and Develop LegalTech Projects? A Story of Opportunities, Platforms, Creative Rationalities, and Strategies’, Law, Technology and Humans, 2/1 (2020) https://lthj.qut.edu.au/article/view/1558

Dunham et al.: The Impact of Remote Work on Post-Pandemic Law Idaho Law review 2021 https://digitalcommons.law.uidaho.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=ilrspotlight

Georgiou, L., & Schafer, B. (2019). Open and Fair Trial in the Social Media Era–An Insurmountable Conflict or an Emerging Opportunity?. European Journal of Law and Technology 10, (1).

Genn, H. (2018). Annual Birkenhead Lecture: Online Courts and the Future of Justice. Graya.

Judicial Institute for Scotland Report on the Civil Justice Conference of 10 May 2021 https://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/docs/default-source/aboutscs/civil-justice-conference---may-2021/report-on-the-civil-justice-conference-of-10-may-2021.pdf?sfvrsn=37a6aa95_2

JUSTICE Working Party Report (2018). Preventing Digital Exclusion from Online Justice https://justice.org.uk/our-work/assisted-digital/

Law Society of Scotland: Report on the Feedback on the Experiences of Virtual Custody Courts by Scottish Solicitors https://www.lawscot.org.uk/media/369189/2020-07-28-crim-report-on-virtual-custody-courts.pdf

Mulcahy, L., Rowden, E. and Teeder, W. (2020b) Testing the case for a virtual courtroom with a physical jury hub: First evaluation of a virtual trial pilot study conducted by JUSTICE. London: JUSTICE. Available

Mulcahy, L., Rowden, E. and Teeder, W. (2020b) Testing the case for a virtual courtroom with a physical jury hub: Second evaluation of a virtual trial pilot study conducted by JUSTICE. London: JUSTICE. Available at: https://justice.org.uk/justice-pilots-first-ever-worldwide-virtual-mock-jury-trial/

Rowden, E. (2013) ‘Virtual courts and putting “summary” back into “summary justice”: merely brief, or unjust?’, in Simon, J., Temple, N. and Tobe, R.(eds.) Architecture and justice: judicial meanings in the public realm. Farnham: Ashgate, pp. 101-113

Rowden, E.,Wallace, A.,Tait, D., Hanson, M. & Jones, D. (2013). Gateways to Justice: Design and Operational Guidelines for Remote Participation in Court Proceedings. Sydney: University of Western Sydney. https://researchdirect.westernsydney.edu.au/islandora/object/uws:15505/

Ryan, M., Harker, L. and Rothera, S. (2020a) Remote hearings in the family justice system: a rapid consultation. Available at: https://www.nuffieldfjo.org.uk/app/nuffield/files-module/local/documents/nfjo_remote_hearings_20200507-2-.pdf

Ryan, M., Harker, L. and Rothera, S. (2020b) Remote hearings in the family justice system: reflections and experiences. Available at: https://www.nuffieldfjo.org.uk/app/nuffield/files-module/local/documents/remote_hearings_sept_2020.pdf

Schafer et al: AI4People’s 7 AI Global Frameworks: Legal Services Industry https://ai4people.eu/wp-content/pdf/AI4People7AIGlobalFrameworks.pdf

Sela, A. (2016). Streamlining Justice: How Online Courts Can Resolve the Challenges of Pro Se Litigation. Cornell JL & Pub. Pol'y 26, , 331.

Sela, Ayelet. "e-Nudging justice: the role of digital choice architecture in online courts." J. Disp. Resol. (2019): 127.

South Carolina Judicial Branch: Amended Order Regarding the Use of Remote Communication Technology by the Trial Courts https://www.einnews.com/pr_news/551983656/amended-order-regarding-the-use-of-remote-communication-technology-by-the-trial-courts

Susskind, Richard, Online Courts and the Future of Justice (Oxford University Press, 2019)

Byrom, Natalie, Beardon, Sarah, Kendrick, Abby The impact of COVID-19 measures on the civil justice system https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/CJC-Rapid-Review-Final-Report-f.pdf

Transform Justice: Not remotely fair? Access to a lawyer in the police station during the Covid-19 pandemic February, 2021 https://www.transformjustice.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Not-Remotely-Fair-Report-Feb2021.pdf

Transform Justice: Joint briefing on video and audio links in the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Bill 2021 https://www.transformjustice.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/PCSC-bill-video-and-audio-links-in-criminal-proceedings-joint-briefing.pdf

Terry, M., Johnson, S. and Thompson, P. (2010) Virtual court pilot outcome evaluation .London: Ministry of Justice. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/193633/virtual-courts-pilot-outcome-evaluation.pdf

Tomlinson, J., Hynes, J., Marshall, E., & Maxwell, J. (2020). Judicial review in the administrative court during the COVID-19 pandemic. Available at: https://publiclawproject.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/200420-JR-during-COVID-19-Research-paper-for-publication-final.pdf

Widdison, R. (1997) ‘Beyond Woolf: the virtual courthouse’,

12th BILETA Conference The Future of Legal Education and Practice, University of Durham. Available at: https://www.bileta.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Beyond-Woolf-The-Virtual-Courthouse.pdf

Ethical Limits to Monitoring and Surveillance

Case Study: Cybersecurity – Dr. Markus Christen

No references supplied.

Case Study: Domestic Abuse and Data and Digital Technologies – Dr. Katherine O’Keefe

Bailey, J., Henry, N. and Flynn, A. (2021), "Technology-Facilitated Violence and Abuse: International Perspectives and Experiences", Bailey, J., Flynn, A. and Henry, N. (Ed.) The Emerald International Handbook of Technology Facilitated Violence and Abuse (Emerald Studies In Digital Crime, Technology and Social Harms), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83982-848-520211001

Henry, N.,Flynn, A.,Powell, A. (2020). Technology-Facilitated Domestic and Sexual Violence: A Review In: Violence Against Women, 26, 1828 - 1854

Henry, N & Witt, A (2021), 'Governing image-based sexual abuse: Digital platform policies, tools, and practices', in Bailey, Flynn & Henry (eds) The Emerald international handbook of technology-facilitated violence and abuse, Bingley: Emerald

Louie, Y.M. (2021), "Technology-Facilitated Domestic Abuse and Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Women in Victoria, Australia", Bailey, J., Flynn, A. and Henry, N. (Ed.) The Emerald International Handbook of Technology Facilitated Violence and Abuse (Emerald Studies In Digital Crime, Technology and Social Harms), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 447-467. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83982-848-520211033

Tanczer, Leonie. Interview. 1 September 2020.

Scottish Government (2020) 'Domestic abuse and other forms of violence against women and girls (VAWG) during COVID-19 lockdown for the period 30/3/20 - 22/05/20'. https://www.gov.scot/isbn/9781839608292

Scottish Government (2020) Coronavirus (COVID-19): domestic abuse and other forms of violence against women and girls during Phases 1, 2 and 3 of Scotland's route map (22 May to 11 August 2020) https://www.gov.scot/isbn/

Scottish Womens’ Aid (2021). Crisis and Resilience: The Impact of a Global Pandemic on Domestic Abuse Survivors and Service Providers in Scotland. https://womensaid.scot/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/SWA-COVID-Report.pdf

The Future of Work in a Digital Economy

Case Study: Governing the Rise in the Remote Economy – Sam Brakarsh & Prof. Abigail Marks

No references supplied.

Case Study: Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and Cultural Heritage – Dr. Foteini Valeonti & Prof. Melissa Terras

Ables, K., 2021. Crypto artists have been building a rebellious, underground community of outsiders for years. Now they’re making a living selling NFTs, The Washington Post, 8 May. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/beeple-crypto-art-sales-nfts/2021/05/05/ecef3452-ac0d-11eb-acd3-24b44a57093a_story.html (accessed on 8 June 2022).

Adam, G., 2021. British Museum to sell NFTs of 200 Hokusai works—including The Great Wave, The Art Newspaper, 24 September. Available at: https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2021/09/24/british-museum-to-sell-nfts-of-200-hokusai-worksincluding-the-great-wave (accessed on 8 June 2022).

Ahram T., Sargolzaei A., Sargolzaei S., Daniels J. and Amaba B., Blockchain technology innovations. 2017 IEEE Technology & Engineering Management Conference (TEMSCON). 2017, pp. 137-141, doi: 10.1109/TEMSCON.2017.7998367.

Anon., 2022a. Top Artists. Available at: https://cryptoart.io/artists (accessed on 8 June 2022).

Anon., 2022b. Bored Ape Yacht Club statistics, NFT Stats. Available at: https://www.nft-stats.com/collection/boredapeyachtclub (accessed on 19 June 2022).

Anon., 2022c. Discover the top NFT projects and latest NFT drops, NFT Stats. Available at: https://www.nft-stats.com (accessed on 19 June 2022).

Artnet News, 2021. The Uffizi Gallery Just Sold a Michelangelo NFT for $170,000, and Now Is Quickly Minting More Masterpieces From Its Collection, Artnet News, 14 May. Available at: https://news.artnet.com/art-world/uffizi-gallery-michelangelo-botticelli-nfts-1969045 (accessed on 8 June 2022).

Bailey, J., 2021. Why Museums Should Be Thinking Longer Term About NFTs, Artnome, 28 July. Available at: https://www.artnome.com/news/2021/7/28/why-museums-should-be-thinking-longer-term-about-nfts (accessed on 8 June 2022).

Batyckha, D., 2022. Into the ether: How a German museum accidentally lost access to two highly valuable NFTs, The Art Newspaper, 21 January. Available at: https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/01/21/a-german-museum-has-accidentally-lost-access-to-two-highly-valuable-nfts (accessed on 8 June 2022).

Cascone, S., 2021. A Collective Made NFTs of Masterpieces Without Telling the Museums That Owned the Originals. Was It a Digital Art Heist or Fair Game?, Artnet News, 22 March. Available at: https://news.artnet.com/art-world/global-art-museum-nfts-1953404 (accessed on 8 June 2022).

Chainalysis, 2022. NFT Transaction Activity Stabilizing in 2022 After Explosive Growth in 2021. 5 May. Available at: https://blog.chainalysis.com/reports/chainalysis-web3-report-preview-nfts/ (accessed on 30 June 2022).

Ciecko, B., 2021. The Surging Demand for Digital Collectibles Could Offer a Lifeline for Cash-Strapped Museums—Here’s How, Artnet News, 10 March. Available at: https://news.artnet.com/opinion/op-ed-digital-collectables-museums-1950808 (accessed on 8 June 2022).

Coin Telegraph Research, 2021. Blockchains vie for NFT market, but Ethereum still dominates — Report, Coin Telegraph, 8 October. Available at: https://cointelegraph.com/news/blockchains-vie-for-nft-market-but-ethereum-still-dominates-report (accessed on 8 June 2022).

CoinMarketCap, 2022. Cryptocurrencies. Available at: https://coinmarketcap.com (accessed on 8 June 2022).

Dale, B., 2021. Bored Apes’ Generous Copyright Approach Besting Stricter CryptoPunks, The Defiant, 7 December. The Defiant. Available at: https://thedefiant.io/bored-apes-yacht-club-cryptopunks-copyright-fight/ (accessed on 8 June 2022).

Dickie, D., 2022. Kate Forbes warned cuts could destroy Scottish historical sites and tourism sector, Scottish Daily Express, 8 June. Available at: https://www.scottishdailyexpress.co.uk/news/scottish-news/kate-forbes-warned-cuts-could-27161394 (accessed on 30 June 2022).

Evans, T. M., Cryptokitties, cryptography, and copyright. AIPLAQ. J. 2019, 47, 219–266.

Gartner, 2021. Nonfungible tokens (NFTs), digital humans and physics-informed AI join the 25 technology profiles on this year’s emerging technologies hype cycle. 3 Themes Surface in the 2021 Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies, 23 August. Available at: https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/3-themes-surface-in-the-2021-hype-cycle-for-emerging-technologies (accessed on 8 June 2022).

Grosvenor, B., 2022. The British Museum's NFT project has sent its carbon footprint soaring, The Art Newspaper, 5 April. Available at: https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/04/05/nfts-send-carbon-footprints-soaring-british-museum (accessed on 8 June 2022).

Harris, G., 2021. The Whitworth gallery in Manchester mints a William Blake NFT in aid of community causes, The Art Newspaper, 23 July. Available at: https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/01/11/british-museum-banks-on-turner-nfts-after-hokusai-initiative (accessed on 8 June 2022).

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Case Study: Datafication of Higher Education - Joanna van der Merwe, Melissa Amorós Lark and Grégory von Boetticher

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