A Consultation on Electronic Cigarettes and Strengthening Tobacco Control in Scotland: Analysis of Responses

Annex 2: References To Information Or Evidence

Question 12: Are you aware of any information or evidence that you think the Scottish Government should consider in relation to regulating domestic adverting in relation to impacts on children and adults (including smokers and non-smokers)?

A full list of references as provided by consultation respondents is included below.

References

Anderson P, de Bruijn A, Angus K, Gordon R, Hastings G (2009) Impact of alcohol advertising and media exposure on adolescent alcohol use: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Alcohol & Alcoholism, 44, 229-243. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agn115.

ASA Adjudication on E-Cig Ltd, 12 November 2014. http://www.asa.org.uk/Rulings/Adjudications/2014/11/E_Cig-Ltd/SHP_ADJ_278009.aspx#.VIq8v51FDcs

ASH (2014). Briefing on Electronic cigarettes. http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_715.pdf

ASH (2014). Fact Sheet 33: Use of electronic cigarettes in Great Britain. http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_891.pdf

ASH Scotland Electronic Cigarettes Briefing May 2014. Available online at http://www.ashscotland.org.uk/media/6093/E-cigarettesbriefing.pdf

ASH Scotland., 'Use of electronic cigarettes soars in Scotland', 28/03/14. See: http://www.ashscotland.org.uk/media-and-comment/press-releases-and-comments/yougov-e-cig-results.aspx

ASH Scotland., Young people and e-cigarettes in Scotland: Report on a survey of young people (2014). See: http://www.ashscotland.org.uk/media/6155/e%20cig%20Final%20report%2007.14.pdf

ASH Wales (2014). Young People and the Use of E-Cigarettes in Wales. http://www.ashwales.org.uk/creo_files/upload/downloads/young_people_and_e-cigarettes_in_wales_final_march_2014.pdf

Bauld, L, de Andrade, M and Angus, K (2014) E-cigarette uptake and marketing: a report published by Public Health England. Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/public-health-england-publishes-independent-evidence-papers-on-e-cigarettes

Bogdanovica, I, Bauld, L & Britton, J., 'What you need to know about electronic cigarettes', (March 2014). See: http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/commentary/what-you-need-know-about-electronic-cigarettes

Brown J, West R, Beard E, Michie S, Shahab L, McNeill A. Prevalence and characteristics of e-cigarette users in Great Britain: Findings from a general population survey of smokers. Addictive Behaviours 2014;39:1120-5. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.03.009. Epub 2014 Mar 12

Buchanan, 10 Nov 2014, The Independent, First e-cigarette vaping advert to be shown on TV criticised for being highly sexualised.

Bunnell RE, Agaku IT, Arrazola RA, Apelberg BJ, Caraballo RS, Corey CG, Coleman BN, Dube SR, King BA (2015). Intentions to Smoke Cigarettes Among Never-Smoking US Middle and High School Electronic Cigarette Users: National Youth Tobacco Survey, 2011-2013. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25143298

Cairns G, Angus K, Hastings G, Caraher M (2013). Systematic reviews of the evidence on the nature, extent and effects of food marketing to children. A retrospective summary. Appetite, 62, 209-215. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.04.017.

Cancer Research UK (2013). The Marketing of Electronic Cigarettes in the UK. http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/prod_consump/groups/cr_common/@nre/@pol/documents/generalcontent/cr_115991.pdf

CAP and BCAP's Joint Regulatory Statement, New Rules for the Marketing of E-cigarettes. http://www.cap.org.uk/News-reports/Media-Centre/2014/~/media/Files/CAP/Consultations/ecig%20consultation/Regulatory%20Statement.ashx

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Youth Tobacco Survey, September 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/p0825-e-cigarettes.html

Cobb NK, Brookover J & Cobb CO (2013) Forensic analysis of online marketing for electronic nicotine delivery systems. Tobacco Control (Epub ahead of print 13.9.13)

Cobb NK, Byron MJ, Abrams DB, Shields PG. Novel nicotine delivery systems and public health: the rise of the e-cigarette, Am J Public Health 2010, 100: 2340-2.

de Andrade M (2014). The Impact of Tobacco-Education Interventions in Fife Schools: Asset-Based Approaches, Co-Production and Innovative Engagement. Stirling: Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling & The Open University; September 2014 [report and publication forthcoming].

de Andrade M, Hastings G, Angus K (2013) Promotion of electronic cigarettes: tobacco marketing reinvented? British Medical Journal, 2013;347 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f7473

Deepa R. Camenga, Grace Kong, Dana A. Cavallo, Amanda Liss, Andrew Hyland, Jennifer Delmerico, K. Michael Cummings, Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin (2014). Alternate Tobacco Product and Drug Use Among Adolescents Who Use Electronic Cigarettes, Cigarettes Only, and Never Smokers. http://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(14)00275-4/abstract

E-cigarette access among young people in Cheshire and Merseyside. Findings from the 2013 North West Trading Standards Survey. Available online at http://www.cph.org.uk/publication/e-cigarette-1/

E-cigarettes could help some smokers quit, NHS Choices. http://www.nhs.uk/news/2014/12December/Pages/E-cigarettes-could-help-some-smokers-quit.aspx

Electronic cigarettes in England - latest trends (18 October 2014), Smoking in England. Available online at http://www.smokinginengland.info/latest-statistics/

Electronic Cigarettes: A report commissioned by Public Health England, John Britton and Ilze Bogdanovica, May 2014.

Electronic nicotine delivery systems, Report by WHO, 1 September 2014 (FCTC/COP/6/10 Rev.1 http://apps.who.int/gb/fctc/PDF/cop6/FCTC_COP6_10Rev1-en.pdf

English PM (2013) Re: EU policy on e-cigarettes is a 'dog's dinner,' says UK regulator (rapid response). BMJ 347: f6871

Four Hundred and Sixty Brands of E-cigarettes and Counting: Implications for Product Regulation, Zun, Shu-Hong; Sun, Jessica Y; Bonnevie, Erika; Cummins, Sharon E; Gamst, Anthony; et al. Tobacco Control, July 2014, Vol. 23, No. 3, ii3-9. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051670.

Goniewicz et al. (2013) Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tobacco Control, doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050859

Grana R, Benowitz N & Glantz SA (2014) E-cigarettes: A scientific review. Circulation 129: 1972-87

Grana RA, Ling PM (2014). 'Smoking revolution': a content analysis of electronic cigarette retail websites. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24650842

Hajek, P et al., 'Electronic cigarettes: review of use, content, safety, effects on smokers and potential for harm and benefit', Addiction, 109 (2014). See: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.12659/pdf

Health experts back e-cigarettes to quit smoking, The Scotsman, 8 June 2014. See: http://www.scotsman.com/news/health/health-experts-back-e-cigarettes-to-quit-smoking-1-3437012

Jennifer C. Duke, Youn O. Lee, Annice E. Kim, Kimberly A. Watson, Kristin Y. Arnold, James M. Nonnemaker, Lauren Porter (2014). Exposure to Electronic Cigarette Television Advertisements Among Youth and Young Adults. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2014/05/27/peds.2014-0269.abstract

Jidong Huang, Rachel Kornfield, Glen Szczypka, Sherry L Emery (2014). A cross-sectional examination of marketing of electronic cigarettes on Twitter. http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/23/suppl_3/iii26.full

Lauren M. Dutra, Stanton A. Glantz (2014). Electronic Cigarettes and Conventional Cigarette Use Among US Adolescents: A Cross-sectional Study. http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1840772

Lippert AM (2014). Do Adolescent Smokers Use E-Cigarettes to Help Them Quit? The Sociodemographic Correlates and Cessation Motivations of U.S. Adolescent E-Cigarette Use. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24968185

Lovato C, Watts A, Stead LF (2011). Impact of tobacco advertising and promotion on increasing adolescent smoking behaviours. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10: CD003439. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003439.pub2.

McRobbie H, Bullen C, Hartmann-Boyce J, Hajek P (2014) Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation and reduction. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 12. Available online at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub2/abstract

Mindell JS (1993): The UK voluntary agreement on tobacco advertising: a comatose policy? Tobacco Control, 2, 209-214. doi:10.1136/tc.2.3.209.

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 06/09/2013, Notes from the Field: Electronic Cigarette Use Among Middle and High School Students - United States, 2011-2012. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6235a6.htm

National Institute for Health Care Excellence (2013) Tobacco: harm reduction approach to smoking. Manchester National Institute for Health and Care Excellence

NHS National Services Scotland, Scottish Schools Adolescent Lifestyle and Substance Use Survey (SALSUS). Smoking - Among 13 and 15 year olds in Scotland 2013 (2014). See: http://www.isdscotland.scot.nhs.uk/Health-Topics/Public-Health/Publications/2014-11-25/SALSUS_2013_Smoking_Report.pdf

Office for National Statistics., Adult smoking habits in Great Britain, 2013 (2014). See: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_386291.pdf

Open letter to WHO dates 26/05/2014 http://nicotinepolicy.net/documents/letters/MargaretChan.pdf

Over 2 million Britons now regularly use electronic cigarettes, 28 April 2014, ASH Press.

Paek HJ, Kim S, Hove T, Huh JY (2014). Reduced harm or another gateway to smoking? source, message, and information characteristics of E-cigarette videos on YouTube. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24117370

Patel B, et al. Policy summary: Ban on tobacco displays at the Point-of-sale. The Lancet UK Policy Matters. http://ukpolicymatters.thelancet.com/?p=1750

Paynter J, Edwards R. The impact of tobacco promotion at the point of sale: A systematic review. Nicotine & Tobacco Research (2009). 11(1):25-35. http://ntr.oxfordjournals.org/content/11/1/25.abstract

Public Health England (2104). E-cigarette Uptake and Marketing. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/311491/Ecigarette_uptake_and_marketing.pdf

Richardson A, Ganz O, Stalgaitis C, Abrams D, Vallone D (2014). Noncombustible tobacco product advertising: how companies are selling the new face of tobacco. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24379146

Richardson A, Ganz O, Vallone D (2014) Tobacco on the web: surveillance and characterisation of online tobacco and e-cigarette advertising. Tobacco Control, Feb 14. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051246

Rita Rubin (2014). Marketing e-Cigarettes to Teens. http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1911300

Roberts, M., 'E-cigarette 'lure' fears might be unfounded', BBC News, 25/11/14. See: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-30192181

Robertson L, et al. A Systematic Review on the Impact of Point-of-Sale Tobacco Promotion on Smoking. Nicotine Tob Res (2014)1-16. http://ntr.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/09/19/ntr.ntu168.abstract

Saffer H, Chaloupka F. The effect of tobacco advertising bans on tobacco consumption Journal of Health Economics, Vol.19, Issue 6, Nov 2000, pgs 1117-1137

Scientific studies that suggest that nicotine intake during pregnancy may be associated with an increased risk of poor lung function and transgenerational asthma in animal models (Leslie, 2013) BMC Med. 2013 Feb 4;11:27. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-27

Scottish Government., Scottish Health Survey: 2012 Edition (2013). See: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0043/00434590.pdf

Scottish Schools Adolescent Lifestyle and Substance Use Survey (SALUS). Smoking among 13 and 15 year olds in Scotland 2013. Available online at http://www.isdscotland.org/Health-Topics/Public-Health/Publications/2014-11-25/SALSUS_2013_Smoking_Report.pdf

SPICe Briefing. E-Cigarettes: Frequently Asked Questions, 13 November 2014. http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefingsAndFactsheets/S4/SB_14-83_E-cigarettes-_Frequently_Asked_Questions.pdf

Stead LF, Lancaster T. Interventions for preventing tobacco sales to minors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 1. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001497.pub2/abstract

Stephen M. Amrock, Joseph Zakhar, Sherry Zhou, Michael Weitzman (2014). Perception of e-cigarettes' harm and its correlation with use among US adolescents. http://ntr.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/08/14/ntr.ntu156.abstract

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UK Faculty of Public Health (2014). Policy Statement on Electronic Cigarettes. http://www.fph.org.uk/uploads/UK%20Faculty%20of%20Public%20Health%20-%20Policy%20paper%20on%20electronic%20cigarettes%20-%20FINAL.pdf

US senate report (14.4.14) Gateway to addiction? A survey of popular electronic cigarette manufacturers and targeted marketing to youth

Welsh Government Social Research (2014). Exposure to secondhand smoke in cars and homes, and e-cigarette use among 10-11 year old children in Wales: CHETS Wales 2. http://gov.wales/statistics-and-research/exposure-secondhand-smoke-cars-ecigarette-use-among-children/?lang=en

West R, Brown J (2014). Electronic cigarettes: fact and faction. http://bjgp.org/content/64/626/442.full

Williams and Talbot 2011. Variability among electronic cigarettes in their pressure drop, airflow rate and aerosol production, Nicotine Tob Res 2011, Vol. 13, pp. 1276-83

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Youth Access to E cigarettes and associated products. Trading Standards Institute Report commissioned by Public Health England. Available online at http://www.tradingstandards.gov.uk/policy/policy-pressitem.cfm/newsid/1551

Question 13: Are you aware of any information or evidence that you think the Scottish Government should consider in relation to regulating domestic adverting in relation to impacts on business, including retailers, distributers and manufacturers?

A full list of references as provided by consultation respondents is included below.

References provided at Question 13

ASH (2014). Fact Sheet 33: Use of electronic cigarettes in Great Britain. http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_891.pdf

Bonnie Hertzog, Wells Fargo Securities, LLC: www.ecigarette-politics.com/files/WF-DallasMarch2014.ppt

Cancer Reseach UK (2013) The marketing of electronic cigarettes in the UK. London: Cancer Research UK

Casey Quinn, Sarah Lewis, Richard Edwards, Ann McNeill (2011). Economic evaluation of the removal of tobacco promotional displays in Ireland. http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/20/2/151.abstract

Committee of Advertising Practice (CAP) and the Broadcast Committee of Advertising Practice (BCAP) Joint Regulatory Statement: New rules for the marketing of e-cigarettes. http://www.cap.org.uk/News-reports/Media-Centre/2014/~/media/Files/CAP/Consultations/ecig%20consultation/Regulatory%20Statement.ashx

E-Cigarettes ignite the smoking cessation market - with 340% growth year on year to 2013. Mintel, published on 28 February 2014. See: http://www.mintel.com/press-centre/social-and-lifestyle/e-cigarettes-ignite-the-smoking-cessation-market

Grana R, Benowitz N & Glantz SA (2014) E-cigarettes: A scientific review. Circulation 129: 1972-87

Melanie Wakefield, Megan Bayly, Michelle Scollo (2014). Product retrieval time in small tobacco retail outlets before and after the Australian plain packaging policy: real-world study. http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/23/1/70.abstract

MHRA. Licensing Procedure for Electronic Cigarettes and Other Nicotine Containing Products (NCPs) as Medicines. http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/comms-ic/documents/websiteresources/con454361.pdf

Rooke C & Amos A (2013) News media representations of electronic cigarettes: an analysis of newspaper coverage in the UK and Scotland. Tobacco Control (Epub ahead of print 24.7.13)

Smoking in the UK - What next? The rise of the e-cigarette Market. Published online on 30 July 2013. http://www.nielseninsights.eu/articles/smoking-in-the-uk-what-next-the-rise-of-the-e-cigarette-market.

UK Faculty of Public Health (2014). Policy Statement on Electronic Cigarettes. http://www.fph.org.uk/uploads/UK%20Faculty%20of%20Public%20Health%20-%20Policy%20paper%20on%20electronic%20cigarettes%20-%20FINAL.pdf

http://asa.org.uk/Rulings/Adjudications/2013/5/Nicocigs-Ltd/SHP_ADJ_219974.aspx (last accessed October 2014)

Question 20: Are you aware of any evidence, relevant to the used of e-cigarettes in enclosed spaces, that you think the Scottish Government should consider?

A full list of references as provided by consultation respondents is included below.

References provided at Question 20

2012 National Youth Tobacco Survey http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm6245.pdf

American Industrial Hygiene Association (2014). White Paper: Electronic Cigarettes in the Indoor Environment. https://www.aiha.org/government-affairs/Documents/Electronc%20Cig%20Document_Final.pdf

American Non-Smokers' Rights Federation, Electronic Smoking Devices and Secondhand Aerosol. http://no-smoke.org/pdf/ecigarette-secondhand-aerosol.pdf

Ann McNeill, Jean-Francois Etter, Konstantinos Farsalinos, Peter Hajek, Jacques le Houezec, Hayden McRobbie (2014). A critique of a World Health Organization-commissioned report and associated paper on electronic cigarettes. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.12730/abstract

ASH (2014). Briefing on Electronic cigarettes. http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_715.pdf

ASH (2014). Fact Sheet 33: Use of electronic cigarettes in Great Britain. http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_891.pdf

ASH Scotland Electronic Cigarettes Briefing May 2014. http://www.ashscotland.org.uk/media/6093/E-cigarettesbriefing.pdf

Background Paper on E-cigarettes (Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems), Report by WHO, 1 September 2014 (FCTC/COP/6/10 Rev.1 http://apps.who.int/gb/fctc/PDF/cop6/FCTC_COP6_10Rev1-en.pdf

Background Paper on E-cigarettes (Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems). Prepared for World Health Organization. December 2013 http://escholarship.org/uc/item/13p2b72n

Ballbè M, Martínez-Sánchez JM, Sureda X, Fu M, Pérez-Ortuño R, Pascual JA, Saltó E, Fernández E (2014). Cigarettes vs. e-cigarettes: Passive exposure at home measured by means of airborne marker and biomarkers. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25262078

Bauld, L. (2011) The impact of smokefree legislation in England: evidence review.

Bhatnagar A, Whitsel LP, Ribisl KM et al (2014) Electronic cigarettes: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation (Epub ahead of print 24.9.14).

Bogdanovica, I, Bauld, L & Britton, J., 'What you need to know about electronic cigarettes', (March 2014). See: http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/commentary/what-you-need-know-about-electronic-cigarettes

Bullen, C et al., 'Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial', The Lancet, Volume 382, No 9905, (September 2013). See: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2813%2961842-5/abstract

Burstyn I (2014). Peering through the mist: systematic review of what the chemistry of contaminants in electronic cigarettes tells us about health risks. BMC Public Health 2014, 14:18 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-18 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/14/18

Carl V Phillips (2014). What is wrong with ecig particulate claims - the simple version. http://antithrlies.com/2014/11/18/what-is-wrong-with-ecig-particulate-claims-the-simple-version/

CBC News: E-cigarettes to be banned in public indoor places in Nova Scotia. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/e-cigarettes-to-be-banned-in-public-indoor-places-in-nova-scotia-1.2811355

Centres for Disease Control 'State Laws Prohibiting Sales to Minors and Indoor Use of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems' November 2014

ClearStream-AIR project, Is passive vaping a reality? http://clearstream.flavourart.it/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/CSA_ItaEng.pdf

Czgola J, Goniewicz ML, Fidelus B, Zienlinska-Danch W, Travers MJ and Sobczak A (2014) Secondhand exposure to vapours from electronic cigarettes. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 16(6): 665-62. Available online at http://ntr.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/6/655.full.pdf+html

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Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts; Particulate metals and organic compounds from electronic and tobacco-containing cigarettes: comparison of emission rates and secondhand exposure (Published online 22nd August 2014)

Farsalinos, K.E & Polosa, R., 'Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review', Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety, (February 2014). See: http://taw.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/02/12/2042098614524430

Gray I, Cheeseman H (2014) Permitting or prohibiting vaping - ingredients for developing a policy.

Hajek, P et al. (2014), Electronic cigarettes: review of use, content, safety, effects on smokers and potential for harm and benefit. Addiction. doi: 10.1111/add.12659 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.12659/pdf

Hammond et al, (2006) Tobacco Denormalization and Industry Beliefs Among Smokers from Four Countries. American Journal of Preventative Medicine 2006;31(3):225-232

Hastings G, de Andrade M & Moodie C (2012) Tobacco harm reduction: the devil is in the deployment. BMJ 345: e8412

Hecht, Carmella, Delshanee, Kotandeniya, Makenzie, Pillsbury, Menglan Chen, Ransom, Isaksson Vogel, Thompson, Murphy, Hatsukami, Evaluation of Toxicant and Carcinogen Metabolites in the Urine of eCigarette Users Versus Cigarette Smokers, September 2014

Jean Francois Etter and Chris Bullen, Addictive Behaviours (2014). A longitudinal study of electronic cigarette users. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306460313003304

King, A et al. (2014) Passive exposure to electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use increases desire for combustible and e-cigarettes in young adult smokers. Tobacco Control doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051563

Long GA (2014) Comparison of selective analytes in exhaled aerosol from e-cigarettes with exhaled smoke from a conventional cigarettes and exhaled breaths. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, (11), 11177-11191. Available online at http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/11/11/11177

Loomis, D et al. (2013) The carcinogenicity of outdoor air pollution. Lancet Oncol. 2013 Dec;14(13):1262-3

McAuley TR, Hopke PK, Zhao J et al (2012) Comparison of the effects of e-cigarette vapour and cigarette smoke on indoor air quality. Inhalation Toxicology 24: 850-7 http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/08958378.2012.724728

McRobbie H, Bullen C, Hajek P. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation and reduction. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD010216. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CDO10216 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub2/pdf

McRobbie H. Electronic Cigarettes. See: http://www.ncsct.co.uk/usr/pub/e-cigarette_briefing.pdf.

Misra M, Leverette RD, Cooper BT, Bennett MB and Brown SE (2014) Comparative In Vitro Toxicity Profile of Electronic and Tobacco Cigarettes, Smokeless Tobacco and Nicotine Replacement Therapy Products: E-Liquids, Extracts and Collected Aerosols International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(11), 11325-11347. Available online at http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/11/11/11325

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Open letter to WHO dated 26/05/2014 http://nicotinepolicy.net/documents/letters/MargaretChan.pdf

Pellegrino RM, Tinghino B, Mangiaracina G et al (2012) Electronic cigarettes: an evaluation of exposure to chemicals and fine particulate matter (PM). Annali di Igiene: Medicina Preventiva e di Comunita 24: 279-88

Public Health England (2104). Electronic cigarettes. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/311887/Ecigarettes_report.pdf

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Romagna G, Zabarini L, Barbiero L, Boccietto E, Todeschi S, Caravati E, Voster D and Farsalinos K (2012) Characterisation of chemicals released to the environment by electronic cigarette use.

Schober W, Szendrei K, Matzen W, Osiander-Fuchs H, Heitmann D, Schettgen T, Jörres RA and Fromme H (2013) Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) impairs indoor air quality and increases FeNO levels of ecigarette consumers. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 217(6): 628-37.

Schraufnagel DE, Blasi F, Drummond MB et al (2014) Electronic cigarettes. A position statement of the Forum of International Respiratory Societies. Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 190(6): 611- 8

Schripp T, Markewitz D, Uhde E and Salthamme T (2013) Does e-cigarette consumption cause passive vaping? Indoor Air, 23: 25-31. Available online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22672560

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Simon Chapman (2014). E-cigarettes: the best and the worst case scenarios for public health. BMJ 2014;349:g5512 http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g5512

SPICe Briefing. E-Cigarettes: Frequently Asked Questions, 13 November 2014. http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefingsAndFactsheets/S4/SB_14-83_E-cigarettes-_Frequently_Asked_Questions.pdf

UK Faculty of Public Health (2014). Policy Statement on Electronic Cigarettes. http://www.fph.org.uk/uploads/UK%20Faculty%20of%20Public%20Health%20-%20Policy%20paper%20on%20electronic%20cigarettes%20-%20FINAL.pdf

Utah Clean Air Act. Secondhand Smoke: Hookah and E-Cigarettes in Utah. http://www.tobaccofreeutah.org/pdfs/shs_hookah-e-cigarette.pdf

West et al. (2014). Trends in electronic cigarette use in England. http://www.smokinginengland.info/downloadfile/?type=latest-stats&src=11%E2%80%8E

West R, Brown J (2014). Electronic cigarettes: fact and faction. http://bjgp.org/content/64/626/442.full

WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, 'Electronic nicotine delivery systems
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Williams M, Villarreal A, Bozhilov K, Lin S, Talbot P (2013) Metal and Silicate Particles Including Nanoparticles Are Present in Electronic Cigarette Cartomizer Fluid and Aerosol. PLoS ONE 8(3): e57987. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057987

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