Waste electrical and electronic equipment reform consultation: business and regulatory impact assessment - partial

Footnotes

1 Scottish Government News - Circular economy bill published

2 Erumban, A.A., Das, D.K., 2016. Information and communication technology and economic growth in India. Telecommun. Policy 40 (5), 412-431

3 The Global E-Waste Monitor 2020

4 Health and Safety Executive - Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment recycling (WEEE)

5 Anthesis (2020) Electrical waste – challenges and opportunities: https://www.materialfocus.org.uk/report-and-research/electrical-waste-challenges-opportunities-2/

6 Cruz-Sotelo et al., 2017. E-waste supply chain in Mexico: Challenges and opportunities for sustainable management

7 Qu, Y., Wang, W., Liu, Y., Zhu, Q., 2019. Understanding residents’ preferences for e-waste collection in China – A case study of waste mobile phones. J. Clean Prod. 228, 52-62.

8 EU, 2008. Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)

9 Cruz-Sotelo et al., 2017. E-waste supply chain in Mexico: Challenges and opportunities for sustainable management

10 Perez-Belis, V., Bovea, M.D., Fores-Ibanzes, V., 2014. An in-depth literature review of the waste electrical and electronic equipment context: Trends and evolution

11 Cruz-Sotelo et al., 2017. E-waste supply chain in Mexico: Challenges and opportunities for sustainable management

12 Boubellouta, B., Kusch-Brandt, S., 2021. Cross-country evidence on Environmental Kuznets Curve in waste electrical and electronic equipment for 174 countries.

13 Leaching characteristics of heavy metals and brominated flame retardants from waste printed circuit boards - ScienceDirect

14A review of the environmental fate and effects of hazardous substances released from electrical and electronic equipment during recycling: Examples from China and India - ScienceDirect

15 Valuation of externalities of selected waste management alternatives: A comparative review and analysis - ScienceDirect

16 Ibid.

17 DEFRA (2021) Fly-tipping statistics for England, 2020 to 2021 (December 2021). Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/fly-tipping-in-england/fly-tipping-statistics-for-england-2020-to-2021

18 DEFRA (2021) Fly-tipping statistics for England, 2020 to 2021 (December 2021). Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/fly-tipping-in-england/fly-tipping-statistics-for-england-2020-to-2021

19 https://www.gov.scot/publications/national-litter-flytipping-strategy/

20 Scottish Government - Scale and Cost of Litter and Flytipping

21 World Energy Outlook, International Energy Agency, 13 October 2021; The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy Transitions, International Energy Agency, 5 May 2021.

22 EU, 2008. Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)

23 Wrap - Quantifying the composition of municipal waste

24 .Ie, producers are responsible for collecting WEEE from the household, rather than collection points such as HWRCs

25 The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations 2013

26 Material Focus Report, Electrical Waste - Challenges and Opportunities: An independent study on WEEE flows in the UK

27 The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations 2013

28 Directive 2012/19/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)

29 Health and Safety Executive (HSE): Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment recycling (WEEE)

30 We did not use these categories in our analysis due to the low tonnages collected, so they are not included in SMW/ bulky WEEE categorisation.

31 WEEE: apply for approval as a producer compliance scheme

32 CIWM - Approved Authorised Treatment Facility

33 Guidance - Broadly equivalent standards for packaging and equivalent standards for WEEE and batteries

34 WRAP - Quantifying the composition of municipal waste

35 Fly tipping statistics for England 2020 to 2021

36 Statistical data set - Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) in the UK

37 The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations 2013

38 Material Focus Report, Electrical Waste - Challenges and Opportunities: An independent study on WEEE flows in the UK, page 8 & 9, https://www.materialfocus.org.uk/report-and-research/electrical-waste-challenges-opportunities-2/

39 Page 76, Material Focus - Update to A Review (Economic and Environmental) of Kerbside Collections for Waste Electricals

40 WEEE-public-attitudes-and-behaviours-original.pdf

41 Among those who have put any WEEE items in the general rubbish in the last 12 months some of the further reasons given were: don’t have easy access to a tip or HWRC (12%), didn’t have time to take it to a top/HWRC/Recycling bank (12%), not worth the effort to recycle it (11%) and I couldn’t be bothered (10%).

42 Department for Business Innovation & Skills - WEEE Regulations 2013 - Government Guidance Notes

43 Electrical waste: retailer and distributor responsibilities

44 Page 7, Material Focus - Update to A Review (Economic and Environmental) of Kerbside Collections for Waste Electricals

45 Page 11, Material Focus - Update to A Review (Economic and Environmental) of Kerbside Collections for Waste Electricals

46 The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations 2013

47 Anthesis, Evidence Gaps, 2022, page 95 - 96

48 Anthesis, Evidence Gaps, 2022, page 96

49 UK Government - Consultation Outcome - Packaging and packaging waste: introducing Extended Producer Responsibility

50 Zero Waste Scotland - Environmental impact of single-use e-cigarettes

51 From 0.7m in 2012 to 3.6m in 2021: https://ash.org.uk/uploads/Use-of-e-cigarettes-vapes-among-adults-in-Great-Britain-2021.pdf

52 Material Focus - Vapes Briefing - working document

53 Zero Waste Scotland - One million single use vapes thrown away every week contributing to the growing e-waste challenge in the UK

54 Scottish Government - Equality, Opportunity, Community - Our Programme for Government 2023

55 SMW is assumed more likely to be disposed of through residual than through other means such as fly tipping due to the ease of this disposal route

56 It is anticipated that producers would be charged based on the costs of collecting SMW by the 14 category types in order to maximise the incentive for producers to consider recycling costs/recyclability in their product design. The exact mechanism will be determined by the Scheme Administrator once set up.

57 Generally, there is a requirement for the consumer to at home to take delivery of the replacement item which makes collection of the old appliance easier. However, current LA bulky waste services often allow households to leave their bulky items outside their home (either from the night before, or morning of to minimise damage from weather) which removes the need to be in at the time of collection.

58 Online only sellers would be required to provide a 1:1 takeback service, however the consultation acknowledges that a 0:1 take back service for online only sellers could be challenging and asks for views on whether an alternative option for meeting takeback obligations should be offered to these sellers

59 Such as in store takeback

60 UK Government - Consultation Outcome - Packaging and packaging waste: introducing Extended Producer Responsibility

61 The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations 2013

62 https://www.gov.uk/topic/competition/markets

63 Specific guidance from Office of the Internal Market on undertaking impact assessments not yet available.

64 Dale, L. & Fujita, S. (2008), “An Analysis of the Price Elasticity of Demand for Household Appliances”; University of California Berkeley, (February 2008).

65 Taking into account factors relevant to Scotland such as higher collection costs in remote rural areas.