Court enforcement of child contact orders: evidence review

Footnotes

1. The Bill is available at the link below:

https://www.parliament.scot/parliamentarybusiness/Bills/112632.aspx

2. The Strategy is available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/family-justice-modernisation-strategy/

3. Trinder, L., McLeod, A. Pearce, J. Woodward, H. and Hunt, J. (2013a) Enforcing Contact Order: Problem solving or punishment? Nuffield Foundation report. Available at http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/sites/default/files/files/Enforcement report final Dec 2013.pdf [Accessed: 22^nd November 2019], p. 2

4. Waller, M, Emory A. (2018) Visitation Orders, Family Courts, and Fragile Families. Journal of Marriage and Family. 80 (3): 653-670

5. Trinder at al. 2013a: 1

6. Scottish Government (2007) Dealing With Child Contact Issues: A Literature Review of Mechanisms in Different Jurisdictions: 2. Available at https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20170706154647/http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2007/10/25160036/0 [Accessed: 22^nd November 2019]

7. Trinder et al. 2013a

8. Trinder is a key name in this small area of research and a number of her publications have been used in this review.

9. Scottish Government 2007

10. Improving Justice in Child Contact research project https://www.ed.ac.uk/education/rke/centres-groups/childhood-and-youth-studies-research-group/research/ijcc

11. Scottish Government 2007

12. Scottish Government 2007: 1; Waller et al. 2018

13. Trinder et al. 2013a

14. Trinder L., Beek M. and Connolly J. 2002. Making contact: How parents and children negotiate and experience contact after divorce. Joseph Rowntree Foundation report. Available: https://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/default/files/jrf/migrated/files/1842630938.pdf [Accessed: 20^th November 2019]

15. ibid.: 14-23

16. Waller et al. 2018

17. Ministry of Justice (2013) Co-operative parenting following family separation: proposals on enforcing court-ordered child arrangements. Summary of consultation responses and the

Government's response. London: Ministry of Justice.

18. Trinder et al. 2013a: 2; Trinder, L, McLeod, A., Pearce, J., Woodward, H. and Hunt, J. (2013b) Children and Families Bill Memorandum 'The enforcement of court orders for child contact: interim research findings' available at: https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmpublic/childrenandfamilies/memo/cf40.htm

19. Trinder et al. 2013a: 2

20. Ministry of Justice (2019) 'Guide to Family Court Statistics' p. 6, available at:https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/a-guide-to-family-court-statistics

21. Rhoades, H. (2004) Contact Enforcement and Parenting Programmes – Policy Aims in Confusion? Child and Family Law Quarterly 16, p. 3

22. SM v CM [judgment on 5 January 2017]; paragraph 62

23. Rhoades 2004: 3; Trinder et al. 2013a: 3

24. Australia Family Law Council (1998) 'Child Contact Orders: Enforcement And Penalties A report to the Attorney-General by the Family Law Council' Family Law Council: Canberra; Trinder et al. 2013a: 3

25. In England and Wales, section 11C of the Children Act 1989 allows the courts to impose activity conditions (e.g. attending parenting classes or anger management classes) in relation to a child arrangements order; in Australia the passage of the Family Law Amendment Act 2000 (Cth), allowed this; in England

26. See https://www.corechildrensservices.co.uk/project/cafcass-separated-parents-information-programme/

27. Rhoades, H. (2002) 'The "No-Contact Mother": Reconstructions of Motherhood in the Era of the "New Father'" International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family 71.

28. Australia Family Law Council 1998

29. Rhoades 2004

30. Trinder et al. 2013a: 39

31. Trinder et al. 2013a: 37

32. Rhoades 2004

33. Australia Family Law Council 1998: section 8.23

34. Trinder et al. 2002: 47

35. Trinder et al. 2002: 47

36. Rhoades 2004

37. Trinder et al. 2002: 46-47

38. Interview with Jennifer McIntosh July 14, 2010 cf. Fidler, B.J. Bala, N. and Saini M. A. (2012) Hearing the voices of children in Alienation cases in Children Who Resist Postseparation Parental Contact: A Differential Approach for Legal and Mental Health Professionals. Oxford University Press. Accessed 1 Nov. 2019, from https://www-oxfordscholarship-com.ezproxy.st-andrews.ac.uk/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199895496.001.0001/acprof-9780199895496-bibliography-1 pp.150-1

39. Fidler et al 2012b: 153; [2007] O.J. 530 (S.C.J.); 2007 Carswell Ontario 773 (Ont. S.C.J.), at para. 3 cf. Fidler et al. 2012b: 155-6; Quebec. Supreme Court, case of P.S.-M. v. A.J.-L.C., cf. Fidler 2012: 154

40. Kelly J.B. and Johnson J. (2001) The Alienated Child: a reformulation of parental alienation syndrome. Family Court Review. 39 (3): 249-265; Trinder et al. 2013a: 41-42

41. Trinder et al. 2013a: 3

42. Trinder et al. 2013a: 3

43. Trinder et al. 2013a: 3

44. Ministry of Justice 2013: 6; Trinder et al. 2013b

45. Australia Family Law Council 1998

46. Trinder et al. 2013a: 3

47. Trinder et al. 2013a: 1

48. Australia Family Law Council 1998

49. Rhoades 2004

50. Trinder et al. 2013a

51. ibid.: 4

52. Australia's Family Law Act 1975 (Cth), s 65DA, for example, empowers judges to warn parent(s) of the consequences of non-compliance; Rhoades 2004: 2

53. Australia Family Law Council 1998

54. ibid.

55. ibid.

56. Trinder et al. 2013b

57. Trinder et al. 2013a: 4

58. Scottish Government 2007: 5

59. Scottish Government 2007

60. ibid.

61. ibid.

62. ibid.

63. ibid.

64. ibid.

65. ibid.: 3