Publication - Research and analysis

Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine barriers and incentives to uptake: literature review

Published: 19 May 2022
Topic: Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Scotland
ISBN: 9781804354360

This literature review examines UK sources on barriers and incentives to uptake of COVID-19 vaccines and refers to the WHO SAGE “3Cs model” (complacency, convenience and confidence) to report findings.

Supporting documents

Footnotes

1. Welcome - Scottish Health and Social Care Open Data (nhs.scot)

2. COVID-19 Daily Dashboard | Tableau Public (page visited on 05/05/2022).

3. COVID-19 Statistical Report (publichealthscotland.scot). It has to be noticed that while data on first and second doses refer to the 12+ population, data on third doses refer to those 16+.

4. PHS equality report. Supplementary tables on dose 3

5. COVID-19 Statistical Report (publichealthscotland.scot)

6. COVID-19 Statistical Report (publichealthscotland.scot)

7. COVID-19 Daily Dashboard | Tableau Public. Data on those aged 12-17 can also be found in the link above but are not discussed in this report. Vaccinations in this cohort have only recently begun, hence comparisons with second/third doses cannot be made.

8. COVID-19 Daily Dashboard | Tableau Public

9. SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination rates in pregnant women in Scotland | Nature Medicine

10. COVID-19 Statistical Report (publichealthscotland.scot)

11. COVID-19 Statistical Report (publichealthscotland.scot)

13. Vaccine hesitancy: Definition, scope and determinants - ScienceDirect

14. Vaccine hesitancy: Definition, scope and determinants - ScienceDirect

15. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: the five Cs to tackle behavioural and sociodemographic factors - Mohammad S Razai, Pippa Oakeshott, Aneez Esmail, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Kasisomayajula Viswanath, Melinda C Mills, 2021 (sagepub.com)

16. The COVID-19 vaccines rush: participatory community engagement matters more than ever - The Lancet

17. Vaccine efficacy, effectiveness and protection (who.int)

18. Coronavirus (COVID-19) third dose vaccination | The coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine (nhsinform.scot)

19. Data collection and publication guidance: Ethnic Group (www.gov.scot)

20. Appendix C: Ethnic minority experiences of COVID-19 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

21. Forecasting sub-national trends in COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the UK | medRxiv

22. Psychological characteristics associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in Ireland and the United Kingdom | Nature Communications

23. Willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine among adults at high-risk of COVID-19: a UK-wide

24. Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK household longitudinal study - ScienceDirect

25. Vaccines | Free Full-Text | Social Patterning and Stability of Intention to Accept a COVID-19 Vaccine in Scotland: Will Those Most at Risk Accept a Vaccine? | HTML (mdpi.com)

26. The UPTAKE study: a cross-sectional survey examining the insights and beliefs of the UK population on COVID-19 vaccine uptake and hesitancy | BMJ Open

27. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK: the Oxford coronavirus explanations, attitudes, and narratives survey (Oceans) II | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

28. Full article: COVID-19 vaccination intention in the UK: results from the COVID-19 vaccination acceptability study (CoVAccS), a nationally representative cross-sectional survey (tandfonline.com)

29. Vaccine Confidence and Hesitancy at the start of COVID-19 vaccine deployment in the UK: An embedded mixed-methods study | medRxiv

30. Psychological, social, and situational factors associated with COVID‐19 vaccination intentions: A study of UK key workers and non‐key workers - Butter - - British Journal of Health Psychology - Wiley Online Library

31. Inadequate intention to receive Covid-19 vaccination: indicators for public health messaging needed to improve uptake in UK | medRxiv

32. Perceived threat of COVID-19, attitudes towards vaccination, and vaccine hesitancy: A prospective longitudinal study in the UK (cardiffmet.ac.uk)

33. Overcoming Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: The United States Faces a Steeper Uphill Struggle than the United Kingdom by Bianca Reisdorf, Grant Blank, Shelia Ree Cotten, Craig Robertson, Young 'Anna' Argyris, Megan Knittel, Johannes M. Bauer :: SSRN

34. Pre-pandemic cognitive function and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: cohort study - ScienceDirect

35. Psychological characteristics associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in Ireland and the United Kingdom | Nature Communications

36. Attitudes towards vaccines and intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: Implications for public health communications - ScienceDirect

37. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: the five Cs to tackle behavioural and sociodemographic factors - Mohammad S Razai, Pippa Oakeshott, Aneez Esmail, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Kasisomayajula Viswanath, Melinda C Mills, 2021 (sagepub.com)

38. Resistance to COVID-19 vaccination has increased in Ireland and the United Kingdom during the pandemic - ScienceDirect

39. Trends and clinical characteristics of 57.9 million COVID-19 vaccine recipients: a federated analysis of patients' primary care records in situ using OpenSAFELY | British Journal of General Practice (bjgp.org)

40. Forecasting sub-national trends in COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the UK | medRxiv

41. For data on Scotland see COVID-19 Statistical Report (publichealthscotland.scot). Data on England can be found at Coronavirus and changing attitudes towards vaccination, England - Office for National Statistics (ons.gov.uk).

42. Attitudes towards vaccines and intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: Implications for public health communications - ScienceDirect

43. The UPTAKE study: a cross-sectional survey examining the insights and beliefs of the UK population on COVID-19 vaccine uptake and hesitancy | BMJ Open

44. Resistance to COVID-19 vaccination has increased in Ireland and the United Kingdom during the pandemic - ScienceDirect

45. The Covid-19 vaccination programme: | The King's Fund (kingsfund.org.uk)

46. Coronavirus fortnightly tracker weeks 94-96 – data tables: January 2022. YouGov carries out regular polling for the Scottish Government administering a survey to a representative sample of the population made up of around 1000 adults aged 18+.

47. Psychological, social, and situational factors associated with COVID‐19 vaccination intentions: A study of UK key workers and non‐key workers - Butter - - British Journal of Health Psychology - Wiley Online Library. Key-workers are critical workers who provide essential services, such as those working in health and social care, transport, education or the food industry.

48. Vaccine Confidence and Hesitancy at the start of COVID-19 vaccine deployment in the UK: An embedded mixed-methods study | medRxiv

49. Lack of trust and social media echo chambers predict COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy - Abstract - Europe PMC

50. Arguments against taking the COVID-19 vaccine have lost ground, but many are concerned about its ability to fight new variants | Ipsos

51. Perceived threat of COVID-19, attitudes towards vaccination, and vaccine hesitancy: A prospective longitudinal study in the UK (cardiffmet.ac.uk)

52. Ethnic differences in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine hesitancy in United Kingdom healthcare workers: Results from the UK-REACH prospective nationwide cohort study - ScienceDirect

53. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine uptake in a multi-ethnic UK healthcare workforce: A cross-sectional study (plos.org)

54. Full article: Race, ethnicity and COVID-19 vaccination: a qualitative study of UK healthcare staff (tandfonline.com)

55. Maternal vaccines during the Covid-19 pandemic:A qualitative interview study with UK pregnant women - ScienceDirect

56. Vaccine Confidence and Hesitancy at the start of COVID-19 vaccine deployment in the UK: An embedded mixed-methods study | medRxiv

57. The UPTAKE study: a cross-sectional survey examining the insights and beliefs of the UK population on COVID-19 vaccine uptake and hesitancy | BMJ Open

58. Negative Vaccine Attitudes and Intentions to Vaccinate Against Covid-19 in Relation to Smoking Status: A Population Survey of UK Adults | Nicotine & Tobacco Research | Oxford Academic (oup.com)

59. Towards intervention development to increase the uptake of COVID‐19 vaccination among those at high risk: Outlining evidence‐based and theoretically informed future intervention content - Williams - 2020 - British Journal of Health Psychology - Wiley Online Library

60. Full article: Pre-pandemic mental and physical health as predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: evidence from a UK-wide cohort study (tandfonline.com)

61. Willingness of children and adolescents to have a COVID-19 vaccination: Results of a large whole schools survey in England - ScienceDirect

62. Predicting COVID-19 vaccine take-up: Moving beyond demographics

63. COVID-19 vaccines, hesitancy and mental health | Evidence-Based Mental Health (bmj.com)

64. Effective incentives for increasing COVID-19 vaccine uptake | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

65. Effects of different types of written vaccination information on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK (OCEANS-III): a single-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial - ScienceDirect

66. Vaccines | Free Full-Text | A Rapid Systematic Review of Factors Influencing COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake in Minority Ethnic Groups in the UK (mdpi.com)

67. Factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine uptake among minority ethnic groups, 17 December 2020 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

68. BAME community hesitancy in the UK for COVID-19 vaccine: suggested solutions | Postgraduate Medical Journal (bmj.com)

69. Vaccine uptake and constrained decision making: The case of Covid-19 - ScienceDirect

70. Research-Briefing-Reducing-Inequalities-One-Vaccine-at-a-Time-April-2021.pdf (vhscotland.org.uk)

71. Vaccines | Free Full-Text | A Rapid Systematic Review of Factors Influencing COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake in Minority Ethnic Groups in the UK (mdpi.com)

72. Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy among ethnic minority groups | The BMJ

73. Psychological characteristics associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in Ireland and the United Kingdom | Nature Communications

74. Vaccine Confidence and Hesitancy at the start of COVID-19 vaccine deployment in the UK: An embedded mixed-methods study | medRxiv

75. Quarterly reports on progress to address COVID-19 health inequalities - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

76. Flu and COVID-19 vaccination programme - autumn/winter 2021-2022: equality impact assessment - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

77. 2. Communications - Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine inclusion: vaccination programme - phase one - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

78. Coronavirus (COVID-19): vaccine deployment plan: update - July 2021 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

79. Coronavirus (COVID-19): vaccine deployment plan: update - March 2021 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

80. 3. Flexible delivery models - Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine inclusion: vaccination programme - phase one - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

81. Lessons about COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among minority ethnic people in the UK - The Lancet Infectious Diseases

82. Factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine uptake among minority ethnic groups, 17 December 2020 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

83. Factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine uptake among minority ethnic groups, 17 December 2020 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

84. COVID-19 vaccine deployment: behaviour, ethics, misinformation and policy strategies (royalsociety.org)

85. BAME community hesitancy in the UK for COVID-19 vaccine: suggested solutions | Postgraduate Medical Journal (bmj.com)

86. Impact of COVID-19 on migrants' access to primary care and implications for vaccine roll-out: a national qualitative study (bjgp.org)

87. Vaccines | Free Full-Text | A Rapid Systematic Review of Factors Influencing COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake in Minority Ethnic Groups in the UK (mdpi.com)

88. Mistrust is among the main factors influencing vaccine uptake in ethnic minority groups (collaborationforchange.co.uk)

89. Collaboration for change: Promoting vaccine uptake

90. What must be done to tackle vaccine hesitancy and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination in migrants? | Journal of Travel Medicine | Oxford Academic (oup.com)

91. Public attitudes to coronavirus: November update - gov.scot (www.gov.scot).

92. Coronavirus fortnightly tracker weeks 94-96 – data tables: January 2022

93. Coronavirus fortnightly tracker weeks 102-106 – data tables: March 2022

94. Covid-19 Scottish Inquiry: Analysis of the public and stakeholders views on the approach to establishing the Inquiry (www.gov.scot)

95. Attitudes towards vaccines and intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: Implications for public health communications - ScienceDirect

96. The UPTAKE study: a cross-sectional survey examining the insights and beliefs of the UK population on COVID-19 vaccine uptake and hesitancy | BMJ Open

97. Self-reported COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and uptake among participants from different racial and ethnic groups in the United States and United Kingdom | Nature Communications

98. Cross-Sectional Study of University students' attitudes to 'on campus' delivery of COVID-19 vaccines and future-proofing MenACWY and MMR vaccination rates by adopting COVID-19 vaccine roll-out strategies | medRxiv

99. Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK household longitudinal study - ScienceDirect

100. Vaccine Confidence and Hesitancy at the start of COVID-19 vaccine deployment in the UK: An embedded mixed-methods study | medRxiv

101. Lessons about COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among minority ethnic people in the UK - The Lancet Infectious Diseases

102. COVID-19 Statistical Report (publichealthscotland.scot)

103. Latest data reinforces the safety of COVID-19 vaccinations in pregnant women - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

104. IJERPH | Free Full-Text | Vaccine Willingness and Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Women's Perinatal Experiences and Practices—A Multinational, Cross-Sectional Study Covering the First Wave of the Pandemic (mdpi.com)

105. Women's views on accepting COVID-19 vaccination during and after pregnancy, and for their babies: a multi-methods study in the UK | SpringerLink

106. Maternal vaccines during the Covid-19 pandemic:A qualitative interview study with UK pregnant women - ScienceDirect

107. The UPTAKE study: implications for the future of COVID-19 vaccination trial recruitment in UK and beyond | SpringerLink

108. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine uptake in a multi-ethnic UK healthcare workforce: A cross-sectional study (plos.org)

109. Covid-19 and pregnancy: vaccine hesitancy and how to overcome it | The BMJ

110. Frontline health and social care workers' views and experiences of the COVID-19 vaccination programme in Scotland (publichealthscotland.scot)

111. BNT162b2 vaccine uptake and effectiveness in UK healthcare workers – a single centre cohort study | Nature Communications

112. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in care home staff: a survey of Liverpool care homes | medRxiv

113. Ethnic differences in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine hesitancy in United Kingdom healthcare workers: Results from the UK-REACH prospective nationwide cohort study - ScienceDirect

114. Full article: Race, ethnicity and COVID-19 vaccination: a qualitative study of UK healthcare staff (tandfonline.com)

115. The UPTAKE study: a cross-sectional survey examining the insights and beliefs of the UK population on COVID-19 vaccine uptake and hesitancy | BMJ Open

116. Vaccine Confidence and Hesitancy at the start of COVID-19 vaccine deployment in the UK: An embedded mixed-methods study | medRxiv

117. Background - Coronavirus (COVID-19): shielding survey report - January 2021 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

118. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance - Assessing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake and Effectiveness Through the North West London Vaccination Program: Retrospective Cohort Study

119. Full article: Race, ethnicity and COVID-19 vaccination: a qualitative study of UK healthcare staff (tandfonline.com)

120. Vaccine hesitancy among working-age adults with/without disability in the UK - ScienceDirect

121. Arguments against taking the COVID-19 vaccine have lost ground, but many are concerned about its ability to fight new variants | Ipsos

122. The COVID-19 infodemic - The Lancet Infectious Diseases

123. Infodemic (who.int)

124. Psychological characteristics associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in Ireland and the United Kingdom | Nature Communications

125. Lack of trust and social media echo chambers predict COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy - Abstract - Europe PMC

126. Vaccine Hesitancy, Acceptance, and Anti-Vaccination: Trends and Future Prospects for Public Health (orspaca.org)

127. Coronavirus conspiracy suspicions, general vaccine attitudes, trust and coronavirus information source as predictors of vaccine hesitancy among UK residents during the COVID-19 pandemic | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

128. Vaccination Hesitancy and Conspiracy Beliefs in the UK During the SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic | SpringerLink

129. Vaccine hesitancy for COVID-19 explored in a phenomic study of 259 socio-cognitive-behavioural measures in the UK-REACH study of 12,431 UK healthcare workers | medRxiv

130. COVID-19 vaccine deployment: behaviour, ethics, misinformation and policy strategies (royalsociety.org)

131. Measuring the impact of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on vaccination intent in the UK and USA | Nature Human Behaviour

132. Vaccines | Free Full-Text | A Rapid Systematic Review of Factors Influencing COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake in Minority Ethnic Groups in the UK (mdpi.com)

133. Press release - New research into Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy: Family conversations could be key to increasing take up in B.A.M.E communities, suggests poll | British Red Cross

134. Attitudes towards vaccines and intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: Implications for public health communications - ScienceDirect

135. Cultural competence in covid-19 vaccine rollout | The BMJ

136. Online Social Endorsement and Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the United Kingdom - Andrew Chadwick, Johannes Kaiser, Cristian Vaccari, Daniel Freeman, Sinéad Lambe, Bao S. Loe, Samantha Vanderslott, Stephan Lewandowsky, Meghan Conroy, Andrew R. N. Ross, Stefania Innocenti, Andrew J. Pollard, Felicity Waite, Michael Larkin, Laina Rosebrock, Lucy Jenner, Helen McShane, Alberto Giubilini, Ariane Petit, Ly-Mee Yu, 2021 (sagepub.com)

137. Lack of trust and social media echo chambers predict COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy - Abstract - Europe PMC

138. Quarterly reports on progress to address COVID-19 health inequalities - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

139. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: the five Cs to tackle behavioural and sociodemographic factors - Mohammad S Razai, Pippa Oakeshott, Aneez Esmail, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Kasisomayajula Viswanath, Melinda C Mills, 2021 (sagepub.com)

140. Menstrual changes after covid-19 vaccination | The BMJ

141. Covid-19 and pregnancy: vaccine hesitancy and how to overcome it | The BMJ

142. Vaccines | Free Full-Text | A Rapid Systematic Review of Factors Influencing COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake in Minority Ethnic Groups in the UK (mdpi.com)

143. BAME community hesitancy in the UK for COVID-19 vaccine: suggested solutions | Postgraduate Medical Journal (bmj.com)

144. Covid-19: Vaccine hesitancy fell after vaccination programme started | The BMJ

145. COVID-19 vaccine deployment: behaviour, ethics, misinformation and policy strategies (royalsociety.org)

146. Vaccine Confidence and Hesitancy at the start of COVID-19 vaccine deployment in the UK: An embedded mixed-methods study | medRxiv

147. National survey of attitudes towards and intentions to vaccinate against COVID-19: implications for communications

148. The UPTAKE study: a cross-sectional survey examining the insights and beliefs of the UK population on COVID-19 vaccine uptake and hesitancy | BMJ Open

149. Associations between adverse childhood experiences, attitudes towards COVID-19 restrictions and vaccine hesitancy: a cross-sectional study | BMJ Open

150. Ethnic differences in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine hesitancy in United Kingdom healthcare workers: Results from the UK-REACH prospective nationwide cohort study - ScienceDirect

151. Persistent hesitancy for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines among healthcare workers in the United Kingdom: analysis of longitudinal data from the UK-REACH cohort study - The Lancet Regional Health – Europe