Current state of knowledge of effects of offshore renewable energy generation devices on marine mammals and research requirements
The report describes the current state of knowledge of effects of offshore renewable energy devices on marine mammals and then identifies a prioritised list of research gaps.
10 REFERENCES
Aarts, G., MacKenzie, M., McConnell, B., Fedak, M. & Matthiopoulos, J. (2008) Estimating space-use and habitat preference from wildlife telemetry data. Ecography, 31, 140-160.
Amaral, S., Perkins, N., Giza, D. & McMahon, B. ( 2011) Evaluation of Fish Injury and Mortality Associated with Hydrokinetic Turbines Alden Research Laboratory, Inc., Holden, MA. Electric Power Research Institute ( EPRI) http://mhk.pnnl.gov/wiki/index.php/Evaluation of Fish Injury and Mortality Associated with Hydrokinetic Turbines
Anderwald, P., Danielsdottir, A.K., Haug, T., Larsen, F., Lesage, V., Reid, R.J., Vikingsson, G.A. & Hoelzel, A.R. (2011) Possible cryptic stock structure for minke whales in the North Atlantic: Implications for conservation and management. Biological Conservation, 144, 2479-2489.
Anon (2012) Report of the Fifth Meeting of the Office of Naval Research Working Group on the Population Consequences of Acoustic Disturbanc.
Arck, P.C., Merali, F.S., Manuel, J., Chaouat, G. & Clark, D.A. (1995) Stress-triggered abortion: inhibition of protective suppression and promotion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) release as a mechanism triggering resorptions in mice. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 33, 74-80.
Bailey, H., Senior, B., Simmons, D., Rusin, J., Picken, G. & Thompson, P.M. (2010) Assessing underwater noise levels during pile-driving at an offshore windfarm and its potential effects on marine mammals. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60, 888-897.
Band, W., Madders, M. & Whitfield, D.P. (2007) Developing field and analytical methods to assess avian collision risk at wind farms. Birds and Wind Farms: Risk Assessment and Mitigation. (eds M. de Lucas, G.F.E. Janss & M. Ferrer), pp. 259-275. Quercus, Madrid.
Banguera-Hinestroza, E., P. Evans, L. Mirimim, R.J. Reid, B. Mikkelsen, B. Couperus, R. Deaville, E. Rogan & Hoelzel, A.R. (2010) White-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus, Gray 1828) in the north Atlantic. Final Report to UNEP / ASCOBANS: 17th ASCOBANS Advisory Committee Meeting AC17/Doc.6-07 Bonn, 4-6 October 2010.
Barber, J.R., Crooks, K.R. & Fristrup, K.M. (2010) The costs of chronic noise exposure for terrestrial organisms. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 25, 180-189.
Bexton, S., Thompson, D., Brownlow, A., Barley, J., Milne, R. & Bidewell, C. (2012) Unusual Mortality of Pinnipeds in the United Kingdom Associated with Helical (Corkscrew) Injuries of Anthropogenic Origin. Aquatic Mammals, 38, 229-240.
Brandt, M.J., Diederichs, A., Betke, K. & Nehls, G. (2011) Responses of harbour porpoises to pile driving at the Horns Rev II offshore wind farm in the Danish North Sea. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 421, 205-216.
Brasseur, S., Aarts, G., Meesters, E., van Polanen Petel, T., Dijkman, E., Cremer, J. & Reijnders, P. (2010a) Habitat preferences of harbour seals in the Dutch coastal area: analyses and estimate of effects of offshore wind farms; R.n.O.R.T. 20100929, pp. 55.
Brasseur, S., van Polanen Petel, T., Aarts, G., Meesters, E., Dijkman, E. & Reijnders, P. (2010b) Grey seals ( Halichoerus grypus) in the Dutch North sea: population ecology and effects of wind farms. Report number C137/10 Institute for Marine Resources & Ecosystem Studies) Wageningen UR
Brouwer, A., Reijnders, P.J.H. & Koeman, J.H. (1989) Polychlorinated biphenyl ( PCB)-contaminated fish induces vitamin A and thyroid hormone deficiency in the common seal ( Phoca vitulina). Aquatic Toxicology, 15, 99-106.
Buckley, R.M., Itano, D.G. & Buckley, T.W. (1989) Fish aggregation device ( FAD) enhancement of offshore fisheries in American Samoa. Bulletin of Marine Science, 44, 942-949.
Burthe, S., Daunt, F., Butler, A., Elston, D.A., Frederiksen, M., Johns, D., Newell, M., Thackeray, S.J. & Wanless, S. (2012) Phenological trends and trophic mismatch across multiple levels of a North Sea pelagic food web. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 454, 119-+.
Carstensen, J., Henriksen, O.D. & Teilmann, J. (2006) Impacts of offshore wind farm construction on harbour porpoises: acoustic monitoring of echolocation activity using porpoise detectors (T-PODs). Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 321, 295-308.
CEFAS (2010) Strategic Review of Offshore Wind Farm Monitoring Data Associated with FEPA Licence Conditions. p. ME1117.
Cook, R.O., Nawrot, P.S. & Hamm, C.W. (1982) Effects of high-frequency noise on prenatal development and maternal plasma and uterine catecholamine concentrations in the CD-1 mouse. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 66, 338-348.
Cordes, L.S., Duck, C.D., Mackey, B.L., Hall, A.J. & Thompson, P.M. (2011) Long-term patterns in harbour seal site-use and the consequences for managing protected areas. Animal Conservation, 14, 430-438.
Costa-Pinto, F.A. & Palermo-Neto, J. (2010) Neuroimmune interactions in stress. Neuroimmunomodulation, 17, 196-199.
Crofton, K.M., Ding, D., Padich, R., Taylor, M. & Henderson, D. (2000) Hearing loss following exposure during development to polychlorinated biphenyls: a cochlear site of action. Hear Res, 144, 196-204.
Crofton, K.M. & Rice, D.C. (1999) Low-frequency hearing loss following perinatal exposure to 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl ( PCB 126) in rats. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 21, 299-301.
Crum, L.A., Bailey, M.R., Guan, J.F., Hilmo, P.R., Kargl, S.G., Matula, T.J. & Sapozhnikov, O.A. (2005) Monitoring bubble growth in supersaturated blood and tissue ex vivo and the relevance to marine mammal bioeffects. Acoustics Research Letters Online-Arlo, 6, 214-220.
Cunningham, L., Baxter, J.M., Boyd, I.L., Duck, C.D., Lonergan, M., Moss, S.E. & McConnell, B. (2009) Harbour seal movements and haul-out patterns: implications for monitoring and management. Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 19, 398-407.
Czech-Damal, N.U., Liebschner, A., Miersch, L., Klauer, G., Hanke, F.D., Marshall, C., Dehnhardt, G. & Hanke, W. (2012) Electroreception in the Guiana dolphin ( Sotalia guianensis). Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 279, 663-668.
D'Amico, A., Gisiner, R.C., Ketten, D.R., Hammock, J.A., Johnson, C., Tyack, P.L. & Mead, J. (2009) Beaked Whale Strandings and Naval Exercises. Aquatic Mammals, 35, 452-472.
David, J.A. (2006) Likely sensitivity of bottlenose dolphins to pile-driving noise. Water and Environment Journal, 20, 48-54.
Davis, R.W., Hagey, W. & Horning, M. (2004) Monitoring the behavior and multi-dimensional movements of Weddell seals using an animal-borne video and data recorder. Memorandum of the National Institute for Polar Research, Special Issue, 58, 150-156.
De Luna, C.J., Goodman, S.J., Thatcher, O., Jepson, P.D., Andersen, L., Tolley, K. & Hoelzel, A.R. (2012) Phenotypic and genetic divergence among harbour porpoise populations associated with habitat regions in the North Sea and adjacent seas. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 25, 674-681.
Deecke, V.B., Slater, P.J.B. & Ford, J.K.B. (2002) Selective habituation shapes acoustic predator recognition in harbour seals. Nature, 420, 171-173.
Dehnhardt, G., Mauck, B., Hanke, W. & Bleckmann, H. (2001) Hydrodynamic trail-following in harbor seals ( Phoca vitulina). Science, 293, 102-104.
Dolman, S. & Simmonds, M. (2010) Towards best environmental practice for cetacean conservation in developing Scotland's marine renewable energy. Marine Policy, 34, 1021-1027.
Edren, S.M.C., Andersen, S.M., Teilmann, J., Carstensen, J., Harders, P.B., Dietz, R. & Miller, L.A. (2010) The effect of a large Danish offshore wind farm on harbor and gray seal haul-out behavior. Marine Mammal Science, 26, 614-634.
Esquivel, J.L., Castro-Vazquez, A. & Rosner, J.M. (1974) The effects of epinephrine on implantation and the early embryonic and decidual growth. Steroids Lipids Research, 5, 173-178.
Evans, P.G.H. & Teilmann, J. (2009) Report of the ASCOBANS/ HELCOM Small Cetacean Population Structure Workshop. Ascobans, Bonn, Germany.
Filadelfo, R., Mintz, J., Michlovich, E., D'Amico, A., Tyack, P.L. & Ketten, D.R. (2009) Correlating Military Sonar Use with Beaked Whale Mass Strandings: What Do the Historical Data Show? Aquatic Mammals, 35, 435-444.
Finley, K.J., Miller, G.W., Davis, R.A. & Greene, C.R. (1990) Reactions for Belugas ( Delphinapterus leucas) and Narwhals ( Monodon monoceros) to ice breaking shipes in the Canadian High Arctic. In Advances in Research on the Beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas), eds Smith, T. G., D. J. St. Aubin and J. R. Geraci, Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 224: 97-117.
Finneran, J.J. (2012) Auditory effects of underwater noise in odontocetes. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 730, 197-202.
Finneran, J.J. & Schlundt, C.E. (2004) Effect of intense pure tones on the behavior of trained odotocetes. Report of the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, pp. 15. San Diego, California.
Foote, A.D., Newton, J., Piertney, S.B., Willerslev, E. & Gilbert, M.T.P. (2009) Ecological, morphological and genetic divergence of sympatric North Atlantic killer whale populations. Molecular Ecology, 18, 5207-5217.
Forrest, K.W., Cave, J.D., Michielsens, C.G.J., Haulena, M. & Smith, D.V. (2009) Evaluation of an Electric Gradient to Deter Seal Predation on Salmon Caught in Gill-Net Test Fisheries. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 29, 885-894.
Fries, E., Hesse, J., Hellhammer, J. & Hellhammer, D.H. (2005) A new view on hypocortisolism. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 1010-1016.
Gaspari, S., Airoldi, S. & Hoelzel, A.R. (2007) Risso's dolphins ( Grampus griseus) in UK waters are differentiated from a population in the Mediterranean Sea and genetically less diverse. Conservation Genetics, 8, 727-732.
Gerritsen, J. & Strickler, J.R. (1977) Encounter probabilities and community structure in zooplankton. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 34, 73-82.
Gill, A.B., Gloyne-Phillips, I., Neal, K.J. & Kimber, J.A. (2005) The potential effects of electromagnetic fields generated by sub-sea power cables associated with offshore wind farm developments on electrically and magnetically sensitive marine organisms - a review. Final Report . COWRIE, EM FIELD 2-06-2004.
Gordon, J., Gillespie, D., Potter, J., Frantzis, A., Simmonds, M.P., Swift, R. & Thompson, D. (2003) A review of the effects of seismic surveys on marine mammals. Marine Technology Society Journal, 37, 16-34.
Gordon, J., Thompson, D., Gillespie, S., Lonergan, M., Calderan, S., Jaffey , B. & Todd, V. (2007) Assessment of the potential for acoustic deterrents to mitigate the impact on marine mammals of underwater noise arising from the construction of offshore windfarms. Report to COWRIE:, COWRIE DETER-01-2007.
Gordon, J., Thompson, D., Leaper, R., Gillespie, D., C., P., Calderan, S., Macauley, J. & Gordon, T. (2011) Assessment of Risk to Marine Mammals from Underwater Marine Renewable Devices inWelsh Waters. Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework Phase 2 - Studies of Marine Mammalsin Welsh High Tidal Waters. Report to the Welsh Assembly Government.
Gotz, T. & Janik, V.M. (2011) Repeated elicitation of the acoustic startle reflex leads to sensitisation in subsequent avoidance behaviour and induces fear conditioning. Bmc Neuroscience, 12.
Grellier, K., Thompson, P.M. & Corpe, H.M. (1996) The effect of weather conditions on harbour seal ( Phoca vitulina) haulout behaviour in the Moray Firth, northeast Scotland. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie, 74, 1806-1811.
Griffiths, S.K., Pierson, L.L., Gerhardt, K.J., Abrams, R.M. & Peters, A.J. (1994) Noise induced hearing loss in fetal sheep. Hearing Research, 74, 221-230.
Hall, A.J. & Thomas, G.O. (2007) Polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organic pesticides in United Kingdom harbor seals - mixed exposures and thyroid homeostasis. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 26.
Hammond, P.S., Berggren, P., Benke, H., Borchers, D.L., Collet, A., Heide-Jorgensen, M.P., Heimlich, S., Hiby, A.R., Leopold, M.F. & Oien, N. (2002) Abundance of harbour porpoise and other cetaceans in the North Sea and adjacent waters. Journal of Applied Ecology, 39, 361-376.
Hammond, P.S., Macleod, K., Burt, L., Cañadas, A., Lens, S., Mikkelsen, B. & Rogan, E. (2010) Abundance of baleen whales in the European Atlantic. Paper Presented to the IWC SC/63/RMP24.
Harkonen, T., Harding, K., Rasmussen, T.D., Teilmann, J. & Dietz, R. (2007) Age- and Sex-Specific Mortality Patterns in an Emerging Wildlife Epidemic: The Phocine Distemper in European Harbour Seals. PLoS ONE, 2, Article No.: e887.
Harkonen, T. & Heidejorgensen, M.P. (1990) Comparative Life Histories of East Atlantic and Other Harbor Seal Populations. Ophelia, 32, 211-235.
Harwood, J. & King, S. (2012) Data Required to Implement an Interim and Full PCOD Approach. report to The Crown Estate October, 2012 (unpublished). Report number SMRUL-TCE-2012-031 .
Hastie, G.D. (2009) Using active sonar to detect marine animals around marine energy devices: sonar monitoring at a tidal turbine location. SMRU Ltd report to NPower.
Hastie, G.D. (2012) Tracking marine mammals around marine renewable energy devices using active sonar. SMRU Ltd report number SMRUL-DEC-2012-002 to the Department of Energy and Climate Change, pp. 93. SMRU Ltd, St Andrews.
Henriksen, O.D., Teilmann, J. & Carstensen, J. (2003) Effects of the Nysted Offshore Wind Farm construction on harbour porpoises - the 2002 annual status report for the acoustic T-POD monitoring programme. NERI, Roskilde 45 pp. .
Herzing, D.L. (1996) Vocalizations and associated underwater behavior of free-ranging Atlantic spotted dolphins, Stenella frontalis and bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus. Aquatic Mammals, 22, 61-79.
ICES (2012) Report of the Working Group on Marine Mammal Ecology ( WGMME ) International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. ICES WGMME REPORT 2012.
Ingemansson Technology AB (2003) Utgrunden offshore wind farm-measurements of underwater noise. . Report 11-00329- 03012700. Ingemansson Technology A/S, Gothenburg.
Jensen Pena, C., Monk, C. & Champagne, F.A. (2012) Epigenetic effects of prenatal stress on 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 in the placenta and fetal brain. PLoS ONE, 7, e39791.
Johnson, C.S. (1967) Sound Detection Thresholds in Marine Mammals. Marine Bio-Acoustics Vol. 2. (ed. W.N.e. Tavolga). Pergamon Oxford.
Jones, E., McConnell, B., Duck, C., Morris, C.D. & Matthiopoulos, J. (2011) The marine distribution of grey and harbour seals around Scotland. SCOS Briefing Paper, pp. 8. Sea Mammal Research Unit, St Andrews.
Kastak, D., Southall, B.L., Schusterman, R.J. & Kastak, C.R. (2005) Underwater temporary threshold shift in pinnipeds: Effects of noise level and duration. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 118, 3154-3163.
Kastelein, R., de Haan, A.D., Goodson, C., Staal, C. & Vaughan, N. (1997) The effects of various sounds on a harbour porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena). The Biology of the Harbour Porpoise (eds A.J. Read, P.R. Wiepkema & P.E. Nachtigall). De Apil Publishers, Woerden, Netherlands.
Kastelein, R.A., Bunskoek, P., Hagedoorn, M., Au, W.W.L. & de Haan, D. (2002) Audiogram of a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) measured with narrow-band frequency-modulated signals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 112, 334-344.
Kastelein, R.A., Verboom, W.C., Jennings, N. & de Haan, D. (2008) Behavioral avoidance threshold level of a harbor porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena) for a continuous 50 kHz pure tone (L). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 123, 1858-1861.
Keenan, G., Sparling, C., Williams, H. & Fortune, F. (2011) SeaGen Environmental Monitoring Programme Final Report. Haskoning U.K. Ltd., Edinburgh, U.K. & Marine Current Turbines.
Ketten, D.R., Williams, C.R., Mooney, T.A., Matassa, K. & Patchett, K. (2011) In vivo measures of hearing in seals via auditory evoked potentials, otoacoustic emissions, and computerized tomography. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 129, 2431.
Kight, C.R. & Swaddle, J.P. (2011) How and why environmental noise impacts animals: an integrative, mechanistic review. Ecology Letters, 14, 1052-1061.
Kimmel, C.A., Cook, R.O. & Staples, R.E. (1976) Teratogenic potential of noise in mice and rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 36, 239-245.
Koschinski, S., Culik, B.M., Henriksen, O.D., Tregenza, N., Ellis, G., Jansen, C. & Kathe, G. (2003) Behavioural reactions of free-ranging porpoises and seals to the noise of a simulated 2 MW windpower generator. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 265, 263-273.
Laist, D.W., Knowlton, A.R., Mead, J.G., Collet, A.S. & Podesta, M. (2001) Collisions between ships and whales. Marine Mammal Science, 17, 35-75.
Lalande, N.M., Hetu, R. & Lambert, J. (1986) Is occupational noise exposure during pregnancy a risk factor of damage to the auditory system of the fetus? American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 10, 427-435.
Lasky, R.E., Widholm, J.J., Crofton, K.M. & Schantz, S.L. (2002) Perinatal exposure to Aroclor 1254 impairs distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) in rats. Toxicological Sciences, 68, 458-464.
Lindeboom, H.J., Kouwenhoven, H.J., Bergman, M.J.N., Bouma, S., Brasseur, S., Daan, R., Fijn, R.C., de Haan, D., Dirksen, S., van Hal, R., Lambers, R.H.R., Ter Hofstede, R., Krijgsveld, K.L., Leopold, M. & Scheidat, M. (2011) Short-term ecological effects of an offshore wind farm in the Dutch coastal zone; a compilation. Environmental Research Letters, 6.
Linley, A., Laffont, K., B. Wilson, B., Elliot, M., Perez-Dominguez, R. & Burdon, D. (2009) Offshore and coastal renewable energy: Potential ecological benefits and impacts of large scale offshore and coastal renewable energy projects. . NERC Marine Renewables Scoping Study Final Report
Lochmiller, R.L. & Deerenberg, C. (2000) Trade-offs in evolutionary immunology: just what is the cost of immunity? Oikos, 88, 87-98.
Lonergan, M. (2011) Potential biological removal and other currently used management rules for marine mammal populations: A comparison. Marine Policy, 35, 584-589.
Lonergan, M. (2012) The targets of management rules for marine mammal populations require justification: A reply to. Marine Policy, 36, 1188-1190.
Lonergan, M., Duck, C., Moss, S., Morris, C. & Thompson, D. (2013) Rescaling of aerial survey data with information from small numbers of telemetry tags to estimate the size of a declining harbour seal population. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 23, 135-144
Lonergan, M., Duck, C.D., Thompson, D., Mackey, B.L., Cunningham, L. & Boyd, I.L. (2007) Using sparse survey data to investigate the declining abundance of British harbour seals. Journal of Zoology, 271, 261-269.
Lonergan, M., Duck, C.D., Thompson, D., Moss, S. & McConnell, B. (2011) British grey seal ( Halichoerus grypus) abundance in 2008: an assessment based on aerial counts and satellite telemetry. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil, 68, 2201-2209.
Lucke, K., Lepper, P.A., Hoeve, B., Everaarts, E., van Elk, N. & Siebert, U. (2007) Perception of low-frequency acoustic signals by a harbour porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena) in the presence of simulated offshore wind turbine noise. Aquatic Mammals, 33, 55-68.
Lusseau, D., Christiansen, F., Harwood, J., Mendes, S., Thompson, P.M., Smith, K. & Hastie, G.D. (2012) Assessing the risks to marine mammal populations from renewable energy devices, an interim approach., pp. 29. Natural Environment Research Council.
Mackey, B.L., Durban, J.W., Middlemas, S.J. & Thompson, P.M. (2008) A Bayesian estimate of harbour seal survival using sparse photo-identification data. Journal of Zoology, 274, 18-27.
MacLeod, K. ( 2004 ) Abundance of Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) during summer off northwest Scotland. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 6, 33-40.
Madsen, P.T., Wahlberg, M., Tougaard, J., Lucke, K. & Tyack, P. (2006) Wind turbine underwater noise and marine mammals: implications of current knowledge and data needs. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 309, 279-295.
Marcot, B.G., Allen, C.S., Morey, S., Shively, D. & White, R. (2012) An Expert Panel Approach to Assessing Potential Effects of Bull Trout Reintroduction on Federally Listed Salmonids in the Clackamas River, Oregon. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 32, 450-465.
Matthiopoulos, J., Mackey, B., Thompson, D., Duck, C., Cordes, L.S. & Thompson, P. (2011) Updated models of the demographic trends in Moray Firth harbour seals. SCOS Briefing Paper, pp. 6. Sea Mammal Research Unit, St Andrews.
Matthiopoulos, J., McConnell, B., Duck, C. & Fedak, M. (2004) Using satellite telemetry and aerial counts to estimate space use by grey seals around the British Isles. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41, 476-491.
McClintock, B.T., King, R., Thomas, L., Matthiopoulos, J., McConnell, B.J. & Morales, J.M. (2012) A general discrete-time modeling framework for animal movement using multistate random walks. Ecological Monographs, 82, 335-349.
McConnell, B., Lonergan, M., Dietz, R. (2012) Interactions between seals and offshore wind farms. pp. 41. The Crown Estates.
McEwen, B.S. & Wingfield, J.C. (2003) The concept of allostasis in biology and biomedicine. Hormones and Behavior, 43, 2-15.
McEwen, B.S. & Wingfield, J.C. (2010) What is in a name? Integrating homeostasis, allostasis and stress. Hormones and Behavior, 57, 105-111.
Meyer, R.E., Aldrich, T.E. & Easterly, C.E. (1989) Effects of noise and electromagnetic fields on reproductive outcomes. Environmental Health Perspectives, 81, 193-200.
Milne, R., Lines, J., Moss, S. & Thompson, D. (2012) Behavioural responses of seals to pulsed, low-voltage electric fields in sea water (preliminary tests). Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St. Andrews, UK.
Mirimin, L., Banguera-Hinestroza, E., Dillane, E., Hoelzel, A.R., Cross, T.F. & Rogan, E. (2011) Insights into Genetic Diversity, Parentage, and Group Composition of Atlantic White-Sided Dolphins ( Lagenorhynchus acutus) off the West of Ireland Based on Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genetic Markers. Journal of Heredity, 102, 79-87.
Nawrot, P.S., Cook, R.O. & Hamm, C.W. (1981) Embryotoxicity of broadband high-frequency noise in the CD-1 mouse. Journal of Toxicology, Environment and Health, 8, 151-157.
Nawrot, P.S., Cook, R.O. & Staples, R.E. (1980) Embryotoxicity of various noise stimuli in the mouse. Teratology, 22, 279-289.
Nedwell, J.R. & Brooker, A.G. (2008) Measurement and assessment of background underwater noise and its comparison with noise from pin pile drilling operations during installation of the SeaGen tidal turbine device, Strangford Lough. Subacoustech Report No. 724R0120 COWRIE Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-9557501-9-9.
Nedwell, J.R., Parvin, S.J., Edwards, B., Workman, R., Brooker, A.G. & Kynoch, J.E. (2007a) Measurement and interpretation of underwater noise during construction and operation of offshore windfarms in UK waters. . Subacoustech Report No. 544R0738 to COWRIE Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-9554279-5-4.
Nedwell, J.R., Turnpenny, A.W.H., Lovell, J., Parvin, S.J., Workman, R., Spinks, J.A.L. & Howell, D. (2007b) A validation of the dBht as a measure of the bahvioural and auditory effects of underwater noise. Subacoustech Ltd, Department of Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform.
Newman, K.B., Fernandez, C., Thomas, L. & Buckland, S.T. (2009a) Monte Carlo Inference for State-Space Models of Wild Animal Populations. Biometrics, 65, 572-583.
Newman, K.B., Fernández, C., Thomas, L. & Buckland, S.T. (2009b) Monte Carlo Inference for State-Space Models of Wild Animal Populations. Biometrics, 65, 572-583.
Northridge, S., Cargill, A., Coram, A., Mandleberg, L., Calderan, S. & Reid, R.J. (2010) Entanglement of minke whales in Scottish waters; an investigation into occurrence, causes and mitigation. Final Report to Scottish Government CR/2007/49, pp. 54pp +Appendices. Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews.
Northridge, S., Tasker, M., Webb, A., Camphuysen, K. & Leopold, M. (1997 ) White-beaked Lagenorhynchus albirostris and Atlantic white-sided Dolphin L. acutus distributions in northwest European and US North Atlantic Waters. Report of the International Whaling Commission, 47. 797-805.
Olesiuk, P.F., Nichol, L.M., Sowden, M.J. & Ford, J.K.B. (2002) Effect of the sound generated by an acoustic harassment device on the relative abundance and distribution of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in retreat passage, British Columbia. Marine Mammal Science, 18, 843-862.
Parsons, K.M., Noble, L.R., Reid, R.J. & Thompson, P.M. (2002) Mitochondrial genetic diversity and population structuring of UK bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): is the NE Scotland population demographically and geographically isolated? Biological Conservation, 108, 175-182.
Pesante, G., Evans, P.G.H., Baines, M.E. & McMath, M. (2008) Abundance and Life History Parameters of Bottlenose Dolphin in Cardigan Bay: Monitoring, 2005-2007. CCW Marine Monitoring Report No: 61., pp. 81.
Pierson, L.L. (1996) Hazards of noise exposure on fetal hearing. Semin Perinatol, 20, 21-29.
Rasmussen, S., Glickman, G., Norinsky, R., Quimby, F.W. & Tolwani, R.J. (2009) Construction noise decreases reproductive efficiency in mice. Journal of the American Association of Laboratory Animal Sciences, 48, 363-370.
Read, A.J., Drinker, P. & Northridge, S. (2006) Bycatch of marine mammals in US and global fisheries. Conservation Biology, 20, 163-169.
Reber, S.O., Birkeneder, L., Veenema, A.H., Obermeier, F., Falk, W., Straub, R.H. & Neumann, I.D. (2007) Adrenal insufficiency and colonic inflammation after a novel chronic psycho-social stress paradigm in mice: implications and mechanisms. Endocrinology, 148, 670-682.
Reid, J.B., Evans, P.G.H. & Northridge, S.P. (2003) Atlas of cetacean distribution in the north-west European waters. pp. 76. Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
Russell, D.F.J., Jones, E., Matthiopoulos, J., Duck, C., Morris, C.D. & McConnell, B.J. (2011) SMRU seal telemetry data holdings. SCOS Briefing Paper. Sea Mammal Research Unit, St Andrews.
SCANS-II (2008) Small Cetaceans in the European Atlantic and North Sea. Final Report to the European Commission under project LIFE04NAT/GB/000245. .
Scheidat, M., Tougaard, J., Brasseur, S., Carstensen, J., Petel, T., Jonas Teilmann, J. & Reijnders, P. (2011) Harbour porpoises ( Phocoena phocoena) and wind farms: a case study in the Dutch North Sea. Environmental Research Letters, 6, 10.
SCOS (2010) Scientific advice on matters related to the management of seal populations;. Natural Environment Research Council; , pp. 91.
SCOS (2011) Scientific advice on matters related to the management of seal populations; . Natural Environment Research Council; , 103pp.
Simila, T. & Ugarte, F. (1993) Surface and Underwater Observations of Cooperatively Feeding Killer Whales in Northern Norway. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie, 71, 1494-1499.
Skeate, E.R., Perrow, M.R. & Gilroy, J.J. (2012) Likely effects of construction of Scroby Sands offshore wind farm on a mixed population of harbour Phoca vitulina and grey Halichoerus grypus seals. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, 872-881.
SMRU Ltd (2011) Utilisation of space by grey and harbour seals in the Pentland Firth and Orkney waters. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 441.
Southall, B.L., Bowles, A.E., Ellison, W.T., Finneran, J.J., Gentry, R.L., Greene, C.R., Jr., Kastak, D., Ketten, D.R., Miller, J.H., Nachtigall, P.E., Richardson, W.J., Thomas, J.A. & Tyack, P.L. (2007) Marine mammal noise exposure criteria: Initial scientific recommendations. Aquatic Mammals, 33, I-521.
Tabuchi, M., Veldhoen, N., Dangerfield, N., Jeffries, S., Helbing, C.C. & Ross, P.S. (2006) PCB-related alteration of thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone receptor gene expression in free-ranging harbor seals ( Phoca vitulina). Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, 1024-1031.
Taylor, B.L., Baird, R., Barlow, J., Dawson, S.M., Ford, J., Mead, J.G., Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., Wade, P. & Pitman, R.L. (2008) Killer whale: IUCN redlist ( http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/15421/0).
Taylor, B.L., Martinez, M., Gerrodette, T., Barlow, J. & Hrovat, Y.N. (2007) Lessons from monitoring trends in abundance of marine mammals. Marine Mammal Science, 23, 157-175.
Thompson, D. (2012a) Assessment of Risk to Marine Mammals from Underwater Marine Renewable Devices in Welsh waters (on behalf of the Welsh Government). Phase 2: Studies of Marine Mammals in Welsh High Tidal Waters: Annex 1 Movements and diving behaviour of grey seals JER3688 R 120712 HT.
Thompson, D. (2012b) Movements of recently weaned grey seal pups in Orkney. SCOS Briefing Paper, pp. 9. Sea Mammal Reseach Unit, St Andrews.
Thompson, D., Bexton, S., Brownlow, A., Wood, D., Patterson, A., Pye, K., Lonergan, M. & Milne, R. (2010a) Report on recent seal mortalities in UK waters caused by extensive lacerations October 2010. Report to Scottish Government available at http://www.smru.st-and.ac.uk/documents/366.pdf
Thompson, P.M., Cheney, B., Ingram, S., Stevick, P., Wilson, B. & Hammond, P.S. (2011 ) Distribution, abundance and population structure of bottlenose dolphins in Scottish waters. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Research Report No. 354.
Thompson, P.M., Hastie, G.D., Nedwell, J.R., Barham, R., Brookes, K.L., Cordes, L.S., Bailey, H. & McLean, N. (in prep) Framework for assessing impacts of pile-driving noise from offshore wind farm construction on a harbour seal population.
Thompson, P.M., Lusseau, D., Barton, T., Simmons, D., Rusin, J. & Bailey, H. (2010b) Assessing the responses of coastal cetaceans to the construction of offshore wind turbines. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60, 1200-1208.
Thomsen, F., Lüdemann, K., Kafemann, R. & Piper, W. (2006) Effects of offshore wind farm noise on marine mammals and fish. Biola, Hamburg, Germany on behalf of COWRIE Ltd. Hamburg.
Tolley, K.A. & Rosel, P.E. (2006) Population structure and historical demography of eastern North Atlantic harbour porpoises inferred through mtDNA sequences. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 327, 297-308.
Tollit, D., Wood, J., Broome, J. & Redden, A. (2011) Detection of Marine Mammals and Effects Monitoring at the NSPI (OpenHydro) Turbine Site in the Minas Passage during 2010 FINAL REPORT prepared by SMRU Ltd and Arcadia University for Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy ( FORCE). Publication No. 101 of the Acadia Centre for Estuarine Research (ACER) Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada.
Tougaard, J., Carstensen, J., Henriksen, O.D., Skov, H. & Teilmann, J.S.( 2003 ) Short-term effects of the construction of wind turbines on harbour porpoises at Horns Reef Report request. Commissioned by Techwise A/S. Hedeselskabet, Roskilde. 71 p.
Tougaard, J., Carstensen, J., Teilmann, J. & Bech, N. ( 2005) Effects of the Nysted Offshore Wind Farm on harbour porpoises. - Annual status report for the T-POD monitoring program Technical Report to Energi E2 A/S NERI Technical Report July 2005.
Tougaard, J., Henriksen, O.D. & Miller, L.A. (2009) Underwater noise from three types of offshore wind turbines: Estimation of impact zones for harbor porpoises and harbor seals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 125, 3766-3773.
Tougaard, J., Madsen, P.T. & Wahlberg, M. (2008) Underwater Noise from Construction and Operation of Offshore Wind Farms. Bioacoustics-the International Journal of Animal Sound and Its Recording, 17, 143-146.
Tougaard, J. & Teilmann, J. (2006) Rødsand 2 Offshore Wind Farm. Environmental Impact Assessment - Marine mammals. NERI Commissioned Report to DONG Energy. Roskilde, Denmark. pp. 77. NERI, Denmark.
Twiss, S.D., Cairns, C., Culloch, R.M., Richards, S.A. & Pomeroy, P.P. (2012) Variation in Female Grey Seal ( Halichoerus grypus) Reproductive Performance Correlates to Proactive-Reactive Behavioural Types. Plos One, 7 (11) e49598.
Ulrich-Lai, Y.M., Figueiredo, H.F., Ostrander, M.M., Choi, D.C., Engeland, W.C. & Herman, J.P. (2006) Chronic stress induces adrenal hyperplasia and hypertrophy in a subregion-specific manner. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 291, E965-973.
US Department of Energy (2012) Admiralty Inlet pilot tidal project, FERC project no. 12690, Application for a new pilot project license, (minor water power project): Appendix K - Assessment of Strike of Adult Killer Whales by an OpenHydro TidalTurbine Blade. pp. 48.
Wade, P.R. (1998) Calculating limits to the allowable human-caused mortality of cetaceans and pinnipeds. Marine Mammal Science, 14, 1-37.
Wahlberg, M. & Westerberg, H. (2005) Hearing in fish and their reactions to sounds from offshore wind farms. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 288, 295-309.
Walton, M.J. (1997) Population structure of harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena in the seas around the UK and adjacent waters. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 264, 89-94.
Wartzok, D., Altmann, J., Au, W., Ralls, K., Starfield, A., Tyack, P., Bintz, J., Merrill, J., R, N., Greene, D., Capote, S., T., W. & Grossblatt, N. (2005) Marine Mammal populations and ocean noise: determining when noise cases biologically significant effects. National Academic Press, Washington DC.
Wilson, B., Batty, R.S., Daunt, F. & Carter, C. (2007) Collision risks between marine renewable energy devices and mammals, fish and diving birds. Report to the Scottish Executive. Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Scotland, PA37 1QA.
Wilson, B. & Gordon, J. (2011) Assessment of Risk to Marine Mammals from Underwater Marine Renewable Devices in Welsh waters Phase 1 - Desktop Review of Marine Mammals and Risks from Underwater Marine Renewable Devices in Welsh waters On Behalf of The Welsh Assembly Government JER3688R101122 BW Phase 1 www.marineenergypembrokeshire.co.uk.
Wolski, L.F., Anderson, R.C., Bowles, A.E. & Yochem, P.K. (2003) Measuring hearing in the harbor seal ( Phoca vitulina): Comparison of behavioral and auditory brainstem response techniques. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 113, 629-637.
Zakem, H.B. & Alliston, C.W. (1974) The effects of noise level and elevated ambient temperatures upon selected reproductive traits in female Swiss-Webster mice. Laboratory Animal Science, 24, 469-475.
Contact
There is a problem
Thanks for your feedback