Offshore wind - diadromous fish: review - January 2024

References

Aarestrup, K., Birnie‐Gauvin, K., & Larsen, M. H. (2018). Another paradigm lost? Autumn downstream migration of juvenile brown trout: Evidence for a presmolt migration. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 27(1), 513-516.

Aarestrup, K., Økland, F., Hansen, M. M., Righton, D., Gargan, P., Castonguay, M., Bernatchez, L., Howey, P., Sparholt, H., Pedersen, M. I. & McKinley, R. S. (2009). Oceanic spawning migration of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Science, 325(5948), 1660-1660.

Abou‐Seedo, F. S., & Potter, I. C. (1979). The estuarine phase in the spawning run of the river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis. Journal of Zoology, 188(1), 5-25.

Adams, C.E., Honkanen, H.M., Bryson, E., Moore, I.E., MacCormick, M. & Dodd, J.A. (2022). A comparison of trends in population size and life history features of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and anadromous and non-anadromous Brown trout (Salmo trutta) in a single catchment over 116 years. Hydrobiologia, 849, 945-965.

Aldvén, D. & Davidsen, J. (2017). Marine migration of sea trout (Salmo trutta). In G. Harris (Eds) Sea Trout- Science & Management (p 267-276). Leicestershire: Matador.

Alexandrino, P., Faria, R., Linhares, D., Castro, F., Le Corre, M., Sabatié, R., Baglinière, J. L. & Weiss, S. (2006). Interspecific differentiation and intraspecific substructure in two closely related clupeids with extensive hybridization, Alosa alosa and Alosa fallax. Journal of Fish Biology, 69, 242-259.

Alves‐Gomes, J. A. (2001). The evolution of electroreception and bioelectrogenesis in teleost fish: a phylogenetic perspective. Journal of Fish Biology, 58(6), 1489-1511.

Andersson, M. H. (2011). Offshore wind farms-ecological effects of noise and habitat alteration on fish (Doctoral dissertation, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University).

Andersson, M. H., Dock-Åkerman, E., Ubral-Hedenberg, R., Öhman, M. C., & Sigray, P. (2007). Swimming behavior of roach (Rutilus rutilus) and three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in response to wind power noise and single-tone frequencies. Ambio, 36(8), 636.

APEM. (2022). Beatrice offshore wind farm post-construction monitoring (Year 2) 2021: Turbine foundation marine ecology survey report. APEM Ref: P00006764b. Report on behalf of Beatrice Offshore Wind Farm Ltd.

Aprahamian, M. W., Baglinière, J. L., Sabatie, M. R., Alexandrino, P., Thiel, R. A. L. F., & Aprahamian, C. D. (2003). Biology, status, and conservation of the anadromous Atlantic twaite shad Alosa fallax fallax. In American Fisheries Society Symposium (Vol. 35, pp. 103-124).

Aprahamian, M. W., Lester, S. M., & Aprahamian, C. D. (1998). Shad conservation in England and Wales. Environment Agency.

Araujo, F. G., Bailey, R. G., & Williams, W. P. (1999). Spatial and temporal variations in fish populations in the upper Thames estuary. Journal of Fish Biology, 55(4), 836-853.

Archer, J. A. (2022). River and coastal marine habitat use and the continuum of migration strategies by brown trout (Salmo trutta) smolts from the River Dee (Aberdeenshire) (Doctoral dissertation, University of Glasgow).

Armstrong, J. D., Hunter, D. C., Fryer, R. J., Rycroft, P., & Orpwood, J. (2015). Behavioural responses of Atlantic salmon to mains frequency magnetic fields. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science.

Aronsuu, K., Marjomäki, T., Tuohino, J., Wennman, K., Vikström, R., & Ojutkangas, E. (2015). Migratory behaviour and holding habitats of adult river lampreys (Lampetra fluviatilis) in two Finnish rivers. Boreal environment research, 20(1).

Auld, A. H., & Schubel, J. R. (1978). Effects of suspended sediment on fish eggs and larvae: a laboratory assessment. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, 6(2), 153-164.

Baeye, M., & Fettweis, M. (2015). In situ observations of suspended particulate matter plumes at an offshore wind farm, southern North Sea. Geo-Marine Letters, 35, 247-255.

Bagliniere, J. L., & Maisse, G. (1985). Precocious maturation and smoltification in wild Atlantic salmon in the Armorican Massif, France. Aquaculture, 45(1-4), 249-263.

Bailey, H., Senior, B., Simmons, D., Rusin, J., Picken, G., & Thompson, P. M. (2010). Assessing underwater noise levels during pile-driving at an offshore windfarm and its potential effects on marine mammals. Marine pollution bulletin, 60(6), 888-897.

Barbut, L., Vastenhoud, B., Vigin, L., Degraer, S., Volckaert, F. A., & Lacroix, G. (2020). The proportion of flatfish recruitment in the North Sea potentially affected by offshore windfarms. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 77(3), 1227-1237.

Barry, J., Kennedy, R. J., Rosell, R., & Roche, W. K. (2020). Atlantic salmon smolts in the Irish Sea: first evidence of a northerly migration trajectory. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 27(5), 517-522.

Barry, J., McHarg, K., Dodd, J. A., & Adams, C. E. (2015). Local scale, coastal currents influence recruitment to freshwater populations in the European eel Anguilla anguilla: a case study from the Isle of Man. Journal of Fish Biology, 86(6), 1873-1880.

Barry, J., Newton, M., Dodd, J. A., Lucas, M. C., Boylan, P., & Adams, C. E. (2016). Freshwater and coastal migration patterns in the silver‐stage eel Anguilla anguilla. Journal of Fish Biology, 88(2), 676-689.

Bass, A. H., & Ladich, F. (2008). Vocal–acoustic communication: From neurons to behavior. Fish Bioacoustics: With 81 Illustrations, 253-278.

Baum, D., Laughton, R., Armstrong, J. D., & Metcalfe, N. B. (2004). Altitudinal variation in the relationship between growth and maturation rate in salmon parr. Journal of Animal Ecology, 73, 253–260.

Bedore, C. N., & Kajiura, S. M. (2013). Bioelectric fields of marine organisms: voltage and frequency contributions to detectability by electroreceptive predators. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 86(3), 298-311.

Bekkevold, D., Höjesjö, J., Nielsen, E. E., Aldvén, D., Als, T. D., Sodeland, M., Kent, M. P., Sigbjørn, S. & Hansen, M. M. (2020). Northern European Salmo trutta (L.) populations are genetically divergent across geographical regions and environmental gradients. Evolutionary applications, 13(2), 400-416.

Belletti, B., Garcia de Leaniz, C., Jones, J., Bizzi, S., Börger, L., Segura, G., Castelletti, A., van de Bund, W., Aarestrup, K., Barry, J., Belka, K., Berkhuysen, A., Birnie-Gauvin, K., Bussettini, M., Carolli, M., Consuegra, S., Dopico, E., Feierfeil, T., Fernadez, S., Garrido, P. F., Garcia-Vazquez, E., Garrido, S., Giannico, G., Gough, P., Jepsen, N., Jones, P. E., Kemp, P., Kerr, J., King, J., Łapińska, M., Lázaro,G., Lucas, M. C., Marcello, L., Martin, P., McGinnity, P., O’Hanley, J., del Amo, R. O., Parasiewicz, P., Pusch, M., Rincon, G., Rodriguez, C., Royte, J., Schneider, C. T., Tummers, J. S., Vallesi, S., Vowles, A., Verspoor, E., Wanningen, H., Wantzen, K. M. Wildman, L. & Zalewski, M. (2020). More than one million barriers fragment Europe’s rivers. Nature, 588(7838), 436-441.

Bergström, L., Lagenfelt, I., Sundqvist, F., Andersson, I., Andersson, M. H., & Sigray, P. (2013). Study of the Fish Communities at Lillgrund Wind Farm: Final Report from the Monitoring Programme for Fish and Fisheries 2002–2010.

Birnie‐Gauvin, K., & Aarestrup, K. (2019). A call for a paradigm shift: Assumed‐to‐be premature migrants actually yield good returns. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 28(1), 62-68.

Birnie-Gauvin, K., Thorstad, E. B., & Aarestrup, K. (2019). Overlooked aspects of the Salmo salar and Salmo trutta lifecycles. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 29(4), 749-766.

Bochert, R., & Zettler, M. L. (2004). Long‐term exposure of several marine benthic animals to static magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics: Journal of the Bioelectromagnetics Society, The Society for Physical Regulation in Biology and Medicine, The European Bioelectromagnetics Association, 25(7), 498-502.

Bruce, J. R., Colman, J. S., & Jones, N. S. (Eds.). (1963). Marine fauna of the Isle of Man and its surrounding seas (No. 36). Liverpool University Press.

Buerkle, U., (1977). Detection of trawling noise by Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L. Mar. Behav. Physiol. 4, 233–242.

Buyse, J., Hostens, K., Degraer, S., De Troch, M., Wittoeck, J., & De Backer, A. (2023). Increased food availability at offshore wind farms affects trophic ecology of plaice Pleuronectes platessa. Science of The Total Environment, 862, 160730.

Caputo, M., O’Connor, C. M., Hasler, C. T., Hanson, K. C., & Cooke, S. J. (2009). Long-term effects of surgically implanted telemetry tags on the nutritional physiology and condition of wild freshwater fish. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 84(1), 35-41.

Carss, D. N., & Elston, D. A. (2003). Patterns of association between algae, fishes and grey herons Ardea cinerea in the rocky littoral zone of a Scottish sea loch. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 58(2), 265-277.

Chapman, C. J., & Sand, O. (1974). Field studies of hearing in two species of flatfish Pleuronectes platessa (L.) and Limanda limanda (L.)(Family Pleuronectidae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 47(1), 371-385.

Claridge, P. N., Potter, I. C., & Hardisty, M. W. (1986). Seasonal changes in movements, abundance, size composition and diversity of the fish fauna of the Severn Estuary. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 66(1), 229-258.

Clements, E., Thomas, R & Adams, C. (2018). An Investigation of Salmonid Host Utilisation by the Endangered Freshwater Pearl Mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) in north-west Scotland. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 28(3) 764-768

ClimateXChange. (2015). Wind Farm Impacts Study. Review of the visual, shadow flicker and noise impacts of onshore wind farms. Report reference SLR 405.04528.00001 https://www.climatexchange.org.uk/media/1426/final_report_wind_farm_impacts_study_july_2015_issue.pdf

Costa-Dias, S., Sousa, R., Lobón-Cerviá, J., & Laffaille, P. (2009). The decline of diadromous fish in Western Europe inland waters: mains causes and consequence.

Cresci, A. (2020). A comprehensive hypothesis on the migration of European glass eels (Anguilla anguilla). Biological Reviews, 95(5), 1273-1286.

Cresci, A., Paris, C. B., Durif, C. M., Shema, S., Bjelland, R. M., Skiftesvik, A. B., & Browman, H. I. (2017). Glass eels (Anguilla anguilla) have a magnetic compass linked to the tidal cycle. Science advances, 3(6), e1602007.

Cresci, A., Perrichon, P., Durif, C. M., Sørhus, E., Johnsen, E., Bjelland, R., Larsen, T.,Skiftesvik, A. B. & Browman, H. I. (2022). Magnetic fields generated by the DC cables of offshore wind farms have no effect on spatial distribution or swimming behavior of lesser sandeel larvae (Ammodytes marinus). Marine Environmental Research, 176, 105609.

Crown Estate Scotland. (2023). INTOG leasing round. Available at: https://www.crownestatescotland.com/scotlands-property/offshore-wind/intog-leasing-round

Cunningham, C. and Hunt, C. (2023). Scottish Blue Carbon - a literature review of the current evidence for Scotland’s blue carbon habitats. NatureScot Research Report 1326.

Dando, P. R. (2011). Site fidelity, homing and spawning migrations of flounder Platichthys flesus in the Tamar estuary, South West England. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 430, 183-196.

Darwall, W.R.T. (2023). Salmo salar. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T19855A67373433. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T19855A67373433.en

Darwall, W.R.T. & Noble, R.A. (2023). Salmo salar (Great Britain subpopulation). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T213546282A213546288. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T213546282A213546288.en

Davidsen, J. G., Daverdin, M., Arnekleiv, V., Rønning, L., Sjursen, A. & Koksvik, J. (2014). Riverine and near coastal migration performance of hatchery brown trout Salmo trutta. Journal of Fish Biology 85, 586-596.

Davidsen, J. G., Plantalech Manel‐la, N., Økland, F., Diserud, O. H., Thorstad, E. B., Finstad, B., Sivertsgård, R., McKinley, R. S. & Rikardsen, A. H. (2008). Changes in swimming depths of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar post‐smolts relative to light intensity. Journal of Fish Biology, 73(4), 1065-1074.

Davies, P., Britton, R.J., Nunn, A.D., Dodd, J.R., Crundwell, C., Velterop, R., Ó’Maoiléidigh, N., O'Neill, R., Sheehan, E.V., Stamp, T. and Bolland, J.D. (2020). Novel insights into the marine phase and river fidelity of anadromous twaite shad Alosa fallax in the UK and Ireland. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 30(7), pp.1291-1298.

Degn, U. (2000). Offshore Wind Turbines–VVM. Underwater Noise Measurements, Analysis, and Predictions. Oedegaard & Danneskiold-Samsoe A/S, Report n 00.792 rev. l.

Degraer, S., Carey, D. A., Coolen, J. W., Hutchison, Z. L., Kerckhof, F., Rumes, B., & Vanaverbeke, J. (2020). Offshore wind farm artificial reefs affect ecosystem structure and functioning. Oceanography, 33(4), 48-57.

Deleau, M. J., White, P. R., Peirson, G., Leighton, T. G., & Kemp, P. S. (2020). Use of acoustics to enhance the efficiency of physical screens designed to protect downstream moving European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Fisheries Management and Ecology, 27(1), 1-9.

del Villar-Guerra, D., Aarestrup, K., Skov, C., Koed, A. (2014). Marine migrations in anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta). Fjord residency as a possible alternative in the continuum of migration to the open sea. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 23, 594-603.

De Robertis, A., & Handegard, N. O. (2013). Fish avoidance of research vessels and the efficacy of noise-reduced vessels: a review. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70(1), 34-45.

Dhanak, M., E. An, R. Coulson, J. Frankenfield, S. Ravenna, D. Pugsley, G. Valdes, and W. Venezia. (2015). AUV-based characterization of EMF emissions from submerged power cables. MTS/IEEE OCEANS 2015: Discovering Sustainable Ocean Energy for a New World, 1–6.

Díaz, H., & Soares, C. G. (2020). Review of the current status, technology and future trends of offshore wind farms. Ocean Engineering, 209, 107381.

Diederichs, A., Hennig, V., & Nehls, G. (2008). Investigation of the bird collision risk and the responses of harbour porpoises in the offshore wind farms Horns Rev, North Sea and Nysted, Baltic Sea. Denmark Part II: Harbour porpoises Universität Hamburg and BioConsult SH, 99.

Dodd, J. A., & Briers, R. A. (2021). Policy Note: The Impact Of Shadow Flicker Or Pulsating Shadow Effect, Caused By Wind Turbine Blades, On Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar).

Doherty, D., & McCarthy, T. K. (2004). The ecology and conservation of European smelt (Osmerus eperlanus L.) from Waterford estuary, in southeastern Ireland. In Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy (Vol. 104, No. 2, pp. 125-130). Royal Irish Academy.

Dunkley, F., & Solandt, J. L. (2022). Windfarms, fishing and benthic recovery: Overlaps, risks and opportunities. Marine Policy, 145, 105262.

Dunlop, E. S., Reid, S. M., & Murrant, M. (2016). Limited influence of a wind power project submarine cable on a Laurentian Great Lakes fish community. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 32(1), 18-31.

Eldøy, S., Davidsen, J., Thorstad, E., Whorisky, F., Aarestrup, K., Naesje, T., Ronning, L., Sjursen, A., Rikardsen, A., Arnekleiv, J. (2015). Marine migration and habitat use of anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72, 1366-1378.

Eldøy, S., Davidsen, J., Thorstad, E., Whoriskey, F., Aarestrup, K., Næsje, T., Rønning, L., Sjursen, A., Rikardsen, A. & Arnekleiv, J. (2017). Marine depth use of sea trout Salmo trutta in fjord areas of central Norway. Journal of Fish Biology 91, 1268-1283.

Elliott, S. A., Acou, A., Beaulaton, L., Guitton, J., Réveillac, E., & Rivot, E. (2023). Modelling the distribution of rare and data-poor diadromous fish at sea for protected area management. Progress in Oceanography, 210, 102924.

Elliott, S. A., Deleys, N., Rivot, E., Acou, A., Réveillac, E., & Beaulaton, L. (2021). Shedding light on the river and sea lamprey in western European marine waters. Endangered Species Research, 44, 409-419.

Elliott, M., O'Reilly, M. G., & Taylor, C. J. L. (1990). The Forth estuary: a nursery and overwintering area for North Sea fishes. Hydrobiologia, 195, 89-103.

Emeana, C. J., Hughes, T. J., Dix, J. K., Gernon, T. M., Henstock, T. J., Thompson, C. E. L., & Pilgrim, J. A. (2016). The thermal regime around buried submarine high-voltage cables. Geophysical Journal International, 206(2), 1051-1064.

Engell-Sørensen, K., & Skyt, P. H. (2001). Evaluation of the effect of sediment spill from offshore wind farm construction on marine fish. Report to SEAS, Denmark.

Etheridge, E.C. (2011). Catches of allis shad Alosa alosa and twaite shad Alosa fallax in the Solway Firth in 2010. Galloway Fisheries Trust.

Etheridge, E. C., Harrod, C., Bean, C., & Adams, C. E. (2008). Continuous variation in the pattern of marine v. freshwater foraging in brown trout Salmo trutta L. from Loch Lomond, Scotland. Journal of Fish Biology, 73(1), 44-53.

Falconier, G. (2021). A ‘new’ microsporidian in the UK: investigations into the unknown microsporidian infecting juvenile smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) from the River Thames (Doctoral dissertation, Brunel University London).

Ferguson, A., Reed, T. E., McGinnity, P., & Prodöhl, P. A. (2016). Anadromy in brown trout (Salmo trutta): A review of the relative roles of genes and environmental factors and the implications for management and conservation. In Sea Trout: from Science to Management (Proceedings of the 2nd International Sea Trout Symposium, Dundalk, Ireland, October 2015) (pp. 1-40). Troubador Publishing Ltd.

Ferguson, A., Reed, T. E., Cross, T. F., McGinnity, P., & Prodöhl, P. A. (2019). Anadromy, potamodromy and residency in brown trout Salmo trutta: the role of genes and the environment. Journal of Fish Biology, 95(3), 692-718.

Fernandes, P. G., Brierley, A. S., Simmonds, E. J., Millard, N. W., McPhail, S. D., Armstrong, F., Stevenson, P. & Squires, M. (2000). Fish do not avoid survey vessels. Nature, 407(6801), 152-152.

Fey, D. P., Jakubowska, M., Greszkiewicz, M., Andrulewicz, E., Otremba, Z., & Urban-Malinga, B. (2019). Are magnetic and electromagnetic fields of anthropogenic origin potential threats to early life stages of fish?. Aquatic Toxicology, 209, 150-158.

Fisheries Management Scotland (nd). https://fms.scot/salmon-pressures/ [accessed on 22 October 2023]

Fjeldstad, H. P., Pulg, U., & Forseth, T. (2018). Safe two-way migration for salmonids and eel past hydropower structures in Europe: a review and recommendations for best-practice solutions. Marine and Freshwater Research, 69(12), 1834-1847.

Flaten, A., Davidsen, J., Thorstad, E., Whorisky, F., Rønning, L., Sjursen, A., Rikardsen, A. & Arnekleiv, J. (2016). The first months at sea: marine migration and habitat use of sea trout Salmo trutta post smolts. Journal of Fish Biology 89, 1624-1640.

Floeter, J., van Beusekom, J.E., Auch, D., Callies, U., Carpenter, J., Dudeck, T., Eberle, S., Eckhardt, A., Gloe, D., Hänselmann, K. and Hufnagl, M. (2017). Pelagic effects of offshore wind farm foundations in the stratified North Sea. Progress in Oceanography, 156, pp.154-173.

Formicki, K., Korzelecka‐Orkisz, A., & Tański, A. (2019). Magnetoreception in fish. Journal of Fish Biology, 95(1), 73-91.

Formicki, K., Sadowski, M., Tański, A., Korzelecka‐Orkisz, A., & Winnicki, A. (2004). Behaviour of trout (Salmo trutta L.) larvae and fry in a constant magnetic field. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 20(4), 290-294.

Furness, R. W., Wade, H. M., & Masden, E. A. (2013). Assessing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of environmental management, 119, 56-66.

Gilbey, J., Utne, K. R., Wennevik, V., Beck, A. C., Kausrud, K., Hindar, K., Garcia de Leaniz, C., Cherbonnel, C., Coughlan, J., Cross, T. F., Dillane, E., Ensing, D., García-Vázquez, E., Hole, L. R., Holm, M., Holst, J. C., Jacobsen, J. A., Jensen, A. J., Karlsson, S., Ó Maoiléidigh, N., Mork, K. A., Nielsen, E. E., Nøttestad, L., Primmer, C. R., Prodöhl, P., Prusov, S., Stevens, J. R., Thomas, K., Whelan, K., McGinnity, P. & Verspoor, E. (2021). The early marine distribution of Atlantic salmon in the North‐east Atlantic: A genetically informed stock‐specific synthesis. Fish and Fisheries, 22(6), 1274-1306.

Gill, A. B., & Desender, M. (2020). 2020 State of the Science Report, Chapter 5: Risk to Animals from Electromagnetic Fields Emitted by Electric Cables and Marine Renewable Energy Devices.

Gill A.B., Gloyne-Philips I., Kimber J., Sigray P., Marine Renewable Energy, Electromagnetic (EM) Fields and EM-Sensitive Animals, in: M.A. Shields, A.I.L. Payne (Eds.), Mar. Renew. Energy Technol. Environ. Interact., Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 2014, pp. 61e79,

Glarou, M., Zrust, M., & Svendsen, J. C. (2020). Using artificial-reef knowledge to enhance the ecological function of offshore wind turbine foundations: Implications for fish abundance and diversity. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8(5), 332.

Glasby, T.M., Connell, S.D., Holloway, M.G., Hewitt, C.L. (2007). Nonindigenous biota on artificial structures: could habitat creation facilitate biological invasions? Marine Biology 151, 887–895

Godfrey, J. D., Stewart, D. C., Middlemas, S. J., & Armstrong, J. D. (2015). Depth use and migratory behaviour of homing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Scottish coastal waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 72(2), 568-575.

Gold Z, Wall A.R., Schweizer T.M., Pentcheff N.D., Curd E.E., Barber P.H., Meyer R.S., Wayne R, Stolzenbach K, Prickett K, Luedy J, Wetzer R. 2022 (2022). A manager’s guide to using eDNA metabarcoding in marine ecosystems. PeerJ, 10, e14071.

Goldberg, C. S., Turner, C. R., Deiner, K., Klymus, K. E., Thomsen, P. F., Murphy, M. A., Spear S.F., McKee, A., Oyler-McCance, S.J., Cornman, R.S., Laramie, M.B., Mahon, A.R., Lance, R.F., Pilliod, D.S., Strickler, K.M., Waits, L.P., Fremier, A.K., Takahara, T., Herder, J.E. & Taberlet, P. (2016). Critical considerations for the application of environmental DNA methods to detect aquatic species. Methods in ecology and evolution, 7(11), 1299-1307.

Green, A., Honkanen, H. M., Ramsden, P., Shields, B., del Villar-Guerra, D., Fletcher, M., Walton, S., Kennedy, R., Rosell, R., O’Maoiléidigh, N., Barry, J., Roche, W., Whoriskey, F., Klimley, P. & Adams, C. E. (2022). Evidence of long-distance coastal sea migration of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, smolts from northwest England (River Derwent). Animal Biotelemetry, 10(1), 3.

Gregory, R. S. (1993). Effect of turbidity on the predator avoidance behaviour of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 50(2), 241-246.

GWEC. (2022). Global Wind Report 2022. 158 pp.

Hagen DW (1967) Isolating mechanisms in three-spine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). J Fish Res Board Can 24:1637–1692

Hagen, D. W. (1973). Inheritance of numbers of lateral plates and gill rakers in Gasterosteus aculeatus. Heredity, 30(3), 303-312.

Haglund TR, Buth DG, Lawson R (1992). Allozyme variation and phylogenetic relationships of Asian, North American, and European populations of the three-spine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Copeia 1992:432–443

Halpern, B. S. (2003). The impact of marine reserves: do reserves work and does reserve size matter?. Ecological applications, 13(sp1), 117-137.

Halvorsen, M. B., Casper, B. M., Woodley, C. M., Carlson, T. J., & Popper, A. N. (2012). Threshold for onset of injury in Chinook salmon from exposure to impulsive pile driving sounds. PLoS One, 7(6), e38968.

Hammar, L., Andersson, S., & Rosenberg, R. (2010). Adapting offshore wind power foundations to local environment. Naturvårdsverket.

Handegard, N. O., Michalsen, K., & Tjøstheim, D. (2003). Avoidance behaviour in cod (Gadus morhua) to a bottom-trawling vessel. Aquatic Living Resources, 16(3), 265-270.

Hansen, M. J., Madenjian, C. P., Slade, J. W., Steeves, T. B., Almeida, P. R., & Quintella, B. R. (2016). Population ecology of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) as an invasive species in the Laurentian Great Lakes and an imperiled species in Europe. Reviews in fish biology and fisheries, 26, 509-535.

Harding, H., Bruintjes, R., Radford, A. N., & Simpson, S. D. (2016). Measurement of Hearing in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using Auditory Evoked Potentials, and effects of Pile Driving Playback on salmon Behaviour and Physiology. Marine Scotland Science.

Hawkins, A. D., & Johnstone, A. D. F. (1978). The hearing of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Journal of Fish Biology, 13(6), 655-673.

Hedger, R. D., Kjellman, M., Thorstad, E. B., Strøm, J. F., & Rikardsen, A. H. (2022). Diving and feeding of adult Atlantic salmon when migrating through the coastal zone in Norway. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 105(5), 589-604.

Hedger, R.D., Uglem, I., Thorstad, E.B., Finstad, B., Chittenden, C.M., Arechavala-Lopez, P., Jensen, A.J., Nilsen, R. & Okland, F. (2011). Behaviour of Atlantic cod, a marine fish predator, during Atlantic salmon post-smolt migration. ICES Journal of Marine Science 68(10) 2152-2162

Herbert-Read, J. E., Kremer, L., Bruintjes, R., Radford, A. N., & Ioannou, C. C. (2017). Anthropogenic noise pollution from pile-driving disrupts the structure and dynamics of fish shoals. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 284(1863), 20171627.

Hislop, J. R. G. (1979). Preliminary observations on the near‐surface fish fauna of the northern North Sea in late autumn. Journal of Fish Biology, 15(6), 697-704.

Holm, M., Holst, J. C., & Hansen, L. P. (2000). Spatial and temporal distribution of post-smolts of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the Norwegian Sea and adjacent areas. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57(4), 955-964.

Honkanen, H., Rodger, J., Stephen, A., Adams, K., Freeman, J. & Adams, C. (2019). Summer survival and activity patterns of estuary feeding anadromous Salmo trutta. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 00, 1-9.

Hutchings, J. A., & Myers, R. A. (1988). Mating success of alternative maturation phenotypes in male Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Oecologia, 75, 169-174.

Hutchinson, P. (1983). Ecology of smelt, Osmerus eperlanus (Linnaeus), from the river Thames and the river Cree.

Hutchinson, P., & Mills, D. H. (1987). Characteristics of spawning‐run smelt, Osmerus eperlanus (L.), from a Scottish river, with recommendations for their conservation and management. Aquaculture Research, 18(3), 249-258.

Hutchison, Z. L., Gill, A. B., Sigray, P., He, H., & King, J. W. (2020). Anthropogenic electromagnetic fields (EMF) influence the behaviour of bottom-dwelling marine species. Scientific reports, 10(1), 4219.

Hutchison, Z. L., Gill, A. B., Sigray, P., He, H., & King, J. W. (2021a). A modelling evaluation of electromagnetic fields emitted by buried subsea power cables and encountered by marine animals: considerations for marine renewable energy development. Renewable Energy, 177, 72-81.

Hutchison, Z. L., Sigray, P., Gill, A. B., Michelot, T. & King, J. (2021b). Electromagnetic Field Impacts on American Eel Movement and Migration from Direct Current Cables. Sterling (VA): U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. OCS Study BOEM 2021-83.

Hutchison, Z. L., Sigray, P., He, H., Gill, A. B., King, J. & Gibson, C. (2018). Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Impacts on Elasmobranch (Shark, Rays, and Skates) and American Lobster Movement and Migration from Direct Current Cables. OCS Study BOEM 2018-003 pp.

Hvidt, C. B., Klaustrup, M., Leonhard, S. B. & Pedersen, J. (2006). Fish along the Cable Trace Nysted Offshore Wind Farm, Orbicon as.2508-03-002-rev10.doc

Hvidsten, N. A., & Lund, R. A. (1988). Predation on hatchery‐reared and wild smolts of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the estuary of River Orkla, Norway. Journal of fish biology, 33(1), 121-126.

International Energy Agency. (2023). Renewables 2022 – Analysis and forecast to 2027. 159pp.

Jerkø, H., Turunen-Rise, I., Enger, P. S., & Sand, O. (1989). Hearing in the eel (Anguilla anguilla). Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 165, 455-459.

Jesus, J., Teixeira, A., Natário, S., & Cortes, R. (2019). Repulsive effect of stroboscopic light barriers on native salmonid (Salmo trutta) and cyprinid (Pseudochondrostoma duriense and Luciobarbus bocagei) species of Iberia. Sustainability, 11(5), 1332.

JNCC. (2015). Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Freshwater Fauna.

Unpublished JNCC report

JNCC. (2019a). European Community Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (92/43/EEC). Fourth Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2013 to December 2018 Supporting documentation for the conservation status assessment for the species: S1095 ‐ Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) SCOTLAND

JNCC. (2019b). European Community Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (92/43/EEC). Fourth Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2013 to December 2018 Supporting documentation for the conservation status assessment for the species: S1099 ‐ River lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) SCOTLAND

Johnson, N. S., Miehls, S. M., Haro, A. J., & Wagner, C. M. (2019). Push and pull of downstream moving juvenile sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) exposed to chemosensory and light cues. Conservation Physiology, 7(1), coz080.

Johnstone, A.D.F., Walker, A.F., Walker, A.F., Urquhart, G.G., Thorne, A.E. (1995). The movements of sea trout smolts, Salmo trutta L., in a Scottish west coast sea loch determined by acoustic tracking, Scottish Fisheries Research Report.

Jones, D. H., & John, A. W. G. (1978). A three‐spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L. from the North Atlantic. Journal of Fish Biology, 13(2), 231-236.

Jones, F. C. (2005). Reproductive isolation between anadromous and freshwater three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus): insights from a hybrid zone (Doctoral dissertation, University of Edinburgh).

Jonsson, B., & Jonsson, N. (2004). Factors affecting marine production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 61(12), 2369-2383.

Jonsson, B., & Jonsson, N. (2006). Life‐history effects of migratory costs in anadromous brown trout. Journal of Fish Biology, 69(3), 860-869.

Källo, K., Baktoft, H., Birnie-Gauvin, K., & Aarestrup, K. (2022). Variability in straying behaviour among repeat spawning anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta) followed over several years. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 79(9), 2453-2460.

Kavet, R., Wyman, M. T. & Klimley, A. P. (2016). Modeling magnetic fields from a DC power cable buried beneath San Francisco Bay based on empirical measurements. PLoS One, 11(2):e0148543.

Kelly, F. L., & King, J. J. (2001). A review of the ecology and distribution of three lamprey species, Lampetra fluviatilis (L.), Lampetra planeri (Bloch) and Petromyzon marinus (L.): a context for conservation and biodiversity considerations in Ireland. In biology and environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy (pp. 165-185). Royal Irish Academy.

Kerckhof, F., Rumes, B., & Degraer, S. (2019). About “mytilisation” and “slimeification”: A decade of succession of the fouling assemblages on wind turbines off the Belgian coast. Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Marking a Decade of Monitoring, Research and Innovation, 73-84.

Kessel, S. T., Cooke, S. J., Heupel, M. R., Hussey, N. E., Simpfendorfer, C. A., Vagle, S., & Fisk, A. T. (2014). A review of detection range testing in aquatic passive acoustic telemetry studies. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 24, 199-218.

Kimchi, T., & Terkel, J. (2001). Magnetic compass orientation in the blind mole rat Spalax ehrenbergi. Journal of Experimental Biology, 204(4), 751-758.

Klimley, A. P., Wyman, M. T., & Kavet, R. (2017). Chinook salmon and green sturgeon migrate through San Francisco Estuary despite large distortions in the local magnetic field produced by bridges. PLoS One, 12(6), e0169031.

Klinard, N. V., Halfyard, E. A., Fisk, A. T., Stewart, T. J., & Johnson, T. B. (2018). Effects of surgically implanted acoustic tags on body condition, growth, and survival in a small, laterally compressed forage fish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 147(4), 749-757.

Klinard, N. V., & Matley, J. K. (2020). Living until proven dead: addressing mortality in acoustic telemetry research. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 30(3), 485-499.

Kitano, J., Ishikawa, A., Kume, M., & Mori, S. (2012). Physiological and genetic basis for variation in migratory behavior in the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Ichthyological Research, 59, 293-303.

Klemetsen, A., Amundsen, P. A., Dempson, J. B., Jonsson, B., Jonsson, N., O'connell, M. F., & Mortensen, E. (2003). Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L., brown trout Salmo trutta L. and Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.): a review of aspects of their life histories. Ecology of freshwater fish, 12(1), 1-59.

Knudsen, F. R., Enger, P. S., & Sand, O. (1992). Awareness reactions and avoidance responses to sound in juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal of Fish Biology, 40(4), 523-534.

Kristensen, M., Birnie-Gauvin, K. & Aarestrup, K. (2019a). Behaviour of veteran sea trout Salmo trutta in a dangerous fjord system. Marine Ecology Progress Series 616, 141-153.

Kristensen, M, Pedersen, M., Thygesen, U., del Villar-Guerra, D., Baktoft, H. & Aarestrup. K. (2019b). Migration routes and habitat use of a highly adaptable salmonid (sea trout, Salmo trutta) in a complex marine area. Animal Biotelemetry 7, 1-13.

Kristensen, M., Righton, D., del Villar-Guerra, D., Baktoft, H. & Aarestrup, K. (2018). Temperature and depth preferences of adult sea trout Salmo trutta during the marine migration phase. Marine Ecology Progress Series 599, 209-224.

Kristensen, M. L., Righton, D., del Villar-Guerra, D., Baktoft, H., & Aarestrup, K. (2019c). Behaviour of adult sea trout Salmo trutta that survive or die at sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 227, 106310.

Ladich, F., & Fay, R. R. (2013). Auditory evoked potential audiometry in fish. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 23, 317-364.

Ladich, F. & Popper, A.N. (2004). Parallel evolution in fish hearing organs. In: Manley, G.A., Fay, R.R., Popper, A.N. (eds) Evolution of the Vertebrate Auditory System. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, vol 22. Springer, New York, NY.

Le Pape, O., & Cognez, N. (2016). The range of juvenile movements of estuarine and coastal nursery dependent flatfishes: estimation from a meta-analytical approach. Journal of Sea Research, 107, 43-55.

Le Pichon, C., Trancart, T., Lambert, P., Daverat, F., & Rochard, E. (2014). Summer habitat use and movements of late juvenile European flounder (Platichthys flesus) in tidal freshwaters: results from an acoustic telemetry study. Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology, 461, 441-448.

Leopold, M. F., van Bemmelen, R. S., & Zuur, A. F. (2012). Responses of local birds to the offshore wind farms PAWP and OWEZ off the Dutch mainland coast (No. C151/12). IMARES.

Lerchl, A., Zachmann, A., Ali, M. A., & Reiter, R. J. (1998). The effects of pulsing magnetic fields on pineal melatonin synthesis in a teleost fish (brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis). Neuroscience Letters, 256(3), 171-173.

Light, P., Salmon, M., & Lohmann, K. J. (1993). Geomagnetic orientation of loggerhead sea turtles: evidence for an inclination compass. Journal of experimental biology, 182(1), 1-10.

Lilly, J. M. (2023). The behaviour of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) on first migration to sea (Doctoral dissertation, University of Glasgow).

Lilly, J., Honkanen, H. H., Rodger, J. R., Del Villar, D., Boylan, P., Green, A.,

Pereiro, D., Wilkie, L., Kennedy, R., Barkley, A., Rosell, R., Ó. Maoiléidigh, N., O'Neill, R., Waters, C., Cotter, D., Bailey, D., Roche, W., McGill, R., Barry, J., Beck, S. V., Henderson, J., Parke, D., Whoriskey, F. G., Shields, B., Ramsden, P., Walton, S., Fletcher, M., Whelan, K., Bean, C. W., Elliott, S., Bowman, A. & Adams, C. E. (2023). Migration patterns and navigation cues of Atlantic salmon post‐smolts migrating from 12 rivers through the coastal zones around the Irish Sea. Journal of Fish Biology, 104: 265-283.

Lindeboom, H. J., Kouwenhoven, H. J., Bergman, M. J. N., Bouma, S., Brasseur, S. M. J. M., Daan, R., Fijn, R. C., de Haan, D., Dirksen, S. van Hal, R., Lambers, R. H. R., ter Hofstede, R., Krijgsveld, K. L., Leopold, M. & Scheidat, M. (2011). Short-term ecological effects of an offshore wind farm in the Dutch coastal zone; a compilation. Environmental Research Letters, 6(3), 035101.

Lohmann, K. J., Pentcheff, N. D., Nevitt, G. A., Stetten, G. D., Zimmer-Faust, R. K., Jarrard, H. E., & Boles, L. C. (1995). Magnetic orientation of spiny lobsters in the ocean: experiments with undersea coil systems. Journal of Experimental Biology, 198(10), 2041-2048.

Lopez, J., Moreno, G., Ibaibarriaga, L., & Dagorn, L. (2017). Diel behaviour of tuna and non-tuna species at drifting fish aggregating devices (DFADs) in the Western Indian Ocean, determined by fishers’ echo-sounder buoys. Marine Biology, 164, 1-16.

Lothian, A. J., Newton, M., Barry, J., Walters, M., Miller, R. C., & Adams, C. E. (2018). Migration pathways, speed and mortality of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts in a Scottish river and the near‐shore coastal marine environment. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 27(2), 549-558.

Lucas, M. C., Hume, J. B., Almeida, P. R., Aronsuu, K., Habit, E., Silva, S., Wang, C. J. & Zampatti, B. (2021). Emerging conservation initiatives for lampreys: Research challenges and opportunities. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 47, S690-S703.

Lyle, A. A., & Maitland, P. S. (1997). The spawning migration and conservation of smelt Osmerus eperlanus in the River Cree, southwest Scotland. Biological Conservation, 80(3), 303-311.

Madsen, P. T., Wahlberg, M., Tougaard, J., Lucke, K., & Tyack, P. (2006). Wind turbine underwater noise and marine mammals: implications of current knowledge and data needs. Marine ecology progress series, 309, 279-295.

Maiello, G., Talarico, L., Carpentieri, P., De Angelis, F., Franceschini, S., Harper, L.R., Neave, E.F., Rickards, O., Sbrana, A., Shum, P. and Veltre, V. (2022). Little samplers, big fleet: eDNA metabarcoding from commercial trawlers enhances ocean monitoring. Fisheries Research, 249, p.106259.

Maes, J., Turnpenny, A. W. H., Lambert, D. R., Nedwell, J. R., Parmentier, A., & Ollevier, F. (2004). Field evaluation of a sound system to reduce estuarine fish intake rates at a power plant cooling water inlet. Journal of Fish Biology, 64(4), 938-946.

Main, R. A. K. (2021). Migration of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts and post-smolts from a Scottish east coast river (MSc(R) dissertation, University of Glasgow).

Maitland, P. S. (2003) Ecology of the river, brook and sea lamprey. Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers, Ecology Series No.5. English Nature, Peterborough. http: //publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/75042

Maitland, P. S., & Campbell, R. N. (1992). Freshwater fishes of the British Isles. (No Title).

Maitland, P. S., & Hatton-Ellis, T. W. (2003). Ecology of the Allis and Twaite Shad. Conserving natura 2000 rivers ecology series no. 3. English Nature, Peterborough, 32.

Maitland, P., & Lyle, A. (1996). The smelt Osmerus eperlanus in Scotland.

Maitland, P. S., Morris, K. H., East, K., Schoonoord, M. P., Van der Wal, B., & Potter, I. C. (1984). The estuarine biology of the river lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis, in the Firth of Forth, Scotland, with particular reference to size composition and feeding. Journal of Zoology, 203(2), 211-225.

Marmo, B., Roberts, I., Buckingham, M.P., King, S., & Booth, C. (2013). Modelling of Noise Effects of Operational Offshore Wind Turbines including noise transmission through various foundation types. Edinburgh: Scottish Government.

Matley, J. K., Klinard, N. V., Martins, A. P. B., Aarestrup, K., Aspillaga, E., Cooke, S. J., Cowley, P.D., Haupel, M.R., Lowe, C. G., Lowerre-Barbieri, S. K., Mitamura, H., Moore, J-S., Simpfendorfer, C. A., Stokebury, M. J. W., Taylor, M. D., Thorstad, E. B., Vandergoot, C. S. & Fisk, A. T. (2022). Global trends in aquatic animal tracking with acoustic telemetry. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 37(1), 79-94.

Maklad, A., Reed, C., Johnson, N. S., & Fritzsch, B. (2014). Anatomy of the lamprey ear: morphological evidence for occurrence of horizontal semicircular ducts in the labyrinth of Petromyzon marinus. Journal of Anatomy, 224(4), 432-446.

Malcolm, I. A., Godfrey, J., & Youngson, A. F. (2010). Review of migratory routes and behaviour of Atlantic salmon, sea trout and European eel in Scotland's coastal environment: implications for the development of marine renewables. Marine Scotland Science.

Malcolm, I. A., Jackson, F. L., Millidine, K. J., Bacon, P. J., McCartney, A. G. & Fryer, R. J. (2021). The National Electrofishing Programme for Scotland (NEPS) 2021.Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science 14(2)

McCabe, M. M., Chiotti, J. A., Boase, J. C., Fisk, A. T., & Pitcher, T. E. (2019). Assessing acoustic tagging effects on survival, growth, and swimming ability of juvenile lake sturgeon. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 39(3), 574-581.

Mcilvenny, J., Youngson, A., Williamson, B. J., Gauld, N. R., Goddijn-Murphy, L., & Del Villar-Guerra, D. (2021). Combining acoustic tracking and hydrodynamic modelling to study migratory behaviour of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts on entry into high-energy coastal waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 78(7), 2409-2419.

Mendonca, V. M. D. (1997). Predator-prey interactions in a sandy shore system in the moray firth, north-east scotland. University of Aberdeen (United Kingdom).

Methratta, E. T. (2020). Monitoring fisheries resources at offshore wind farms: BACI vs. BAG designs. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 77(3), 890-900.

Mickle, M. F., Miehls, S. M., Johnson, N. S., & Higgs, D. M. (2019). Hearing capabilities and behavioural response of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) to low-frequency sounds. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 76(9), 1541-1548.

Middlemas, S., Stewart, D., Mackay, S. & Armstrong, J. (2009). Habitat use and dispersal of post-smolt sea trout Salmo trutta in a Scottish sea loch system. Journal of Fish Biology 74, 639-651.

Miller, M. J., Westerberg, H., Sparholt, H., Wysujack, K., Sørensen, S. R., Marohn, L., Jacobsen, M. W., Freese, M., Ayala, D. J., Pohlmann, J-D., Svendsen, J. C., Watanabe, S., Andersen, L., Møller, P. R., Tsukamoto, K., Munk. P. & Hanel, R. (2019). Spawning by the European eel across 2000 km of the Sargasso Sea. Biology letters, 15(4), 20180835.

Mitson, R. B. (1995). Underwater noise of research vessels: review and recommendations. ICES Cooperative Research Reports (CRR).

Mobley, K. B., Aykanat, T., Czorlich, Y., House, A., Kurko, J., Miettinen, A., Moustakas-Verho, J., Salgado, A., Sinclair-Waters, M., Verta J-P. & Primmer, C. R. (2021). Maturation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, Salmonidae): a synthesis of ecological, genetic, and molecular processes. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 31, 523–571.

Moore, A. & Potter, E. (1994). The movement of wild sea trout, Salmo trutta L., smolts through a river estuary. Fisheries Management and Ecology 1, 1-14.

Moore, A., Ives, M., Scott, M. & Bamber, S. (1998). The migratory behaviour of wild sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) smolts in the estuary of the River Conwy, North Wales. Aquaculture 168, 57-68.

Moore, A., Ives, M., Davison, P., & Privitera, L. (2016). A preliminary study on the movements of smelt, Osmerus eperlanus, in two East Anglian rivers. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 23(2), 169-171.

Morais, P., Dias, E., Babaluk, J., & Antunes, C. (2011). The migration patterns of the European flounder Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pleuronectidae, Pisces) at the southern limit of its distribution range: ecological implications and fishery management. Journal of Sea Research, 65(2), 235-246.

Moriarty, P. E., Byron, C. J., Pershing, A. J., Stockwell, J. D., & Xue, H. (2016). Predicting migratory paths of post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Marine Biology, 163, 1-11.

Mork, K. A., Gilbey, J., Hansen, L. P., Jensen, A. J., Jacobsen, J. A., Holm, M., Holst, J. C., Ó Maoiléidigh, N., Vikebø, F., McGinnity, P., Melle, W., Thomas, K.Verspoor, E. & Wennevik, V. (2012). Modelling the migration of post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the Northeast Atlantic. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69(9), 1616-1624.

Mota, M., Rochard, E., & Antunes, C. (2016). Status of the diadromous fish of the Iberian Peninsula: past, present and trends. Limnetica, 35(1), 1-18.

Marine Directorate. (2023). ScotMER conference - Diadromous Fish session. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmN8HMtsNWs (Accessed 7 June 2023).

Mueller-Blenkle, C., McGregor, P. K., Gill, A. B., Andersson, M. H., Metcalfe, J., Bendall, V., Sigray, P., Wood, D. T. & Thomsen, F. (2010). Effects of pile-driving noise on the behaviour of marine fish. COWRIE Ref: Fish 06-08, Technical Report.

Myers, R. A. (1984). Demographic consequences of precocious maturation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 41, 1349–1353.

Naisbett-Jones, L. C., & Lohmann, K. J. (2022). Magnetoreception and magnetic navigation in fishes: a half century of discovery. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 208(1), 19-40.

Naisbett-Jones, L. C., Putman, N. F., Stephenson, J. F., Ladak, S., & Young, K. A. (2017). A magnetic map leads juvenile European eels to the Gulf Stream. Current Biology, 27(8), 1236-1240.

Nall GH (1923). Brown trout of the River Tweed. Fishery Board for Scotland Tagging in the River Tweed in Scotland. Fishery Board for Scotland Salmon Fisheries No. V

Nall, G. H. (1935). The sea trout of Mull. Fish. Scot. Salm. Fish, 1, l-44.

Nedelec, S. L., Campbell, J., Radford, A. N., Simpson, S. D., & Merchant, N. D. (2016). Particle motion: the missing link in underwater acoustic ecology. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7(7), 836-842.

Nedwell, J. R., & Mason, T. I. (2012). Modelling of Noise during Impact Piling Operations at the Fineart na Gaoithe Offshore Wind Farm in the Firth of Forth. Subacoustech Environmental Ltd.

Nedwell, J., Langworthy, J., & Howell, D. (2003). Assessment of sub-sea acoustic noise and vibration from offshore wind turbines and its impact on marine wildlife; initial measurements of underwater noise during construction of offshore wind farms, and comparison with background noise. Tech. Rep. 544R0424. Prepared by Subacoustech Ltd., Hampshire, UK for COWRIE.

Nedwell, J. R., Turnpenny, A. W., Lovell, J. M., & Edwards, B. (2006). An investigation into the effects of underwater piling noise on salmonids. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 120(5), 2550-2554.

Nedwell, J. R., Parvin, S. J., Edwards, B., Workman, R., Brooker, A. G., & Kynoch, J. E. (2007). Measurement and interpretation of underwater noise during construction and operation of offshore windfarms in UK waters. Report for COWRIE, Newbury, UK.

Nehls, G., Rose, A., Diederichs, A., Bellmann, M., & Pehlke, H. (2016). Noise mitigation during pile driving efficiently reduces disturbance of marine mammals. In The effects of noise on aquatic life II (pp. 755-762). Springer New York.

Neves, V. M. S. (2017). Tagging flounder Platichthys flesus - a test of methodologies and an evaluation of behavioural and physiological effects.

Newcombe, C. P., & MacDonald, D. D. (1991). Effects of suspended sediments on aquatic ecosystems. North American journal of fisheries management, 11(1), 72-82.

Newton, M., Barry, J., Lothian, A., Main, R., Honkanen, H., McKelvey, S., Thompson, P., Davies, I., Brockie, N., Stephen, A., Murray, R. O’H., Gardiner, R., Campbell, L., Stainer, P. & Adams, C. (2021). Counterintuitive active directional swimming behaviour by Atlantic salmon during seaward migration in the coastal zone. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 78(5), 1730-1743.

Nunn, A.D., Ainsworth, R.F., Walton, S., Bean, C.W., Hatton‐Ellis, T.W., Brown, A., Evans, R., Atterborne, A., Ottewell, D. and Noble, R.A. (2023). Extinction risks and threats facing the freshwater fishes of Britain. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems.

Offshore Wind Scotland. (2023) Available at: https://www.offshorewindscotland.org.uk/ (Accessed 20/10/2023).

Ona, E. (1988). Trawling noise and fish avoidance, related to near-surface trawl sampling. In: Sundby, S. (Ed.), Proceedings from Workshop on Year Class Variations as Determined from Pre-recruit Investigations, vol.1. Bergen, Norway, 20–30 September 1988

Ona, E., Godø, O. R., Handegard, N. O., Hjellvik, V., Patel, R., & Pedersen, G. (2007). Silent research vessels are not quiet. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 121(4), EL145-EL150.

Orpwood, J., Fryer, R. J., Rycroft, P. & Armstrong, J. D. (2015). Effects of AC magnetic fields (MFs) on swimming activity in European eels Anguilla anguilla. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science, 6(8), 20pp.

OSPAR (2009). Overview of the impacts of anthropogenic underwater sound in the marine environment, OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the NorthEast Atlantic (www.ospar.org)

Ounsley, J. P., Gallego, A., Morris, D. J., & Armstrong, J. D. (2020). Regional variation in directed swimming by Atlantic salmon smolts leaving Scottish waters for their oceanic feeding grounds—a modelling study. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 77(1), 315-325.

Page, H. M., Dugan, J. E., Culver, C. S., & Hoesterey, J. C. (2006). Exotic invertebrate species on offshore oil platforms. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 325, 101-107.

Parvin, S. J., Nedwell, J. R., & Harland, E. (2007). Lethal and physical injury of marine mammals, and requirements for Passive Acoustic Monitoring. Subacoustech Report Reference: 565R0212, February.

Patrick, P. H., Poulton, J. S., & Brown, R. (2001). Responses of American eels to strobe light and sound (preliminary data) and introduction to sound conditioning as a potential fish passage technology. In Behavioral Technologies for Fish Guidance: American Fisheries Society Symposium (p. 1).

Pemberton, R. (1976). Sea trout in North Argyll sea lochs, population, distribution and movements. Journal of Fish Biology 9, 157–179.

Persson, L., Raunsgard, A., Thorstad, E. B., Østborg, G., Urdal, K., Sægrov, H., Ugedal, O., Hindar, K., Karlsson, S., Fiske, P. & Bolstad, G. H. (2022). Iteroparity and its contribution to life-history variation in Atlantic salmon. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 80(3), 577-592.

Pinder, A. C., Riley, W. D., Ibbotson, A. T., & Beaumont, W. R. C. (2007). Evidence for an autumn downstream migration and the subsequent estuarine residence of 0+ year juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L., in England. Journal of fish Biology, 71(1), 260-264.

Pratten, D. J., & Shearer, W. M. (1983). The migrations of North Esk sea trout. Aquaculture Research, 14(3), 99-113.

Poddubny A.G., Malinin L.K. & Spector I. (1979). Biotelemetry in Fisheries Research. Moskva (Food Industry), 188 pp. (in Russian.)

Poddubny A.G. (1967). Sonic tags and floats as a means of studying fish response to natural environmental changes to fishing gears. Conference on Fish Behaviour in Relation to Fishing Techniques and Tactics, Bergen, Norway, Rome:FAO, pp. 793–802

Popper, A. N., & Fay, R. R. (2011). Rethinking sound detection by fishes. Hearing research, 273(1-2), 25-36.

Popper, A. N., & Hastings, M. C. (2009). The effects of anthropogenic sources of sound on fishes. Journal of fish biology, 75(3), 455-489.

Popper, A. N., & Hawkins, A. D. (2018). The importance of particle motion to fishes and invertebrates. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 143(1), 470-488.

Popper, A. N., & Hoxter, B. (1987). Sensory and non-sensory ciliated cells in the ear of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. Brain, Behaviour and Evolution, 30(1-2), 43-61.

Popper, A. N., Hawkins, A. D., & Sisneros, J. A. (2022a). Fish hearing “specialization”–a re-evaluation. Hearing research, 425, 108393.

Popper, A. N., Hice-Dunton, L., Jenkins, E., Higgs, D. M., Krebs, J., Mooney, A., Rice, A., Roberts, L., Thomsen, F., Vigness-Raposa, K. Zeddies, D. & Williams, K. A. (2022b). Offshore wind energy development: Research priorities for sound and vibration effects on fishes and aquatic invertebrates. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 151(1), 205-215.

Purser, J., & Radford, A. N. (2011). Acoustic noise induces attention shifts and reduces foraging performance in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). PloS one, 6(2), e17478.

Putman, N. F., Scanlan, M. M., Billman, E. J., O’Neil, J. P., Couture, R. B., Quinn, T. P., Lohmann, K. J. & Noakes, D. L. (2014). An inherited magnetic map guides ocean navigation in juvenile Pacific salmon. Current Biology, 24(4), 446-450.

Püts, M., Kempf, A., Möllmann, C., & Taylor, M. (2023). Trade-offs between fisheries, offshore wind farms and marine protected areas in the southern North Sea–Winners, losers and effective spatial management. Marine Policy, 152, 105574.

Quigley, D. T. G., Igoe, F., & O'Connor, W. (2004). The European Smelt Osmerus eperlanus L. in Ireland: general biology, ecology, distribution and Status with conservation recommendations. In Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy (pp. 57-66). Royal Irish Academy.

Quinn, T. P., & Light, J. T. (1989). Occurrence of three-spine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in the open North Pacific Ocean: migration or drift?. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67(11), 2850-2852.

Quintella, B. R., Clemens, B. J., Sutton, T. M., Lança, M. J., Madenjian, C. P., Happel, A., & Harvey, C. J. (2021). At-sea feeding ecology of parasitic lampreys. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 47, S72-S89.

Raffaelli, D., Richner, H., Summers, R., & Northcott, S. (1990). Tidal migrations in the flounder (Platichthys flesus). Marine & Freshwater Behaviour & Phy, 16(4), 249-260.

Reubens, J. T., Degraer, S., & Vincx, M. (2014). The ecology of benthopelagic fishes at offshore wind farms: a synthesis of 4 years of research. Hydrobiologia, 727, 121-136.

Reubens, J., Verhelst, P., van der Knaap, I., Deneudt, K., Moens, T., & Hernandez, F. (2019). Environmental factors influence the detection probability in acoustic telemetry in a marine environment: results from a new setup. Hydrobiologia, 845, 81-94.

Riefolo, L., Lanfredi, C., Azzellino, A., Tomasicchio, G. R., Felice, D. A., Penchev, V., & Vicinanza, D. (2016). Offshore wind turbines: an overview of the effects on the marine environment. In The 26th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference. OnePetro.

Righton, D., Westerberg, H., Feunteun, E., Økland, F., Gargan, P., Amilhat, E., Metcalfe, J., Lobon-cervia, J., Sjöberg, N., Simon, J., Acou, A., Vedor, M., Walker, A., Trancart, T., Brämick, U. & Aarestrup, K. (2016). Empirical observations of the spawning migration of European eels: The long and dangerous road to the Sargasso Sea. Science Advances, 2(10), e1501694.

Rikardsen, A. H., Righton, D., Strøm, J. F., Thorstad, E. B., Gargan, P., Sheehan, T., Økland, F., Chittenden, C. M., Hedger, R. D., Næje, T. F., Renkawitz, M., Sturlaugsson, J., Caballero, P., Baktoft, H., Davidsen, J. G., Halttunen, E., Wright, S., Finstad, B. & Aarestrup, K. (2021). Redefining the oceanic distribution of Atlantic salmon. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 12266.

Risch, D., Favill, G., Marmo, B., van Geel, N., Benjamins, S., Thompson, P., Wittich, A. & Wilson, B. (2023). Characterisation of underwater operational noise of two types of floating offshore wind turbines. Report by Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS). Report for Supergen Offshore Renewable Energy Hub.

Rivers and Fisheries Trusts of Scotland. (2014). Data Supporting Site Condition Monitoring of Atlantic salmon SACs. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 755.

Rönbäck P & Westerberg H (1996). Sedimenteffekter på pelagiska fiskägg och gulesäckslarver. Fiskeriverket, Kustlaboratoriet, Frölunda, Sweden.

SALSEA-MERGE. (2012). Advancing understanding of Atlantic Salmon at Sea: merging genetics and ecology to resolve stock-specific migration and distribution patterns. Bergen: Institute of Marine Research. https://salmonatsea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Completed-Final-Report-SALSEA-Merge.pdf. Accessed 5 April 2023.

Sammarco, P. W., Atchison, A. D., & Boland, G. S. (2004). Expansion of coral communities within the Northern Gulf of Mexico via offshore oil and gas platforms. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 280, 129-143.

Sand, O., Enger, P. S., Karlsen, H. E., Knudsen, F., & Kvernstuen, T. (2000). Avoidance responses to infrasound in downstream migrating European silver eels, Anguilla anguilla. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 57, 327-336.

Saura, M., Caballero, A., Caballero, P., & Morán, P. (2008). Impact of precocious male parr on the effective size of a wild population of Atlantic salmon. Freshwater Biology, 53, 2375–2384.

Scottish Government. (2020a). Sectoral Marine Plan for Offshore Wind Energy. 79pp. https://www.gov.scot/publications/sectoral-marine-plan-offshore-wind-energy/

Scottish Government. (2020b). National Electrofishing Programme for Scotland available at https://www.gov.scot/publications/national-electrofishing-programme-for-scotland/ [accessed on 28 August 2023]

Scottish Government. (2023a). Draft Energy Strategy and Just Transition Plan. 192pp. https://www.gov.scot/publications/draft-energy-strategy-transition-plan/

Scottish Government (2023b) Scotland’s Marine Economic Statistics 2021. 23pp. https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/statistics/2023/12/scotlands-marine-economic-statistics-2021/documents/scotlands-marine-economic-statistics-2021/scotlands-marine-economic-statistics-2021/govscot%3Adocument/scotlands-marine-economic-statistics-2021.pdf

Shearer, W. M. (1990). The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) of the North Esk with particular reference to the relationship between both river and sea age and time of return to home waters. Fisheries Research, 10(1-2), 93-123.

Sherwood, J., Chidgey, S., Crockett, P., Gwyther, D., Ho, P., Stewart, S., Strong, D., Whitely, B. & Williams, A. (2016). Installation and operational effects of a HVDC submarine cable in a continental shelf setting: Bass Strait, Australia. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science, 1(4):337–353.

Sigray, P., Linné, M., Andersson, M. H., Nöjd, A., Persson, L. K., Gill, A. B., & Thomsen, F. (2022). Particle motion observed during offshore wind turbine piling operation. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 180, 113734.

Skerritt, D. J. (2010). A review of the European flounder Platichthys flesus–biology, life history and trends in population. Eastern Sea Fisheries Joint Committee Report. Newcastle University.

Soares-Ramos, E. P., de Oliveira-Assis, L., Sarrias-Mena, R., & Fernández-Ramírez, L. M. (2020). Current status and future trends of offshore wind power in Europe. Energy, 202, 117787.

Stankevičiūtė, M., Jakubowska, M., Pažusienė, J., Makaras, T., Otremba, Z., Urban-Malinga, B., Fey, D.P., Greszkiewicz, M., Sauliutė, G., Baršienė, J. and Andrulewicz, E. (2019). Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of 50 Hz 1 mT electromagnetic field on larval rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Baltic clam (Limecola balthica) and common ragworm (Hediste diversicolor). Aquatic toxicology, 208, pp.109-117.

Stokes, A., Cockrell, K., Wilson, J., Davis, D., & Warwick, D. (2010). Mitigation of underwater pile driving noise during offshore construction. M09PC00019.

Strøm, J. F., Thorstad, E. B., Hedger, R. D., & Rikardsen, A. H. (2018). Revealing the full ocean migration of individual Atlantic salmon. Animal Biotelemetry, 6, 1-16.

Summers, R. W. (1979). Life cycle and population ecology of the flounder Platichthys flesus (L.) in the Ythan estuary, Scotland. Journal of Natural History, 13(6), 703-723.

Taning, A. V, (1938). Deep-sea fishes of the Bermuda Oceanographic Expeditions. Family Anguillidae. Zoological, 23(3): 313-318.

Taormina, B., Bald, J., Want, A., Thouzeau, G., Lejart, M., Desroy, N., & Carlier, A. (2018). A review of potential impacts of submarine power cables on the marine environment: Knowledge gaps, recommendations and future directions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 96, 380-391.

Taverny, C. (1991). Contribution à la connaissance de la dynamique des populations d'aloses: Alosa Alosa et Alosa Fallax dans le système fluvio-estuarien de la Gironde: pêche, biologie et écologie: étude particulière de la devalaison et de l'impact des activités humaines (Doctoral dissertation, Bordeaux 1).

Taylor, E. B., & McPhail, J. D. (1986). Prolonged and burst swimming in anadromous and freshwater three-spine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Canadian journal of Zoology, 64(2), 416-420.

Teague, N., & Clough, S. C. (2014). Investigations into the response of 0+ twaite shad (Alosa fallax) to ultrasound and its potential as an entrainment deterrent. WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering, 71.

Teilmann, J., & Carstensen, J. (2012). Negative long term effects on harbour porpoises from a large scale offshore wind farm in the Baltic—evidence of slow recovery. Environmental Research Letters, 7(4), 045101.

Todd, V. L., Williamson, L. D., Couto, A. S., Todd, I. B., & Clapham, P. J. (2022). Effect of a new offshore gas platform on harbour porpoises in the Dogger Bank. Marine Mammal Science, 38(4), 1609-1622.

Thomsen, P. F., Kielgast, J., Iversen, L. L., Møller, P. R., Rasmussen, M., & Willerslev, E. (2012). Detection of a Diverse Marine Fish Fauna Using Environmental DNA from Seawater Samples. PLoS ONE 7(8): e41732.

Thomsen, F., Gill, A. B., Kosecka, M., Andersson, M., Andre, M., Degraer, S., Felegot, T. & Wilson, B. (2015). MaRVEN – Environmental Impacts of Noise, Vibrations and Electromagnetic Emissions from Marine Renewable Energy. Final Study Report. European Commission RTD-KI-NA-27-738-EN-N, pp.

Thorstad, E. B., Økland, F., & Heggberget, T. G. (2001). Are long term negative effects from external tags underestimated? Fouling of an externally attached telemetry transmitter. Journal of Fish Biology, 59(4), 1092-1094.

Thorstad, E. B., Rikardsen, A. H., Alp, A., & Økland, F. (2013). The use of electronic tags in fish research–an overview of fish telemetry methods. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 13(5), 881-896.

Thorstad, E.B., Todd, C.D., Uglem, I., Bjørn, P.A., Gargan, P.G., Vollset, K.W., Halttunen, E., Kålås, S., Berg, M. and Finstad, B. (2016). Marine life of the sea trout. Marine Biology, 163, pp.1-19.

Thorstad, E. B., Whoriskey, F., Rikardsen, A. H., & Aarestrup, K. (2011). Aquatic nomads: the life and migrations of the Atlantic salmon. Atlantic salmon ecology, 1(6), 1-32.

Thorstad, E.B., Whoriskey, F., Uglem, I., Moore, A., Rikardsen, A.H. & Finstad, B. (2012). A critical life stage of the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar: Behaviour and survival during the smolt and initial post-smolt migration. Journal of Fish Biology, 81(2), 500–542.

Tougaard, J., Hermannsen, L., & Madsen, P. T. (2020). How loud is the underwater noise from operating offshore wind turbines?. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 148(5), 2885-2893.

Vabø, R., Olsen, K., & Huse, I. (2002). The effect of vessel avoidance of wintering Norwegian spring spawning herring. Fisheries research, 58(1), 59-77.

Valsecchi, E., Arcangeli, A., Lombardi, R., Boyse, E., Carr, I. M., Galli, P., Goodman, S. J. (2021). Ferries and environmental DNA: Underway sampling from commercial vessels provides new opportunities for systematic genetic surveys of marine biodiversity. Frontiers in Marine Science. 8, 704786.

van Berkel, J., Burchard, H., Christensen, A., Mortensen, L. O., Petersen, O. S., & Thomsen, F. (2020). The effects of offshore wind farms on hydrodynamics and implications for fishes. Oceanography, 33(4), 108-117.

van der Knaap, I., Slabbekoorn, H., Moens, T., Van den Eynde, D., & Reubens, J. (2022). Effects of pile driving sound on local movement of free-ranging Atlantic cod in the Belgian North Sea. Environmental Pollution, 300, 118913.

van Ginneken, V. J., & Maes, G. E. (2005). The European eel (Anguilla anguilla, Linnaeus), its lifecycle, evolution and reproduction: a literature review. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 15, 367-398.

van Hal, R., Volwater, J., & Neitzel, S. (2022). Electromagnetic fields benthic fish: impact of the export cable of Net op Zee Borssele (No. C013/22). Wageningen Marine Research.

Vanhellemont, Q., & Ruddick, K. (2014). Turbid wakes associated with offshore wind turbines observed with Landsat 8. Remote Sensing of Environment, 145, 105-115.

Vanermen, N., Onkelinx, T., Courtens, W., Van De Walle, M., Verstraete, H., & Stienen, E. W. (2015). Seabird avoidance and attraction at an offshore wind farm in the Belgian part of the North Sea. Hydrobiologia, 756, 51-61.

Verfuss, U.K., Sinclair, R.R. & Sparling, C.E. (2019). A review of noise abatement systems for offshore wind farm construction noise, and the potential for their application in Scottish waters. Scottish Natural Heritage Research Report No. 1070

Voellmy, I. K., Purser, J., Simpson, S. D., & Radford, A. N. (2014). Assessing effects of increased noise levels on fish behaviour.

Waldman, J., R. and Quinn, T. P. (2022). North American diadromous fishes: Drivers of decline and potential for recovery in the Anthropocene. Science Advances, 8(4).

Wang, T., Ru, X., Deng, B., Zhang, C., Wang, X., Yang, B., & Zhang, L. (2023). Evidence that offshore wind farms might affect marine sediment quality and microbial communities. Science of The Total Environment, 856, 158782.

Westerberg, H. (1994). Fisheries investigations at a marine wind turbine 1990-1993. (Fiskeriundersokningar vid havsbaserat vindkraftverk 1990-1993). Report (5) 1-44 Fiskeriverket, Utredningskontoret, Jonkoping, Sweden.

Westerberg, H. (2000). Effect of HVDC cables on eel orientation. Technische Eingriffe in Marine Lebensraume. Bundesamt für Naturschutz, 70-76.

Westerberg, H., & Begout-Anras, M. L. (2000). Orientation of silver eel (Anguilla anguilla) in a disturbed geomagnetic field. Advances in fish telemetry, 149-158.

Westerberg, H., & Lagenfelt, I. (2008). Sub‐sea power cables and the migration behaviour of the European eel. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 15(5‐6), 369-375.

Wilhelmsson, D., & Malm, T. (2008). Fouling assemblages on offshore wind power plants and adjacent substrata. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 79(3), 459-466.

Williams, D. D., & Delbeek, J. C. (1989). Biology of the three-spine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, and the blackspotted stickleback, G. wheatlandi, during their marine pelagic phase in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 24, 33-41.

Wiltschko, W., & Wiltschko, R. (1972). Magnetic compass of European robins. Science, 176(4030), 62-64.

Winter, H. V., Aarts, G. M., & Van Keeken, O. A. (2010). Residence time and behaviour of sole and cod in the Offshore Wind farm Egmond aan Zee (OWEZ) (No. OWEZ_R_265_T1_20100916). IMARES Wageningen UR.

Winter, E. R., Tummers, J. S., Aarestrup, K., Baktoft, H., & Lucas, M. C. (2016). Investigating the phenology of seaward migration of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) in two European populations. Hydrobiologia, 775, 139-151.

Wirjoatmodjo, S., and Pitcher, T. J. (1984). Flounders follow the tides to feed: evidence from ultrasonic tracking in an estuary. Estuarine, coastal and shelf science, 19(2), 231-241.

Woodward, I.D., Franks, S.E., Bowgen, K., Davies, J.G., Green, R.M.W., Griffin, L.R., Mitchell, C., O’Hanlon, N., Pollock, C., Rees, E.C., Tremlett, C., Wright, L. & Cook, A.S.C.P. (2023). Strategic study of collision risk for birds on migration and further development of the stochastic collision risk modelling tool. Work Package 1: Strategic review of birds on migration in Scottish waters. https://www.gov.scot/publications/strategic-study-collision-risk-birds-migration-further-development-stochastic-collision-risk-modelling-tool-work-package-1-strategic-review-birds-migration-scottish-waters/documents/ (Accessed 12 December 2023).

Wright, R. M., Piper, A. T., Aarestrup, K., Azevedo, J. M., Cowan, G., Don, A., Gollock, M., Ramallo, S. R., Velterop, R., Walker, A., Westerberg, H. & Righton, D. (2022). First direct evidence of adult European eels migrating to their breeding place in the Sargasso Sea. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 15362.

Wyman, M. T., Peter Klimley, A., Battleson, R. D., Agosta, T. V., Chapman, E. D., Haverkamp, P. J., Pagel, M. D. & Kavet, R. (2018). Behavioral responses by migrating juvenile salmonids to a subsea high-voltage DC power cable. Marine Biology, 165, 1-15.

Xie, Y., Michielsens, C. G., Gray, A. P., Martens, F. J., & Boffey, J. L. (2008). Observations of avoidance reactions of migrating salmon to a mobile survey vessel in a riverine environment. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 65(10), 2178-2190.

Zaborska, A., Kosakowska, A., Bełdowski, J., Bełdowska, M., Szubska, M., Walkusz-Miotk, J., Zak, A. Ciechanowicz, A. & Wdowiak, M. (2017). The distribution of heavy metals and 137Cs in the central part of the Polish maritime zone (Baltic Sea)–the area selected for wind farm acquisition. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 198, 471-481.