Offshore wind energy - draft sectoral marine plan: habitat regulations appraisal

 

Footnotes

1. As recommended and agreed in the Phase 2 methods report Stages 6 and 7 of the HRA process were bypassed in light of recent case law judgments (in 2018) which indicate that mitigation measures to reduce adverse effects should not be considered at the screening stage.

2. Commercial offshore wind development defined as arrays >100MW installed capacity.

3. Scottish Government, 2013. Draft Sectoral Marine Plans for Offshore Renewable Energy in Scottish Waters; 2013;  https://www.gov.scot/publications/draft-sectoral-marine-plans-offshore-renewable-energy-scottish-waters-consultation/PSGes/7/.

4. European Commission, 2001. Assessment of plans and projects significantly affecting Natura 2000 sites.

5. Each EC Member State is ultimately responsible for implementation of the Directives in their territory and in Scotland, the EC Habitats Directive is transposed through a combination of the Habitats Regulations 2010 (in relation to reserved matters) and the Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) Regulations 1994 (as well as Scottish Statutory amendments made between 2004 and 2007).

6. In Scotland it is also a matter of policy as set out in the February 2010 Scottish Planning Policy document (SG, 2010) that international Ramsar sites are ‘also Natura sites and are protected under the relevant statutory regimes’.

7. Sites that have been adopted by the European Commission but not yet formally designated by the government of each country.

8. ABPmer, 2017. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of the Draft Sectoral Marine Plans for Offshore Renewable Energy in Scottish Waters. Reports for Marine Scotland, ABPmer Report No: R.2121a-c. 5 May 2017.

9. ABPmer, 2011a. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of Draft Plan for Offshore Wind Energy in Scottish Territorial Waters. Report for the Scottish Government, ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd, Report No: R.1722a-c. January 2011.

10. ABPmer, 2013. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of Draft Plan for Wave and Tidal Energy in Scottish Waters. Reports for Marine Scotland, ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd, Report No: R.1863a-c. January 2013.

11. David Tyldesley and Associates, 2015. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of Plans. Guidance for Plan-making Bodies in Scotland Version 3.0, January 2015 SNH Ref 1739.

12. https://www.gov.scot/publications/scoping-areas-search-study-offshore-wind-energy-scottish-waters-2018/

13. Davies, I. M. and Watret, R. (2011) Scoping Study for Offshore Wind Farm Development in Scottish Waters. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Vol 2 No 13. Available at: www.gov.scot/Publications/2011/11/28104658/0

14. DRLG">https://www2.gov.scot/Topics/marine/marineenergy/Planning/DRLG

15. https://www.gov.scot/publications/scoping-areas-search-study-offshore-wind-energy-scottish-waters-2018/

16. Further detail regarding the cross sectoral Steering Groups is provided in the Statement of Public Participation

17. David Tyldesley and Associates, 2015. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of Plans. Guidance for Plan-making Bodies in Scotland Version 3.0, January 2015 SNH Ref 1739.

18. To ensure full auditability, both now and in the future, where any site is removed from the assessment scope this is indicated on the screening tables (as shown in Table C1) but these sites are not deleted.

19. ABPmer, 2010a. Screening and Scoping Review for the Pentland Firth Strategic Area (PFSA) Leasing Round Habitats Regulations Assessment. Report for The Crown Estate, ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd, Report No: R.1601. January 2010.

20. ABPmer, 2011a. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of Draft Plan for Offshore Wind Energy in Scottish Territorial Waters. Report for the Scottish Government, ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd, Report No: R.1722a-c. January 2011.

21. ABPmer, 2011b. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of National Infrastructure Renewables Plan (N-RIP). Report for the Scottish Government, A ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd, Report No: R.1772a-b. January 2011.

22. ABPmer 2013f. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of Draft Plan for Wave and Tidal Energy (W&TE) in Scottish Waters.  Report for Marine Scotland 2013; ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd, Final Report January 2013 Report Nos. R.1863a (Pre-Screening); R.1863b (Screening); and R.1863c (Report to Inform Appropriate Assessment); and R.1863d (PSG Comments Review).

23. ABPmer, 2017b. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of the Draft Sectoral Marine Plans for Offshore Renewable Energy in Scottish Waters. Reports for Marine Scotland, ABPmer Report No: R.2121b. 5 May 2017.

24. IAMMWG, 2015. Management Units for cetaceans in UK waters (January 2015).

25. ABPmer, 2011a. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of Draft Plan for Offshore Wind Energy in Scottish Territorial Waters. Report for the Scottish Government, ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd, Report No: R.1722a-c. January 2011.

26. ABPmer, 2013. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of Draft Plan for Wave and Tidal Energy in Scottish Waters. Reports for Marine Scotland, ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd, Report No: R.1863a-c. January 2013.

27. ABPmer, 2017. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of the Draft Sectoral Marine Plans for Offshore Renewable Energy in Scottish Waters. Reports for Marine Scotland, ABPmer Report No: R.2121a-c. 5 May 2017.

28. Defra, 2010. Accessing and developing the required biophysical datasets and data layers for Marine Protected Areas network planning and wider marine spatial planning purposes Report No 22 Task 3 Development of a Sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features) Final September 2010.

29. Wilson, J.C., Elliott M., Cutts N.D, Mander L., Mendão V., Perez-Dominguez 1 R., and Phelps, A. 2010. Coastal and Offshore Wind Energy Generation: Is It Environmentally Benign? Energies, Vol 3, pp. 1383-1422.

30. BERR, 2008.  Review of cabling techniques and environmental effects applicable to the offshore wind farm industry - Technical Report. BERR. [cited in Entec UK Ltd, 2009a].

31. BERR, 2008.  Review of cabling techniques and environmental effects applicable to the offshore wind farm industry - Technical Report. BERR. [cited in Entec UK Ltd, 2009a].

32. EC, 2007. Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats (EUR27) Appendix 1 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/appendix_1_habitat.pdf.

33. EC, 2007. Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats (EUR27) Appendix 1 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/appendix_1_habitat.pdf.

34. EC, 2007. Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats (EUR27) Appendix 1 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/marine/docs/appendix_1_habitat.pdf.

35. Boorman, L.A. 2003. Saltmarsh Review. An overview of coastal saltmarshes, their dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation and management, JNCC, Peterborough.

36. ABPmer, 2013f. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of Draft Plan for Wave and Tidal Energy (W&TE) in Scottish Waters.  Report for Marine Scotland 2013; ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd, Final Report January 2013 Report Nos. R.1863a (Pre-Screening); R.1863b (Screening); and R.1863c (Report to Inform Appropriate Assessment); and R.1863d (PSG Comments Review).

37. ABPmer, 2011a. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of Draft Plan for Offshore Wind Energy in Scottish Territorial Waters. Report for the Scottish Government, ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd, Report No: R.1722a-c. January 2011.

38. ABPmer, 2017. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of the Draft Sectoral Marine Plans for Offshore Renewable Energy in Scottish Waters. Reports for Marine Scotland, ABPmer Report No: R.2121a-c. 5 May 2017.

39. Garthe, S. & Hüppop, O. 2004 Scaling possible adverse effects of marine wind farms on seabirds: developing and applying a vulnerability index. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41, 724 - 734.

40. Furness, Robert & Garthe, Stefan & Trinder, Mark & Matthiopoulos, Jason & Wanless, Sarah & Jeglinski, Jana. (2018). Nocturnal flight activity of northern gannets Morus bassanus and implications for modelling collision risk at offshore wind farms. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 73. 1-6. 10.1016/j.eiar.2018.06.006.

41. Gaston, A.J. & Jones, I.L. 1998. The Auks. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York.

42. Garthe, S. & Hüppop, O. 2004 Scaling possible adverse effects of marine wind farms on seabirds: developing and applying a vulnerability index. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41, 724 - 734.

43. DECC, 2009. UK Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment. Future Leasing for Offshore Wind Farms and Licensing for Offshore Oil & Gas and Gas Storage. Environmental Report.

44. Gaston, A.J. 2004. Seabirds: A Natural History. Christopher Helm A & C Black, London, UK.

45. Krijgsveld, K.L., R. Lensink, H. Schekkerman, P. Wiersma, M.J.M. Poot, E.H.W.G. Meesters & S. Dirksen, 2005. Baseline studies North Sea wind farms: fluxes, flight paths and altitudes of flying birds 2003 - 2004. Report 05-041. Bureau Waardenburg, Culemborg.

46. Krijgsveld, K.L., R.C. Fijn, M. Japink, P.W. van Horssen, C. Heunks, M.P. Collier, M.J.M. Poot, D. Beuker & S. Dirksen, 2011. Effect studies Offshore Wind farm Egmond aan Zee: Final report on fluxes, flight altitudes and behaviour of flying birds. Report 10-219. Bureau Waardenburg, Culemborg

47. Cook, A.S., Johnston, A., Wright, L.J., and Burton, N.H. 2012. A review of flight heights and avoidance rates of birds in relation to offshore wind farms. Strategic Ornithological Support Services: Project SOSS-02. BTO and The Crown Estate.

48. Furness, R.W., Wade, H.M., & Masden E.A.  2013. Assessing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management. 119; 56-66.

49. Bradbury, G., Trinder, M., Furness, B., Banks, A.N., Caldow, R.W.G., Hume, D. 2014. Mapping Seabird Sensitivity to Offshore Wind Farms. PLoS ONE 9(9): e106366. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106366.

50. Johnston, A., Cook, A., Wright, L., Humphreys, E., Burton, N. 2014. Modelling flight heights of marine birds to more accurately assess collision risk with offshore wind turbines. Journal of Applied Ecology 51, 31–41.

51. Cook, A.S., Ward, R.M., Hansen, W.S., Larsen, L., 2018. Estimating Seabird Flight Height using LiDAR Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Vol 9 No 14, 59pp. DOI: 10.7489/12131-1.

52. Furness, R.W., Wade, H.M., & Masden E.A.  2013. Assessing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management. 119; 56-66.

53. Jongbloed, R.H. 2016. Flight height of seabirds. A literature study IMARES. Report C024/16.

54. Furness, R.W., Wade, H.M., & Masden E.A.  2013. Assessing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management. 119; 56-66.

55. Cook, A.S., Humphreys, E.M., Masden, E.A., Burton, N.H. 2014. The Avoidance Rates of Collision Between Birds and Offshore Turbines. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Volume 5 Number 16.

56. Bowgen, K., and Cook, A. 2018. Bird collision avaoidance: Empirical evidence and impact assessments. JNCC Report No. 614, JNCC, Peterborough, ISSN 0963-8091.

57. Furness, R.W., Wade, H.M., & Masden E.A.  2013. Assessing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management. 119; 56-66.

58. Jongbloed, R.H. 2016. Flight height of seabirds. A literature study IMARES. Report C024/16.

59. Masden, E. 2015. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Vol 6 No 14: Developing an avian collision risk model to incorporate variability and uncertainty. Published by Marine Scotland Science. DOI: 10.7489/1659-1. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0048/00486433.pdf.

60. McGregor, R., King, S., Donovan, C., Caneco, B., Webb, A. 2018. A Stochastic collision risk model for seabirds in flight.

61. Band, B. 2012. Using a collision risk model to assess bird collision risks for offshore windfarms. Project SOSS-02. Report to the Crown Estate. pp62.

62. Bowgen, K., and Cook, A. 2018. Bird collision avaoidance: Empirical evidence and impact assessments. JNCC Report No. 614, JNCC, Peterborough, ISSN 0963-8091.

63. Jongbloed, R.H. 2016. Flight height of seabirds. A literature study IMARES. Report C024/16.

64. Skov, H., Heinänen, S., Norman, T., Ward, R.M., Méndez-Roldán, S., Ellis, I. 2018. ORJIP Bird Collision and Avoidance Study. Final report – April 2018. The Carbon Trust. 247 pp.

65. WWT, 2014. Strategic assessment of collision risk of Scottish offshore wind farms to migrating birds. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Report Vol 5 No 12.

66. Cook, A.S., Humphreys, E.M., Masden, E.A., Burton, N.H. 2014. The Avoidance Rates of Collision Between Birds and Offshore Turbines. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Volume 5 Number 16.

67. Furness, R.W., Wade, H.M., & Masden E.A.  2013. Assessing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management. 119; 56-66.

68. Daunt, F., Camphuysen, C.J., Humphreys, E.M., Hamer, K.C., Wanless, S. and Skov, H. 2005. Local/daily scale hydrography, prey and seabird interactions. In Understanding Marine Food-web Processes: an Ecosystem Approach to Sustainable Sandeel Fisheries in the North Sea: IMPRESS Final Report (e.d. C.J. Camphuysen), pp 163-180. NIOZ-rapport, 2005-5, NIOZ, Texel, Netherlands.

69. Daunt, F., Wanless, S., Peters, G., Benvenuti, S., Sharples, J., Grémillet, D. and Scott, B. 2006. Impacts of oceanography on the foraging dynamics of seabirds in the North Sea. In Top Predators in Marine Ecosystems: Their Role in Monitoring and Management (eds I. Boyd, S. Wanless & C.J. Camphuysen), pp 177-190. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

70. Thaxter, C.B., Daunt, F., Hamer, K.C., Watanuki, Y., Harris, M.P., Grémillet, D., Peters, G., Wanless, S. 2009.  Sex-specific food provisioning in a monomorphic seabird, the Common Guillemot Uria aalge: nest defence, foraging efficiency or parental effort? Journal of Avian biology 40:75-84.

71. Thaxter, C.B., Wanless, S., Daunt, F., Harris, M.P., Benvenuti, S., Watanuki, Y., Grémillet, D., Hamer, K.C.  2010.  Influence of wing loading on trade off between pursuit-diving and flight in Common Guillemots and razorbills.  J.Exp.  Biol.  213: 1018-1025.

72. Marine Scotland. 2012. Vulnerability of Scottish Seabirds to Offshore Wind Turbines. Prepared by MacArthur Green Ltd (Furness and Wade).

73. Furness, R.W., Wade, H.M., & Masden E.A.  2013. Assessing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management. 119; 56-66.

74. Marine Scotland. 2012. Vulnerability of Scottish Seabirds to Offshore Wind Turbines. Prepared by MacArthur Green Ltd (Furness and Wade).

75. DECC, 2009. UK Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment. Future Leasing for Offshore Wind Farms and Licensing for Offshore Oil & Gas and Gas Storage. Environmental Report.

76. Bowgen, K., and Cook, A. 2018. Bird collision avaoidance: Empirical evidence and impact assessments. JNCC Report No. 614, JNCC, Peterborough, ISSN 0963-8091.

77. Skov, H., Heinänen, S., Norman, T., Ward, R.M., Méndez-Roldán, S., Ellis, I. 2018. ORJIP Bird Collision and Avoidance Study. Final report – April 2018. The Carbon Trust. 247 pp.

78. Cook, A.S., Humphreys, E.M., Masden, E.A., Burton, N.H. 2014. The Avoidance Rates of Collision Between Birds and Offshore Turbines. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Volume 5 Number 16.

79. ibid

80. Bowgen, K., and Cook, A. 2018. Bird collision avaoidance: Empirical evidence and impact assessments. JNCC Report No. 614, JNCC, Peterborough, ISSN 0963-8091.

81. Krijgsveld, K.L., R.C. Fijn, M. Japink, P.W. van Horssen, C. Heunks, M.P. Collier, M.J.M. Poot, D. Beuker & S. Dirksen, 2011. Effect studies Offshore Wind farm Egmond aan Zee: Final report on fluxes, flight altitudes and behaviour of flying birds. Report 10-219. Bureau Waardenburg, Culemborg

82. Thaxter, C.B., Ross-Smith, V.H., Bouten, W., Masden, E.A., Clark, N.A., Conway, G.J., Barber, L., Clewley, G., Burton, N.H.K., 2018. Dodging the blades: new insights into three-dimensional area use of offshore wind farms by lesser black-backed gulls Larus fuscus. Marine Ecology Progress Series 587, 247-253.

83. Mendel, B., J. Kotzerka, J. Sommerfeld, H. Schwemmer, N. Sonntag & S. Garthe.  2014. Effects of the offshore test site Alpha Ventus on distribution patterns, behaviour and flight heights of seabirds. Chapter in StUK-plus publication.

84. Bowgen, K., and Cook, A. 2018. Bird collision avoidance: Empirical evidence and impact assessments. JNCC Report No. 614, JNCC, Peterborough, ISSN 0963-8091.

85. ibid

86. Bowgen, K., and Cook, A. 2018. Bird collision avoidance: Empirical evidence and impact assessments. JNCC Report No. 614, JNCC, Peterborough, ISSN 0963-8091.

87. Cook, A.S., Humphreys, E.M., Masden, E.A., Burton, N.H. 2014. The Avoidance Rates of Collision Between Birds and Offshore Turbines. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Volume 5 Number 16.

88. Wakefield, E., Owen, E., Baer, J., Carroll, M., Daunt, F., Dodd, S., Green, J., Guilford, T., Mavor, R., Miller, P., Newell, M., Newton, S., Robertson, G., Shoji, A.,
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89. Vanerme, N., Onkelinx, T., Courtens, W., Van de walle, M., Verstraete, H., Stienen, E. 2015. Seabird avoidance and attraction at an offshore wind farm in the Belgian part of the North Sea, Hydrobiologia 756, 51-61.

90. Hamer, K.  C., Humphreys, E.  M., Garthe, S., Hennicke, J., Peters, G., Grémillet, D., Phillips, R.  A., Harris, M.  P., & Wanless, S.  (2007).  Annual variation in diets, feeding locations and foraging behaviour of gannets in the North Sea: flexibility, consistency and constraint.  Mar Ecol Prog Ser 338: 295-305.

91. Bowgen, K., and Cook, A. 2018. Bird collision avoidance: Empirical evidence and impact assessments. JNCC Report No. 614, JNCC, Peterborough, ISSN 0963-8091.

92. Cochran, W.W., and Graber, R.R. 1958. Attraction of nocturnal migrants by lights on a television tower. Wilson Bulletin, 70: 378-380.

93. Evans, W. R. and Manville, A. M. 2000. Avian mortality at communication towers. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University.

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95. Desholm, M and Kahlert, J. 2005. Avian Collision Risk at an Offshore Wind Farm. Biology Letters 1: 296-298.

96. Griffin L., Rees E., and Hughes B. 2010. The Migration of Whooper Swans in Relation to Offshore Wind Farms Final Report to COWRIE Ltd. March 2010 (COWRIE Project Code: SWAN-06-08).

97. DECC, 2009. UK Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment. Future Leasing for Offshore Wind Farms and Licensing for Offshore Oil & Gas and Gas Storage. Environmental Report.

98. Desholm, M and Kahlert, J. 2005. Avian Collision Risk at an Offshore Wind Farm. Biology Letters 1: 296-298.

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103. Larsen, J. K., and Guilemette, M. 2007. Effects of wind turbines on flight behaviour of wintering Common Eiders: implications for habitat use and collision risk. Journal of Applies Ecology 44:516-522.

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108. ABPmer, 2002.  ABP Teignmouth Quay Development Environmental Statement.  ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd, Report No. R.984a.

109. Scottish Executive, 2007. Scottish Marine Renewables: Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA).  Report prepared for the Scottish Executive by Faber Maunsell and Metoc PLC https://www2.gov.scot/Publications/2007/03/seawave.

110. Garthe, S. & Hüppop, O. 2004 Scaling possible adverse effects of marine wind farms on seabirds: developing and applying a vulnerability index. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41, 724 - 734.

111. Marine Scotland. 2012. Vulnerability of Scottish Seabirds to Offshore Wind Turbines. Prepared by MacArthur Green Ltd (Furness and Wade).

112. Furness, R.W.  & Tasker, M.L.  2000.  Seabird-fishery interactions: quantifying the sensitivity of seabirds to reductions in sandeel abundance, and identification of key areas for sensitive seabirds in the North Sea.  Marine Ecology Progress Series 202: 253-264.

113. Perrow, M.R., Gilroy, J.J., Skeate, E.R. and Tomlinson, M.L. 2011. Effects of construction of Scroby Sands offshore wind farm on the prey base of little tern Sternula albifrons at its most important UK colony. Marine Pollution Bulletin 62: 1661-1670.

114. Gaston, A.J. & Jones, I.L. 1998. The Auks. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York.

115. Thaxter, C.B., Wanless, S., Daunt, F., Harris, M.P., Benvenuti, S., Watanuki, Y., Grémillet, D., Hamer, K.C.  2010.  Influence of wing loading on trade off between pursuit-diving and flight in Common Guillemots and razorbills.  J.Exp.  Biol.  213: 1018-1025.

116. Thaxter, C.B., Daunt, F., Hamer, K.C., Watanuki, Y., Harris, M.P., Grémillet, D., Peters, G., Wanless, S. 2009.  Sex-specific food provisioning in a monomorphic seabird, the Common Guillemot Uria aalge: nest defence, foraging efficiency or parental effort? Journal of Avian biology 40:75-84.

117. Thaxter, C.B., Wanless, S., Daunt, F., Harris, M.P., Benvenuti, S., Watanuki, Y., Grémillet, D., Hamer, K.C.  2010.  Influence of wing loading on trade off between pursuit-diving and flight in Common Guillemots and razorbills.  J.Exp.  Biol.  213: 1018-1025.

118. Enstipp, M.R., Daunt, F., Wanless, S., Humphreys, E.M., Hamer, K.C., Benvenuti, S. and Grémillet, D., 2006. Foraging energetics of North Sea birds confronted with fluctuating prey availability. Top Predators in Marine Ecosystems: Their Role in Monitoring and Management (eds I. Boyd, S. Wanless & C.J. Camphuysen), pp 191-210. Conservation Biology 12. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

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120. Wernham, C.V., Peach, W.J. and Browne, S.J., 1997. Survival rates of rehabilitated guillemots. BTO Research Report 186. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford.

121. Thaxter, C.B., Wanless, S., Daunt, F., Harris, M.P., Benvenuti, S., Watanuki, Y., Grémillet, D., Hamer, K.C.  2010.  Influence of wing loading on trade off between pursuit-diving and flight in Common Guillemots and razorbills.  J.Exp.  Biol.  213: 1018-1025.

122. Votier, S.C., Birkhead, T.R., Oro, D., Trinder, M., Grantham, M.J., Clark, J.A., McCleery, R.H. and Hatchwell, B.J., 2008. Recruitment and survival of immature seabirds in relation to oil spills and climate variability. Journal of Animal Ecology, 77, 974-983.

123. ABPmer, 2011a. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of Draft Plan for Offshore Wind Energy in Scottish Territorial Waters. Report for the Scottish Government, ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd, Report No: R.1722a-c. January 2011.

124. ABPmer 2013f. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of Draft Plan for Wave and Tidal Energy (W&TE) in Scottish Waters.  Report for Marine Scotland 2013; ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd, Final Report January 2013 Report Nos. R.1863a (Pre-Screening); R.1863b (Screening); and R.1863c (Report to Inform Appropriate Assessment); and R.1863d (PSG Comments Review).

125. ABPmer, 2017. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of the Draft Sectoral Marine Plans for Offshore Renewable Energy in Scottish Waters. Reports for Marine Scotland, ABPmer Report No: R.2121a-c. 5 May 2017.

126. WDCS, 2010. Toward Marine Protected Areas for Cetaceans in Scotland, England and Wales.  A scientific review identifying critical habitat and key recommendations.

127. DECC, 2009. UK Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment. Future Leasing for Offshore Wind Farms and Licensing for Offshore Oil & Gas and Gas Storage. Environmental Report.

128. Reid JB, Evans PGH, Northridge SP. 2003. Atlas of Cetacean distribution in north-west European waters, 76 pages, colour photos, maps.  Paperback, ISBN 1 86107 550 2.

129. Santos, M.B., Pierce, G.J., Learmonth, J.A.  2004.  Variability in the diet of harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena in Scottish waters 1992-2003.  Marine mammal science 20, 1-27.

130. MacLeod, C.  D., Begoña Santos, M., Reid, R.J., Scott, B.E and Pierce G.J. 2007.  Linking sandeel consumption and the likelihood of starvation in harbour porpoises in the Scottish North Sea: could climate change mean more starving porpoises? Biol.  Lett.3, 185-188.

131. Sayer, M.D.J., Magill, S.H, Pitcher, T.J., Morissette, L and Ainsworth C. 2005. Simulation-based investigations of fishery changes as affected by the scale and design of artificial habitats. Journal of Fish Biology 67: 218-243.

132. Wilhelmsson, D., Malm, T., and Ŏhman, M., 2006. The influence of offshore wind power on demersal fish. ICES Journal of Marine Science 63, 775-784.

133. Raoux, A., Tecchio, S., Pezy, J., Lassalle, G., Degraer, S., Wilhelmsson, D., Cachera, M., Ernande, B., Guen, C., Haraldsson, M., Grangeré, K., Le Loc'h, F., Dauvin, J., Niquil, N. 2017. Benthic and Fish Aggregation Inside an Offshore Wind Farm: Which Effects on the Trophic Web Functioning? Ecological Indicators, 72, 33-46.

134. ibid.

135. WDCS, 2010. Toward Marine Protected Areas for Cetaceans in Scotland, England and Wales.  A scientific review identifying critical habitat and key recommendations.

136. Pierpoint, C.  2008.  Harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena foraging strategy at a high energy, near-shore site in south-west Wales, UK.  Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 2008, 88(6) 1167-1173.

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146. ibid

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148. ibid

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151. Hanke, W., Wieskotten, S., Marshall, C. & Dehnhardt, G. 2013. Hydrodynamic perception in true seals (Phocidae) and eared seals (Otariidae). Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 199, 421-440.

152. Benjamins, S., Harnois, V., Smith, H.C.M., Johanning, L., Greenhill, L., Carter, C. and Wilson, B. 2014. Understanding the potential for marine megafauna entanglement risk from renewable marine energy developments. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 791.

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308. Gill, A.B. & Bartlett, M. 2010. Literature review on the potential effects of electromagnetic fields and subsea noise from marine renewable energy developments on Atlantic salmon, sea trout and European eel. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No.401.

309. ibid

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311. FARL, 1995. Possible impacts of dredging on salmonids. Research Note for ABP Research. Fawley Aquatic Research Laboratories Ltd.

312. Alabaster, J.S., 1993. River Usk Barrage Order 1993. Proof of Evidence on Pollution and Fisheries.

313. FARL, 1995. Possible impacts of dredging on salmonids. Research Note for ABP Research. Fawley Aquatic Research Laboratories Ltd.

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322. Hastings, M.C., and Popper, A.N. 2005.  Effects of sounds on fish. Report to Jones and Stokes for California Department of Transportation, January 2005. 82pp.

323. Popper A. N., Hawkins A. D., Fay R. R., Mann D. A., Bartol S., Carlson T. J., Coombs S. 2014. Sound Exposure Guidelines. In ASA S3/SC1. 4 TR-2014 Sound Exposure Guidelines for Fishes and Sea Turtles: A Technical Report prepared by ANSI-Accredited Standards Committee S3/SC1 and registered with ANSI , pp. 33–51. Springer, New York.

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325. DECC, 2009. UK Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment. Future Leasing for Offshore Wind Farms and Licensing for Offshore Oil & Gas and Gas Storage. Environmental Report.

326. Scottish Executive, 2007. Scottish Marine Renewables: Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA).  Report prepared for the Scottish Executive by Faber Maunsell and Metoc PLC http://www.seaenergyscotland.net/SEA_Public_Environmental_Report.htm.

327. ABPmer, 2011a. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of Draft Plan for Offshore Wind Energy in Scottish Territorial Waters. Report for the Scottish Government, ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd, Report No: R.1722a-c. January 2011.

328. ABPmer 2013f. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of Draft Plan for Wave and Tidal Energy (W&TE) in Scottish Waters.  Report for Marine Scotland 2013; ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd, Final Report January 2013 Report Nos. R.1863a (Pre-Screening); R.1863b (Screening); and R.1863c (Report to Inform Appropriate Assessment); and R.1863d (PSG Comments Review).

329. ABPmer, 2017. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of the Draft Sectoral Marine Plans for Offshore Renewable Energy in Scottish Waters. Reports for Marine Scotland, ABPmer Report No: R.2121a-c. 5 May 2017.

330. SNH, 2010. Otter and Development- Scottish Wildlife Series. Further information available: https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/safeguarding-protected-areas-and-species/protected-species/protected-species-zguide/protected-species-otters

331. ibid

332. SNH, 2010. Otter and Development- Scottish Wildlife Series. Online sites accessed January 2010. http://www.snh.org.uk/publications/on-line/wildlife/otters/default.asp.

333. Skov, H., Heinänen, S., Norman, T., Ward, R.M., Méndez-Roldán, S., Ellis, I. 2018. ORJIP Bird Collision and Avoidance Study. Final report – April 2018. The Carbon Trust. 247 pp.

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335. Rees, E. 2012. Impacts of wind farms on swans and geese: a review. Wildfowl 62: 37-72.

336. Wright, L.J., Ross-Smith, V.H., Massimino, D., Dadam, D., Cook, A.S.C.P., and Burton, N.J.K. (2012). Assessing the risk of offshore wind farm development to migratory birds designated as features of UK Special Protection Areas (and Scottish Government Migratory species collision risk modelling assessments Page 147 July 2014 other Annex 1 species). The Crown Estate Strategic Ornithological Support Services (SOSS) report SOSS-05. BTO and the Crown Estate.

337. ibid

338. Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (Consulting) Ltd. 2014. Migratory species collision risk modelling assessments. Strategic assessment of collision risk of Scottish offshore wind farms to migrating birds. Published by Marine Scotland Science. ISSN: 2043-7722.

339. Walls, R., Canning, S., Lye, G., Givens, L., Garrett, C., Lancaster, J., (2013) Analysis of Marine Environmental Monitoring Plan Data from the Robin Rigg Offshore Wind Farm, Scotland (Operational Year 1) Technical Report, Document ref: 1022038. https://tethys.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Walls%20et%20al%202013.pdf

340. Natural Power Consultants. 2013. Analysis of Marine Environmental Monitoring Plan Data from the Robin Rigg Offshore Wind Farm, Scotland (Operational Year 1 and Year 3). Report nos. 1022038 and 1029455

341. Thaxter, C. B., Lascelles, B., Sugar, K., Cook, A. S. C. P., Roos, S., Bolton, M., Langston, R. H. W. and Burton, N.H.K. (2012). Seabird foraging ranges as a preliminary tool for identifying candidate Marine Protected Areas. Biological Conservation 156: 53-61.

342.   Thaxter, C. B., Lascelles, B., Sugar, K., Cook, A. S. C. P., Roos, S., Bolton, M., Langston, R. H. W. and Burton, N.H.K. (2012). Seabird foraging ranges as a preliminary tool for identifying candidate Marine Protected Areas. Biological Conservation 156: 53-61.

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344. Camphuysen, CJ., 2011. Northern gannets Morus bassanus in the North Sea: foraging distribution and feeding techniques around the Bass Rock. British Birds 104(2): 60-76.

345. Wakefield, ED, Bodey, TW, Bearhop, S et al. (19 more authors) (2013) Space Partitioning Without Territoriality in Gannets. Science, 341 (6141). 68 - 70. ISSN 0036-8075

346. ibid

347. Skov, H., Heinänen, S., Norman, T., Ward, R.M., Méndez-Roldán, S., Ellis, I. 2018. ORJIP Bird Collision and Avoidance Study. Final report – April 2018. The Carbon Trust. 247 pp.

348. Scottish Executive, 2007. Scottish Marine Renewables: Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA).  Report prepared for the Scottish Executive by Faber Maunsell and Metoc PLC https://www2.gov.scot/Publications/2007/03/seawave.

349. ABPmer, 2011a. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of Draft Plan for Offshore Wind Energy in Scottish Territorial Waters. Report for the Scottish Government, ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd, Report No: R.1722a-c. January 2011.

350. ABPmer 2013f. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of Draft Plan for Wave and Tidal Energy (W&TE) in Scottish Waters.  Report for Marine Scotland 2013; ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd, Final Report January 2013 Report Nos. R.1863a (Pre-Screening); R.1863b (Screening); and R.1863c (Report to Inform Appropriate Assessment); and R.1863d (PSG Comments Review).

351. MMO, 2013. East of England Marine Plans Habitats Regulations Assessment. Reports Prepared by ABPmer, Hartley Anderson and Hyder Consulting (UK) Ltd., ABPmer Report No. R.2020a-c. March 2013.

352. Entec 2011 Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment Offshore Renewable Energy Strategic Action Plan 2009-2020 Habitats Regulations Assessment - Screening Report and Appropriate Assessment (Final Report) June 2011.

353. ABPmer, 2017. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of the Draft Sectoral Marine Plans for Offshore Renewable Energy in Scottish Waters. Reports for Marine Scotland, ABPmer Report No: R.2121a-c. 5 May 2017.

354. Marine Scotland Website. Located at https://www2.gov.scot/Topics/marine/Licensing/marine/Applications/SDM

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357. This encompasses arrays that will have an installed capacity of greater than 100 MW.

358. Marine Scotland, 2018. Sectoral Marine Plan for Offshore Wind Energy (encompassing Deep Water Plan Options).  Strategic Habitat Regulations Appraisal: Pre-Screening Report. June 2018.

359. David Tyldesley and Associates, 2015. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of Plans. Guidance for Plan-making Bodies in Scotland Version 3.0, January 2015 SNH Ref 1739.

360. David Tyldesley and Associates, 2015. Habitats Regulations Appraisal of Plans. Guidance for Plan-making Bodies in Scotland Version 3.0, January 2015 SNH Ref 1739.

361. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32011D0484&from=EN