Publication - Research and analysis
Elasticities relevant to tourism in Scotland: evidence review
An overview of estimates of price elasticities of demand (PED) and income elasticities of demand (YED) for tourists to destinations relevant to Scotland; price elasticities of supply (PES) of commercial accommodation relevant to Scotland and other factors influencing the demand and supply of tourism.
Appendix B: Publications estimated elasticities of tourism demand
| Author | Year | Destination | Source market | PED | Price variable | YED | Income variable | Other key variables | Method/Model | Data source | Data range | AJG rating |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agiomirgianakis, Bertsatos and Tsounis | 2018 | Turkey | 65 origin countries | x | x | 0.353 | GDP of origin country | PPP; RERV; TO; HC; ICT | Panel DOLS | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 1996Q1-2014Q4 | 0 |
| Turkey | 65 origin countries | x | x | 0.37 | GDP of origin country | PPP; RERV; TO; HC; ICT | Panel FMOLS | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 1996Q1-2014Q4 | |||
| Altin and Uysal | 2014 | Turkey | Austria | 0.016 | RP | x | x | ESI (O); IR (O); EX (O-D) | ADLM | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2001-2007 M | 2 |
| Turkey | Belgium | -0.419 | RP | x | x | ESI (O); IR (O); EX (O-D) | ADLM | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2001-2007 M | |||
| Turkey | Denmark | -0.126 | RP | x | x | ESI (O); IR (O); EX (O-D) | ADLM | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2001-2007 M | |||
| Turkey | UK | 0.89 | RP | x | x | ESI (O); IR (O); EX (O-D) | ADLM | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2001-2007 M | |||
| Turkey | Finland | -0.203 | RP | x | x | ESI (O); IR (O); EX (O-D) | ADLM | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2001-2007 M | |||
| Turkey | Germany | -0.022 | RP | x | x | ESI (O); IR (O); EX (O-D) | ADLM | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2001-2007 M | |||
| Turkey | Greece | -0.676 | RP | x | x | ESI (O); IR (O); EX (O-D) | ADLM | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2001-2007 M | |||
| Turkey | Ireland | -0.996 | RP | x | x | ESI (O); IR (O); EX (O-D) | ADLM | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2001-2007 M | |||
| Turkey | Italy | -0.377 | RP | x | x | ESI (O); IR (O); EX (O-D) | ADLM | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2001-2007 M | |||
| Turkey | Luxembourg | -0.597 | RP | x | x | ESI (O); IR (O); EX (O-D) | ADLM | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2001-2007 M | |||
| Turkey | Portugal | -0.299 | RP | x | x | ESI (O); IR (O); EX (O-D) | ADLM | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2001-2007 M | |||
| Turkey | Spain | -2.79 | RP | x | x | ESI (O); IR (O); EX (O-D) | ADLM | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2001-2007 M | |||
| Turkey | Sweden | 0.549 | RP | x | x | ESI (O); IR (O); EX (O-D) | ADLM | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2001-2007 M | |||
| Álvarez-Díaz, D'Hombres, Ghisetti and Pontarollo | 2020 | Spain | Spain (Domestic) | −5.50 | RP | 0.13 | GDP of origin country | POP; DIST; Dependence etc. | Gravity model | Domestic and Outbound Tourism Survey | 2011-2013 | 2 |
| -6.44 | RP | 0.21 | GDP of origin country | POP; DIST; Dependence etc. | SAR | Domestic and Outbound Tourism Survey | 2011-2013 | |||||
| -6.09 | RP | 1.21 | GDP of origin country | POP; DIST; Dependence etc. | SE | Domestic and Outbound Tourism Survey | 2011-2013 | |||||
| -7.59 | RP | 0.2 | GDP of origin country | POP; DIST; Dependence etc. | SD | Domestic and Outbound Tourism Survey | 2011-2013 | |||||
| -7.32 | RP | 0.4 | GDP of origin country | POP; DIST; Dependence etc. | SDE | Domestic and Outbound Tourism Survey | 2011-2013 | |||||
| -7.59 | RP | -0.01 | GDP of origin country | POP; DIST; Dependence etc. | SLX | Domestic and Outbound Tourism Survey | 2011-2013 | |||||
| Álvarez-Díaz, González-Gómez and Otero-Giráldez | 2015 | Spain | Germany | -0.91 | RP | 1.23 | Business Climate Index | x | ADLM | Spanish Statistical Institute | Jan1999-Dec2011 | 2 |
| Spain | UK | -0.53 | RP | 1.08 | Index of Services | x | ADLM | Spanish Statistical Institute | Jan1999-Dec2011 | |||
| Spain | Netherlands | -1.52 | RP | 1.55 | IPI | x | ADLM | Spanish Statistical Institute | Jan1999-Dec2011 | |||
| Spain | Italy | -1.02 | RP | 1.05 | IPI | x | ADLM | Spanish Statistical Institute | Jan1999-Dec2011 | |||
| Álvarez-Díaz, González-Gómez and Otero-Giráldez | 2019 | Spain | EU | -7.49 | CPI (North Portugal) | 2.33 | IPI of origin country | Number of LLC passengers | ECM | Euro stats | Jan2005-Dec2016 | 1 |
| Spain | EU | -5.33 | CPI (Galicia) | 1.69 | IPI of origin country | Number of LLC passengers | ECM | Euro stats | Jan2005-Dec2016 | |||
| Athanasopoulos, Deng, Li and Song | 2014 | Australia | Australia (Domestic) | -0.303 | RP | x | x | x | EC-AIDS | Tourism Research Australia | 2000Q1-2010Q3 | 4 |
| Asia | Australia | -0.397 | RP | x | x | x | EC-AIDS | Tourism Research Australia | 2000Q1-2010Q3 | |||
| USA | Australia | -1.003 | RP | x | x | x | EC-AIDS | Tourism Research Australia | 2000Q1-2010Q3 | |||
| UK | Australia | -0.951 | RP | x | x | x | EC-AIDS | Tourism Research Australia | 2000Q1-2010Q3 | |||
| New Zealand | Australia | -1.36 | RP | x | x | x | EC-AIDS | Tourism Research Australia | 2000Q1-2010Q3 | |||
| Balli, Balli, and Jean Louis | 2016 | Whole sample | Worldwide | x | x | 0.36 | GDP of origin country | Colony; DIST; EX etc. | Dynamic panel model | UNWTO; WDI etc. | 1995-2010 | 4 |
| Asian-pacific | Worldwide | x | x | 0.54 | GDP of origin country | Colony; DIST; EX etc. | Dynamic panel model | UNWTO; WDI etc. | 1995-2010 | |||
| Latin America | Worldwide | x | x | 0.94 | GDP of origin country | Colony; DIST; EX etc. | Dynamic panel model | UNWTO; WDI etc. | 1995-2010 | |||
| Africa | Worldwide | x | x | 0.46 | GDP of origin country | Colony; DIST; EX etc. | Dynamic panel model | UNWTO; WDI etc. | 1995-2010 | |||
| Europe | Worldwide | x | x | 0.54 | GDP of origin country | Colony; DIST; EX etc. | Dynamic panel model | UNWTO; WDI etc. | 1995-2010 | |||
| Callaghan and Tol | 2013 | Unspecified | UK (Holiday) | -0.655 | Average trip price | x | x | DIST; EX; GDP(D) etc. | Univariate regression | UK Office of National Statistics (ONS) | 1996-2010 | 1 |
| Unspecified | UK (Business) | -0.576 | Average trip price | x | x | DIST; EX; GDP(D) etc. | Univariate regression | UK Office of National Statistics (ONS) | 1996-2010 | |||
| Unspecified | UK (1-3 nights) | -1.11 | Average trip price | x | x | DIST; EX; GDP(D) etc. | Univariate regression | UK Office of National Statistics (ONS) | 1996-2010 | |||
| Unspecified | UK (4-13 nights) | -0.869 | Average trip price | x | x | DIST; EX; GDP(D) etc. | Univariate regression | UK Office of National Statistics (ONS) | 1996-2010 | |||
| Unspecified | UK (14-27 nights) | -0.565 | Average trip price | x | x | DIST; EX; GDP(D) etc. | Univariate regression | UK Office of National Statistics (ONS) | 1996-2010 | |||
| Unspecified | UK (28-90 nights) | -0.002 | Average trip price | x | x | DIST; EX; GDP(D) etc. | Univariate regression | UK Office of National Statistics (ONS) | 1996-2010 | |||
| Divisekera | 2010 | Australia | New Zealand (Food) | -0.77 | Price level | 1.19 | Income | x | AIDS | Surveys by tourism research Australia | 1990Q1-2007Q1 | 4 |
| New Zealand (Trans) | -0.54 | Price level | 0.85 | Income | x | AIDS | Surveys by tourism research Australia | 1990Q1-2007Q1 | ||||
| New Zealand (Shop) | -0.41 | Price level | 0.91 | Income | x | AIDS | Surveys by tourism research Australia | 1990Q1-2007Q1 | ||||
| New Zealand (Entmt.) | -0.32 | Price level | 0.82 | Income | x | AIDS | Surveys by tourism research Australia | 1990Q1-2007Q1 | ||||
| Australia | Japan (Food) | -0.54 | Price level | 1.27 | Income | x | AIDS | Surveys by tourism research Australia | 1990Q1-2007Q1 | |||
| Japan (Trans) | -0.51 | Price level | 0.98 | Income | x | AIDS | Surveys by tourism research Australia | 1990Q1-2007Q1 | ||||
| Japan (Shop) | -0.7 | Price level | 0.92 | Income | x | AIDS | Surveys by tourism research Australia | 1990Q1-2007Q1 | ||||
| Japan (Entmt.) | -0.32 | Price level | 1.03 | Income | x | AIDS | Surveys by tourism research Australia | 1990Q1-2007Q1 | ||||
| Australia | UK (Food) | -0.34 | Price level | 0.86 | Income | x | AIDS | Surveys by tourism research Australia | 1990Q1-2007Q1 | |||
| UK (Trans) | -0.11 | Price level | 1.09 | Income | x | AIDS | Surveys by tourism research Australia | 1990Q1-2007Q1 | ||||
| UK (Shop) | -0.29 | Price level | 0.82 | Income | x | AIDS | Surveys by tourism research Australia | 1990Q1-2007Q1 | ||||
| UK (Entmt.) | -0.37 | Price level | 1.19 | Income | x | AIDS | Surveys by tourism research Australia | 1990Q1-2007Q1 | ||||
| Australia | US (Food) | -0.42 | Price level | 0.8 | Income | x | AIDS | Surveys by tourism research Australia | 1990Q1-2007Q1 | |||
| US (Trans) | -0.36 | Price level | 0.97 | Income | x | AIDS | Surveys by tourism research Australia | 1990Q1-2007Q1 | ||||
| US (Shop) | -0.5 | Price level | 0.77 | Income | x | AIDS | Surveys by tourism research Australia | 1990Q1-2007Q1 | ||||
| US (Entmt.) | -0.32 | Price level | 0.75 | Income | x | AIDS | Surveys by tourism research Australia | 1990Q1-2007Q1 | ||||
| Australia | Aggregated (Food) | -0.54 | Price level | 0.96 | Income | x | AIDS | Surveys by tourism research Australia | 1990Q1-2007Q1 | |||
| Aggregated (Trans) | -0.16 | Price level | 0.9 | Income | x | AIDS | Surveys by tourism research Australia | 1990Q1-2007Q1 | ||||
| Aggregated (Shop) | -0.3 | Price level | 1.01 | Income | x | AIDS | Surveys by tourism research Australia | 1990Q1-2007Q1 | ||||
| Aggregated (Entmt.) | -0.13 | Price level | 0.86 | Income | x | AIDS | Surveys by tourism research Australia | 1990Q1-2007Q1 | ||||
| Divisekera and Deegan | 2010 | Ireland | UK (Food) | -0.39 | Spending per night | 0.61 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | 2 |
| UK (Trans) | -0.27 | Spending per night | 1.1 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | ||||
| UK (Shop) | -0.72 | Spending per night | 2.04 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | ||||
| UK (Sightseeing) | -0.13 | Spending per night | 0.13 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | ||||
| UK (Misc.) | -0.15 | Spending per night | 1.04 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | ||||
| UK (Lodging) | -0.41 | Spending per night | 1.05 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | ||||
| Ireland | North America (Food) | -0.33 | Spending per night | 1.12 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | |||
| North America (Trans) | -0.29 | Spending per night | 0.1 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | ||||
| North America (Shop) | -0.29 | Spending per night | 0.95 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | ||||
| North America (Sights) | -0.22 | Spending per night | 1.13 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | ||||
| North America (Misc.) | -0.05 | Spending per night | 1.11 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | ||||
| North America (Lodging) | -0.38 | Spending per night | 1.27 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | ||||
| Ireland | Europe (Food) | -0.38 | Spending per night | 1.08 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | |||
| Europe (Trans) | -0.17 | Spending per night | 0.85 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | ||||
| Europe (Shop) | -0.2 | Spending per night | 0.76 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | ||||
| Europe (Sights) | -0.18 | Spending per night | 1.06 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | ||||
| Europe (Misc.) | -0.13 | Spending per night | 1.07 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | ||||
| Europe (Lodging) | -0.27 | Spending per night | 1.09 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | ||||
| Ireland | Rest of World (Food) | -0.47 | Spending per night | 1.21 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | |||
| Rest of World (Trans) | -0.46 | Spending per night | 0.86 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | ||||
| Rest of World (Shop) | -0.22 | Spending per night | 0.32 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | ||||
| Rest of World (Sights) | -0.09 | Spending per night | 1.4 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | ||||
| Rest of World (Misc.) | -0.15 | Spending per night | 1.07 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | ||||
| Rest of World (Lodging) | -0.49 | Spending per night | 1.32 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | ||||
| Ireland | Aggregated (Food) | -0.38 | Spending per night | 1.09 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | |||
| Aggregated (Trans) | -0.07 | Spending per night | 0.59 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | ||||
| Aggregated (Shop) | -0.18 | Spending per night | 0.83 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | ||||
| Aggregated (Sights) | -0.15 | Spending per night | 1.22 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | ||||
| Aggregated (Misc.) | -0.14 | Spending per night | 1 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | ||||
| Aggregated (Lodging.) | -0.34 | Spending per night | 1.15 | Income | x | AIDS | Irish Tourist Board Survey | N/A | ||||
Dogru and Sirakaya-Turk +++ |
2018 | France | Turkey | -2.066 | RP | -0.053 | GDP of origin country | x | Panel FMOLS | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2003-2013 | 0 |
| Netherlands | Turkey | -1.661 | RP | 0.186 | GDP of origin country | x | Panel FMOLS | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2003-2013 | |||
| Germany | Turkey | -0.328 | RP | 1.109 | GDP of origin country | x | Panel FMOLS | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2003-2013 | |||
| Italy | Turkey | 2.181 | RP | 1.190 | GDP of origin country | x | Panel FMOLS | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2003-2013 | |||
| UK | Turkey | -2.111 | RP | 1.084 | GDP of origin country | x | Panel FMOLS | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2003-2013 | |||
| Greece | Turkey | 1.516 | RP | 2.198 | GDP of origin country | x | Panel FMOLS | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2003-2013 | |||
| Spain | Turkey | -0.431 | RP | -0.264 | GDP of origin country | x | Panel FMOLS | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2003-2013 | |||
| Belgium | Turkey | -3.019 | RP | 2.509 | GDP of origin country | x | Panel FMOLS | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2003-2013 | |||
| Austria | Turkey | -0.643 | RP | 2.857 | GDP of origin country | x | Panel FMOLS | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2003-2013 | |||
| Switzerland | Turkey | 0.392 | RP | 0.122 | GDP of origin country | x | Panel FMOLS | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2003-2013 | |||
| Russia | Turkey | -0.984 | RP | 0.934 | GDP of origin country | x | Panel FMOLS | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2003-2013 | |||
| United States | Turkey | -1.361 | RP | 0.588 | GDP of origin country | x | Panel FMOLS | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2003-2013 | |||
| Aggregated | Turkey | -0.380 | RP | 0.764 | GDP of origin country | x | Panel FMOLS | Turkish Ministry of Tourism web pages | 2003-2013 | |||
| Dwyer, Seetaram, Forsyth and King | 2014 | Australia | Unspecified (Total) | -0.380 | RP | 0.764 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Australian Bureau of Statistics | 1991 | 4 |
| Australia | Unspecified (VFR) | -0.216 | RP | 1.424 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Australian Bureau of Statistics | 1991 | |||
| Australia | Unspecified (Non-VFR) | -0.134 | RP | 1.058 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Australian Bureau of Statistics | 1991 | |||
| Australia | Unspecified (Total) | -0.295 | RP | 1.551 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Australian Bureau of Statistics | 2006 | |||
| Australia | Unspecified (VFR) | -0.927 | RP | 0.977 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Australian Bureau of Statistics | 2006 | |||
| Australia | Unspecified (Non-VFR) | -0.158 | RP | 0.797 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Australian Bureau of Statistics | 2006 | |||
| Unspecified | Australia (Total) | -1.005 | RP | 1.009 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Australian Bureau of Statistics | 1991 | |||
| Unspecified | Australia (VFR) | -0.232 | RP | 1.19 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Australian Bureau of Statistics | 1991 | |||
| Unspecified | Australia (Non-VFR) | -0.221 | RP | 0.851 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Australian Bureau of Statistics | 1991 | |||
| Unspecified | Australia (Total) | -0.155 | RP | 1.291 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Australian Bureau of Statistics | 2006 | |||
| Unspecified | Australia (VFR) | -0.61 | RP | 0.8 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Australian Bureau of Statistics | 2006 | |||
| Unspecified | Australia (Non-VFR) | -0.28 | RP | 0.59 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Australian Bureau of Statistics | 2006 | |||
Emili, Figini and Guizzardi +++ |
2019 | Catania | Germany (Arrivals) | -0.589 | RP | 2.310 | GDP of origin country | Climate; Google trends | OLS | the Italian Statistics Office | Jan2004-Dec2014 | 2 |
| Catania | Germany (Nights) | -0.313 | RP | 2.240 | GDP of origin country | Climate; Google trends | OLS | the Italian Statistics Office | Jan2004-Dec2014 | |||
| Catania | UK (Arrivals) | -0.194 | RP | 3.786 | GDP of origin country | Climate; Google trends | OLS | the Italian Statistics Office | Jan2004-Dec2014 | |||
| Catania | UK (Nights) | 0.494 | RP | 4.454 | GDP of origin country | Climate; Google trends | OLS | the Italian Statistics Office | Jan2004-Dec2014 | |||
| Florence | Germany (Arrivals) | 1.286 | RP | 0.963 | GDP of origin country | Climate; Google trends | OLS | the Italian Statistics Office | Jan2004-Dec2014 | |||
| Florence | Germany (Nights) | 1.275 | RP | 1.445 | GDP of origin country | Climate; Google trends | OLS | the Italian Statistics Office | Jan2004-Dec2014 | |||
| Florence | UK (Arrivals) | -0.322 | RP | 2.568 | GDP of origin country | Climate; Google trends | OLS | the Italian Statistics Office | Jan2004-Dec2014 | |||
| Florence | UK (Nights) | -0.171 | RP | 2.208 | GDP of origin country | Climate; Google trends | OLS | the Italian Statistics Office | Jan2004-Dec2014 | |||
| Milan | Germany (Arrivals) | 1.849 | RP | -0.093 | GDP of origin country | Climate; Google trends | OLS | the Italian Statistics Office | Jan2004-Dec2014 | |||
| Milan | Germany (Nights) | 1.922 | RP | -0.068 | GDP of origin country | Climate; Google trends | OLS | the Italian Statistics Office | Jan2004-Dec2014 | |||
| Milan | UK (Arrivals) | -0.393 | RP | -0.029 | GDP of origin country | Climate; Google trends | OLS | the Italian Statistics Office | Jan2004-Dec2014 | |||
| Milan | UK (Nights) | -0.421 | RP | -0.519 | GDP of origin country | Climate; Google trends | OLS | the Italian Statistics Office | Jan2004-Dec2014 | |||
Engström and Kipperberg +++ |
2015 | Norway | Unspecified | x | x | 0.265 | Household income | LOS; Travel size | OLS | Survey data | N/A | 4 |
| Norway | Unspecified | x | x | -0.036 | Household income | LOS; Travel size | WLS | Survey data | N/A | |||
| Eugenio-Martin and Campos-Soria | 2011 | Domestic | EU-15 | x | x | 0.0002 | Household income | Demographic info; Climate | Regression | Survey data | N/A | 2 |
| Abroad | EU-15 | x | x | 0.0005 | Household income | Demographic info; Climate | Regression | Survey data | N/A | |||
| Falk | 2013 | Swiss Mount | Unspecified (Nights) | -3.02 | RP to competitors | 2.34 | GDP of origin country | EX | Median regression | the Swiss Federal Statistics Office | 07-08;10-11 | 0 |
| Swiss Mount | Unspecified (Nights) | -2.99 | RP to competitors | 2.23 | GDP of origin country | EX | OLS | the Swiss Federal Statistics Office | 07-08;10-11 | |||
| Swiss Mount | Unspecified (Nights) | -3.04 | RP to competitors | 2.11 | GDP of origin country | EX | Robust regression | the Swiss Federal Statistics Office | 07-08;10-11 | |||
| Swiss Mount | Unspecified (Arrivals) | -2.1 | RP to competitors | 2.13 | GDP of origin country | EX | Median regression | the Swiss Federal Statistics Office | 07-08;10-11 | |||
| Swiss Mount | Unspecified (Arrivals) | -2.16 | RP to competitors | 2.08 | GDP of origin country | EX | OLS | the Swiss Federal Statistics Office | 07-08;10-11 | |||
| Swiss Mount | Unspecified (Arrivals) | -2.46 | RP to competitors | 2.39 | GDP of origin country | EX | Robust regression | the Swiss Federal Statistics Office | 07-08;10-11 | |||
| Swiss Mount | Unspecified (Nights) | -1.49 | RP to competitors | 2.8 | GDP of origin country | x | Median regression | the Swiss Federal Statistics Office | 07-08;10-11 | |||
| Swiss Mount | Unspecified (Nights) | -1.16 | RP to competitors | 2.4 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | the Swiss Federal Statistics Office | 07-08;10-11 | |||
| Swiss Mount | Unspecified (Nights) | -3.04 | RP to competitors | 2.11 | GDP of origin country | x | Robust regression | the Swiss Federal Statistics Office | 07-08;10-11 | |||
| Swiss Mount | Unspecified (Arrivals) | -1.49 | RP to competitors | 2.93 | GDP of origin country | x | Median regression | the Swiss Federal Statistics Office | 07-08;10-11 | |||
| Swiss Mount | Unspecified (Arrivals) | -1.41 | RP to competitors | 2.42 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | the Swiss Federal Statistics Office | 07-08;10-11 | |||
| Swiss Mount | Unspecified (Arrivals) | -1.5 | RP to competitors | 2.81 | GDP of origin country | x | Robust regression | the Swiss Federal Statistics Office | 07-08;10-11 | |||
Gatt and Falzon +++ |
2014 | Cyprus | UK (estimated without Malta) | -3.44 | RP | x | x | Expenditure shares in alternative destinations | AIDS | Statistics Institutes | 1963-2009 | 2 |
| Cyprus | UK (estimated without Turkey) | -2.7 | RP | x | x | Expenditure shares in alternative destinations | AIDS | Statistics Institutes | 1963-2009 | |||
| Greece | UK (estimated without Malta) | -2.87 | RP | x | x | Expenditure shares in alternative destinations | AIDS | Statistics Institutes | 1963-2009 | |||
| Greece | UK (estimated without Turkey) | -2.89 | RP | x | x | Expenditure shares in alternative destinations | AIDS | Statistics Institutes | 1963-2009 | |||
| Italy | UK (estimated without Malta) | -2.02 | RP | x | x | Expenditure shares in alternative destinations | AIDS | Statistics Institutes | 1963-2009 | |||
| Italy | UK (estimated without Turkey) | -1.72 | RP | x | x | Expenditure shares in alternative destinations | AIDS | Statistics Institutes | 1963-2009 | |||
| Malta | UK (estimated without Malta) | -2.56 | RP | x | x | Expenditure shares in alternative destinations | AIDS | Statistics Institutes | 1963-2009 | |||
| Malta | UK (estimated without Turkey) | -1.13 | RP | x | x | Expenditure shares in alternative destinations | AIDS | Statistics Institutes | 1963-2009 | |||
| Portugal | UK (estimated without Malta) | -2.6 | RP | x | x | Expenditure shares in alternative destinations | AIDS | Statistics Institutes | 1963-2009 | |||
| Portugal | UK (estimated without Turkey) | -2.73 | RP | x | x | Expenditure shares in alternative destinations | AIDS | Statistics Institutes | 1963-2009 | |||
| Spain | UK (estimated without Malta) | -1.46 | RP | x | x | Expenditure shares in alternative destinations | AIDS | Statistics Institutes | 1963-2009 | |||
| Spain | UK (estimated without Turkey) | -1.46 | RP | x | x | Expenditure shares in alternative destinations | AIDS | Statistics Institutes | 1963-2009 | |||
| Turkey | UK (estimated without Malta) | -0.76 | RP | x | x | Expenditure shares in alternative destinations | AIDS | Statistics Institutes | 1963-2009 | |||
| Turkey | UK (estimated without Turkey) | -0.76 | RP | x | x | Expenditure shares in alternative destinations | AIDS | Statistics Institutes | 1963-2009 | |||
| Gounopoulos, Petmezas and Santamaria | 2012 | Greece | UK | -0.031 | Relative CPI | x | x | Consumer confidence; Unemployment | VAR | Hellenic Statistical Authority | 1977-2009 | 4 |
| Greece | Germany | -0.172 | Relative CPI | x | x | Consumer confidence; Unemployment | VAR | Hellenic Statistical Authority | 1977-2009 | |||
| Greece | Italy | -0.095 | Relative CPI | x | x | Consumer confidence; Unemployment | VAR | Hellenic Statistical Authority | 1977-2009 | |||
| Greece | USA | 0.106 | Relative CPI | x | x | Consumer confidence; Unemployment | VAR | Hellenic Statistical Authority | 1977-2009 | |||
| Greece | France | 0.066 | Relative CPI | x | x | Consumer confidence; Unemployment | VAR | Hellenic Statistical Authority | 1977-2009 | |||
| Greece | Netherlands | -0.026 | Relative CPI | x | x | Consumer confidence; Unemployment | VAR | Hellenic Statistical Authority | 1977-2009 | |||
| Gunter and Smeral | 2017 | Unspecified | EU-15 | -0.916 | Relative tourism import prices | 1.441 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | IMF; OECD | 1981Q1-2014Q1 | 2 |
| Unspecified | EU-28 | -0.548 | Relative tourism import prices | 1.473 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | IMF; OECD | 1996Q1-2014Q1 | |||
| Unspecified | Central and Eastern Europe | -0.768 | Relative tourism import prices | 1.329 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | IMF; OECD | 1996Q1-2014Q1 | |||
| Halicioglu | 2010 | Unspecified | Turkey | -0.18 | RP | 1.42 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IFS | 1970-2005 | 2 |
| Unspecified | Turkey | -0.19 | RP | 1.49 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IFS | 1970-2005 | |||
| Jeřábek | 2019 | Czech Republic | France | -0.416 | RER | 1.27 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | 0 |
| Czech Republic | Austria | -0.183 | RER | 1.47 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | |||
| Czech Republic | The Netherlands | -0.783 | RER | 1.497 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | |||
| Czech Republic | Germany | -1.114 | RER | 0.9 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | |||
| Czech Republic | the Slovak Republic | -0.793 | RER | 0.908 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | |||
| Czech Republic | Spain | -0.965 | RER | 1.541 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | |||
| Czech Republic | Italy | 0.035 | RER | 0.65 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | |||
| Czech Republic | Sweden | -0.655 | RER | 0.007 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | |||
| Czech Republic | Israel | -1.885 | RER | 1.777 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | |||
| Czech Republic | Japan | 0.0401 | RER | 0.003 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | |||
| Czech Republic | USA | -0.202 | RER | 0.803 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | |||
| Czech Republic | Poland | -0.72 | RER | 0.722 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | |||
| Czech Republic | Hungary | -0.445 | RER | 0.473 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | |||
| Czech Republic | France | -1.437 | RER | 0.781 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | |||
| Czech Republic | Austria | -1.844 | RER | 2.047 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | |||
| Czech Republic | The Netherlands | -1.225 | RER | 0.563 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | |||
| Czech Republic | Germany | -2.587 | RER | 1.27 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | |||
| Czech Republic | the Slovak Republic | -1.165 | RER | 1.575 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | |||
| Czech Republic | Spain | 0.465 | RER | 0.49 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | |||
| Czech Republic | Italy | -0.485 | RER | 1.293 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | |||
| Czech Republic | Sweden | -0.48 | RER | 0.577 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | |||
| Czech Republic | Israel | -0.13 | RER | 0.453 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | |||
| Czech Republic | Japan | -0.395 | RER | -0.143 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | |||
| Czech Republic | USA | 0.415 | RER | 0.463 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | |||
| Czech Republic | Poland | -0.345 | RER | 0.323 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | |||
| Czech Republic | Hungary | -0.055 | RER | 1.293 | GDP of origin country | outbound tourists | CGE | Czech statistical office; FRED etc. | 2013Q1-2017Q4 | |||
| Ketenci | 2010 | Turkey | Austria | -2.44 | RP | 7.01 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | 0 |
| Turkey | Austria | -2.32 | RP | 6.49 | GDP of origin country | x | FM-OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Austria | -2.25 | RP | 6.25 | GDP of origin country | x | DOLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Austria | -1.09 | RP | 5.18 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Austria | 1.14 | RP | -5.24 | GDP of origin country | x | JOH-ML | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Belgium | -1.83 | RP | 8.96 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Belgium | -1.6 | RP | 8.33 | GDP of origin country | x | FM-OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Belgium | -0.88 | RP | 7.17 | GDP of origin country | x | DOLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Belgium | -0.38 | RP | 6.79 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Belgium | -0.03 | RP | -6.27 | GDP of origin country | x | JOH-ML | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Bulgaria | 0.25 | RP | 3.22 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Bulgaria | 0.3 | RP | 2.85 | GDP of origin country | x | FM-OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Bulgaria | 0.21 | RP | 4.1 | GDP of origin country | x | DOLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Bulgaria | 0.05 | RP | 1.55 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Bulgaria | -0.65 | RP | -1.57 | GDP of origin country | x | JOH-ML | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Denmark | -3.21 | RP | 10.28 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Denmark | -2.82 | RP | 9.22 | GDP of origin country | x | FM-OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Denmark | -3.11 | RP | 10.04 | GDP of origin country | x | DOLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Denmark | -1.33 | RP | 7.4 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Denmark | 1.19 | RP | -7 | GDP of origin country | x | JOH-ML | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | UK | -1.71 | RP | 5.36 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | UK | -1.4 | RP | 4.89 | GDP of origin country | x | FM-OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | UK | -0.07 | RP | 3.94 | GDP of origin country | x | DOLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | UK | 0.86 | RP | 2.62 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | UK | -1.61 | RP | -1.64 | GDP of origin country | x | JOH-ML | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | USA | -0.87 | RP | 3.48 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | USA | -0.72 | RP | 3.29 | GDP of origin country | x | FM-OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | USA | -0.33 | RP | 3.07 | GDP of origin country | x | DOLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | USA | -0.52 | RP | 2.71 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | USA | -0.42 | RP | -1.3 | GDP of origin country | x | JOH-ML | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | France | -1.21 | RP | 5.69 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | France | -0.97 | RP | 5.11 | GDP of origin country | x | FM-OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | France | -0.01 | RP | 3.39 | GDP of origin country | x | DOLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | France | -0.22 | RP | 4.39 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | France | -0.33 | RP | -3.61 | GDP of origin country | x | JOH-ML | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Germany | -1.91 | RP | 10.56 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Germany | -1.71 | RP | 9.56 | GDP of origin country | x | FM-OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Germany | -1.71 | RP | 9.66 | GDP of origin country | x | DOLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Germany | -0.95 | RP | 8.08 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Germany | 0 | RP | -5.85 | GDP of origin country | x | JOH-ML | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Greece | -0.58 | RP | 4.02 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Greece | -0.56 | RP | 3.99 | GDP of origin country | x | FM-OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Greece | -0.79 | RP | 4.16 | GDP of origin country | x | DOLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Greece | -0.35 | RP | 3.98 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Greece | 0.13 | RP | -4.23 | GDP of origin country | x | JOH-ML | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Netherlands | 0.75 | RP | -1.41 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Netherlands | 0.64 | RP | -0.88 | GDP of origin country | x | FM-OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Netherlands | 0.7 | RP | -0.71 | GDP of origin country | x | DOLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Netherlands | 0.65 | RP | -0.24 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Netherlands | -0.65 | RP | 0.98 | GDP of origin country | x | JOH-ML | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Italy | -0.4 | RP | 17.47 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Italy | -0.47 | RP | 18.17 | GDP of origin country | x | FM-OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Italy | -0.78 | RP | 25.13 | GDP of origin country | x | DOLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Italy | -0.26 | RP | 13.44 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Italy | 0.92 | RP | -26.42 | GDP of origin country | x | JOH-ML | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Russia | -0.65 | RP | 5.16 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Russia | -0.59 | RP | 4.52 | GDP of origin country | x | FM-OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Russia | -0.53 | RP | 4.22 | GDP of origin country | x | DOLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Russia | -0.45 | RP | 3.93 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Russia | 0.09 | RP | -3.39 | GDP of origin country | x | JOH-ML | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Sweden | -3.59 | RP | 8.78 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Sweden | -3.21 | RP | 7.93 | GDP of origin country | x | FM-OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Sweden | -2.9 | RP | 7.66 | GDP of origin country | x | DOLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Sweden | -1.26 | RP | 5.11 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Sweden | 0.63 | RP | -3.99 | GDP of origin country | x | JOH-ML | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Switzerland | -2.5 | RP | 14.87 | GDP of origin country | x | OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Switzerland | -2.35 | RP | 14.12 | GDP of origin country | x | FM-OLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Switzerland | -2.93 | RP | 15.71 | GDP of origin country | x | DOLS | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Switzerland | -2.07 | RP | 12.82 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Turkey | Switzerland | 5.15 | RP | -19.11 | GDP of origin country | x | JOH-ML | Turkish Statistical Institute | Jan1996-Dec2006 | |||
| Massidda and Etzo | 2012 | Italy | domestic | -8.974 | RP | 1.4274 | GDP of origin country | POP; DIST etc. | GMM | Italian National Institute of StatisticS (ISTAT) | 2004-2007 | 4 |
| Ordóñez, Ordóñez and Torres | 2010 | Spain | Unspecified | -0.82 | RP | 2.3 | GDP of origin country | Distance | OLS | Yearbook of Tourism Statistics etc. | 1987-2004 | 2 |
| Spain | Unspecified | -0.99 | RP | 2.42 | GDP of origin country | Distance | GLS | Yearbook of Tourism Statistics etc. | 1987-2004 | |||
| Otero-Giráldez, Álvarez-Díaz and González-Gómez | 2012 | Spain | domestic | -5 | CPI (Tourism) | 0.76 | IPI | Climate data | ADLM | Spanish Statistical Institute | Jan1999-Dec2010 | 4 |
| Rey, Myro and Galera | 2011 | Spain | Unspecified | 0.05 | RP | 2.73 | GDP of origin country | Transport price; Infrastructure quality | the Balestra estimator | Tourism studies institute of Spain; IMF | 2000-2009 | 1 |
| Spain | Unspecified | 0.022 | RP | 1.31 | GDP of origin country | Transport price; Infrastructure quality | the AB estimator | Tourism studies institute of Spain; IMF | 2000-2009 | |||
| Salmasi, Celidoni and Procidano | 2012 | Domestic | Italy Q 0.1 | -1.28 | RP (Tourist service) | 0.02 | GDP of origin country | Demographic data | CQRM | Survey on business and leisure | 2002-2008 | 2 |
| Domestic | Italy Q 0.25 | -1.1 | RP (Tourist service) | 30.02 | GDP of origin country | Demographic data | CQRM | Survey on business and leisure | 2002-2008 | |||
| Domestic | Italy Q 0.5 | -1 | RP (Tourist service) | 0.02 | GDP of origin country | Demographic data | CQRM | Survey on business and leisure | 2002-2008 | |||
| Domestic | Italy Q 0.75 | -0.85 | RP (Tourist service) | 0.02 | GDP of origin country | Demographic data | CQRM | Survey on business and leisure | 2002-2008 | |||
| Domestic | Italy Q 0.9 | -0.21 | RP (Tourist service) | 0.02 | GDP of origin country | Demographic data | CQRM | Survey on business and leisure | 2002-2008 | |||
Santos and Cincera +++ |
2018 | Brussels | -3.271 | RP | 2.189 | GDP of origin country | Market share of LCC; EX etc. | Regression | OECD; Euro stats etc. | 2002-2014 | ||
| Brussels | -0.827 | RP | 3.771 | GDP of origin country | Market share of LCC; EX etc. | Regression | OECD; Euro stats etc. | 2002-2014 | ||||
| Brussels | -5.096 | RP | 0.0368 | GDP of origin country | Market share of LCC; EX etc. | Regression | OECD; Euro stats etc. | 2002-2014 | ||||
| Seetaram | 2012 | Unspecified | Australia | 0.11 | RER | 3.63 | Real average income | Real average airfare; | the AB estimator | Reserve bank of Australia; ABS | 1991-2008 | 2 |
| Unspecified | Australia | 0.13 | RER | 3.96 | Real average income | Real average airfare; | CLSDV | Reserve bank of Australia; ABS | 1991-2008 | 2 | ||
| Seetaram, Forsyth and Dwyer | 2016 | Unspecified | Australia | -0.003 | RER | 2.773 | Real average income | Migration variable; transportation cost etc. | DOLS | Reserve bank of Australia; ABS | 1990-2008 | 4 |
| Unspecified | Australia | -1.402 | PCI | 3.132 | Real average income | Migration variable; transportation cost etc. | DOLS | Reserve bank of Australia; ABS | 1990-2008 | |||
Seetaram, Song and Page +++ |
2014 | France | UK | -0.11 | RP | 1.18 | Real aggregated income | Tax | ADLM | Office for National Statistics | 1994Q4-2010Q4 | 4 |
| Germany | UK | -0.05 | RP | 1.16 | Real aggregated income | Tax | ADLM | Office for National Statistics | 1994Q4-2010Q4 | |||
| Spain | UK | -1.12 | RP | 1.68 | Real aggregated income | Tax | ADLM | Office for National Statistics | 1994Q4-2010Q4 | |||
| Italy | UK | -1.14 | RP | 2.05 | Real aggregated income | Tax | ADLM | Office for National Statistics | 1994Q4-2010Q4 | |||
| Greece | UK | -2.02 | RP | 0.36 | Real aggregated income | Tax | ADLM | Office for National Statistics | 1994Q4-2010Q4 | |||
| Turkey | UK | x | RP | 1.65 | Real aggregated income | Tax | ADLM | Office for National Statistics | 1994Q4-2010Q4 | |||
| Egypt | UK | -0.5 | RP | 4.11 | Real aggregated income | Tax | ADLM | Office for National Statistics | 1994Q4-2010Q4 | |||
| USA | UK | -0.09 | RP | 0.76 | Real aggregated income | Tax | ADLM | Office for National Statistics | 1994Q4-2010Q4 | |||
| HK | UK | -0.19 | RP | 2.21 | Real aggregated income | Tax | ADLM | Office for National Statistics | 1994Q4-2010Q4 | |||
| Australia | UK | -0.69 | RP | 1.63 | Real aggregated income | Tax | ADLM | Office for National Statistics | 1994Q4-2010Q4 | |||
| Aggregate (Long-haul) | UK | -0.89 | RP | 1.35 | Real aggregated income | Tax | ADLM | Office for National Statistics | 1994Q4-2010Q4 | |||
| Aggregate (Short-haul) | UK | -0.37 | RP | 2.18 | Real aggregated income | Tax | ADLM | Office for National Statistics | 1994Q4-2010Q4 | |||
| Serra, Correia and Rodrigues | 2014 | Portugal | Six main origins | x | x | 0.89 | GDP of origin country | Unemployment rate; final household consumption | The AB estimator | Euro stats | 2000-2011 | 1 |
| Portugal | Six main origins | -1.3875 | HCPI | x | x | Unemployment rate; final household consumption | The AB estimator | Euro stats | 2000-2011 | |||
| Portugal | Six main origins | x | x | 2.15 | GDP of origin country | Unemployment rate; final household consumption | The AB estimator | Euro stats | 2000-2011 | |||
| Portugal | Six main origins | x | x | 5.7 | GDP of origin country | Unemployment rate; final household consumption | The AB estimator | Euro stats | 2000-2011 | |||
| Smeral | 2012 | Australia (Fast growth) | Unspecified | -0.96 | Price index of tourism imports | 1.96 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 1978-2009 | 4 |
| Australia (Slow growth) | Unspecified | -0.96 | Price index of tourism imports | 2.67 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 1978-2009 | |||
| Canada (Fast) | Unspecified | -1.42 | Price index of tourism imports | 0.91 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 1978-2009 | |||
| Canada (Slow) | Unspecified | -1.42 | Price index of tourism imports | 1.24 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 1978-2009 | |||
| EU-15 (Fast) | Unspecified | -1.05 | Price index of tourism imports | 2.35 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 1978-2009 | |||
| EU-15 (Slow) | Unspecified | -1.05 | Price index of tourism imports | 1.46 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 1978-2009 | |||
| Japan (Fast) | Unspecified | -0.73 | Price index of tourism imports | 2.19 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 1985-2009 | |||
| Japan (Slow) | Unspecified | -0.73 | Price index of tourism imports | 4.49 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 1985-2009 | |||
| USA (Fast) | Unspecified | -0.84 | Price index of tourism imports | 2.53 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 1985-2009 | |||
| USA (Slow) | Unspecified | -0.84 | Price index of tourism imports | 2.01 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 1985-2009 | |||
| Smeral | 2014 | Australia | -1.19 | Price index of tourism imports | 3.857 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 1979-2015 | 2 | |
| Canada | -1.43 | Price index of tourism imports | 0.98 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 1979-2015 | ||||
| EU-15 | -1.07 | Price index of tourism imports | 2.07 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 1979-2015 | ||||
| Japan | -0.8 | Price index of tourism imports | 2.78 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 1979-2015 | ||||
| USA | -0.75 | Price index of tourism imports | 1.578 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 1979-2015 | ||||
| Smeral | 2019 | Canada | -0.940 | Price index of tourism imports | Insignificant | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 2000-2015(Q1) | 2 | |
| Canada | -0.950 | Price index of tourism imports | 1.230 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 2000-2015(Q2) | ||||
| Canada | -2.442 | Price index of tourism imports | 3.442 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 2000-2015(Q3) | ||||
| Canada | -1.280 | Price index of tourism imports | 1.400 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 2000-2015(Q4) | ||||
| EU-15 | -2.800 | Price index of tourism imports | 2.160 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 2000-2015(Q1) | ||||
| EU-15 | -0.148 | Price index of tourism imports | 0.599 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 2000-2015(Q2) | ||||
| EU-15 | Insignificant | Price index of tourism imports | 0.618 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 2000-2015(Q3) | ||||
| EU-15 | Insignificant | Price index of tourism imports | 1.700 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 2000-2015(Q4) | ||||
| Japan | -5.533 | Price index of tourism imports | 5.400 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 2000-2015(Q1) | ||||
| Japan | -1.240 | Price index of tourism imports | 4.970 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 2000-2015(Q2) | ||||
| Japan | -0.910 | Price index of tourism imports | 3.520 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 2000-2015(Q3) | ||||
| Japan | -0.870 | Price index of tourism imports | 1.940 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 2000-2015(Q4) | ||||
| USA | -0.850 | Price index of tourism imports | 3.020 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 2000-2015(Q1) | ||||
| USA | -1.060 | Price index of tourism imports | 4.540 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 2000-2015(Q2) | ||||
| USA | -0.990 | Price index of tourism imports | 2.660 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 2000-2015(Q3) | ||||
| USA | -1.150 | Price index of tourism imports | 2.460 | GDP of origin country | x | ADLM | IMF; OECD; UNWTO | 2000-2015(Q4) | ||||
| Surugiu, Leitão and Surugiu | 2011 | Romania | USA | -0.51 | PPP | 1.353 | GDP of origin country | Trade; POP; DIST | Fixed effects | World bank | 1997-2008 | 0 |
| Romania | USA | 0.122 | PPP | 0.931 | GDP of origin country | Trade; POP; DIST | Tobit model | World bank | 1997-2008 | |||
| Thompson | 2013 | Greece | USA | -2.01 | RP | 2.62 | GDP of origin country | EX; air cost index | ECM | National Tourism Organization of Greece; IMF etc. | 1975-2009 | 2 |
| Turrion-Prats and Duro | 2017 | Spain | Eight sources | -1.526 | RP | -1.104 | GDP of origin country | Transport cost; EX | GMM-DIFF | N/A | 2000-2014 | 2 |
Yamaura and Thompson +++ |
2015 | France | Germany | -0.275 | RP | 0.864 | GDP of origin country | x | AIDS | Yearbook of Tourism Statistics | 1994-2012 | 2 |
| Italy | Germany | -0.399 | RP | 0.571 | GDP of origin country | x | AIDS | Yearbook of Tourism Statistics | 1994-2012 | |||
| Austria | Germany | -1.46 | RP | 1.328 | GDP of origin country | x | AIDS | Yearbook of Tourism Statistics | 1994-2012 | |||
| Switzerland | Germany | -2.084 | RP | -0.197 | GDP of origin country | x | AIDS | Yearbook of Tourism Statistics | 1994-2012 | |||
| Poland | Germany | -0.743 | RP | 0.752 | GDP of origin country | x | AIDS | Yearbook of Tourism Statistics | 1994-2012 | |||
| Denmark | Germany | -2.126 | RP | 2.147 | GDP of origin country | x | AIDS | Yearbook of Tourism Statistics | 1994-2012 | |||
| France | UK | -0.765 | RP | 0.881 | GDP of origin country | x | AIDS | Yearbook of Tourism Statistics | 1994-2012 | |||
| Italy | UK | -1.293 | RP | 0.945 | GDP of origin country | x | AIDS | Yearbook of Tourism Statistics | 1994-2012 | |||
| Austria | UK | -2.195 | RP | 1.238 | GDP of origin country | x | AIDS | Yearbook of Tourism Statistics | 1994-2012 | |||
| Switzerland | UK | -1.905 | RP | 0.61 | GDP of origin country | x | AIDS | Yearbook of Tourism Statistics | 1994-2012 | |||
| Poland | UK | -1.021 | RP | 1.685 | GDP of origin country | x | AIDS | Yearbook of Tourism Statistics | 1994-2012 | |||
| Denmark | UK | -2.761 | RP | 0.958 | GDP of origin country | x | AIDS | Yearbook of Tourism Statistics | 1994-2012 |
Notes: +++ indicates the most relevant destinations to Scotland;
Long-run elasticities were selected or calculated for lagged models;
Unless specified, the demand is for the whole destination rather than a specific tourism sector.
Contact
Email: juanmanuel.scarilli@gov.scot
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