The Environment Strategy for Scotland: Delivering the Environment Strategy Outcome on Scotland's Economy - Evidence Base & Policy Levers

References

1 WEF_Global_Risks_Report_2023.pdf (weforum.org) The report identifies the four most severe risks facing humanity over the next decade as i) failure to mitigate climate change, ii) failure of climate change adaptation, iii) natural disasters and extreme weather events, iv) biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse.

2 For example: AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2023 (ipcc.ch) ; Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services | IPBES secretariat

3 Other Environment Strategy outcomes outside the scope of this research are focused on related areas, such as the transformations in Scotland’s society (including lifestyles and social policies) needed to tackle the climate and nature emergencies; and the sustainability of Scotland’s global footprint (including sustainable consumption and international trade).

4 https://www.gov.scot/publications/wellbeing-economy-monitor-december-2022-update/pages/1/

5 Given that circularity is key to achieving a net zero, nature positive economy, circular economy goals are embedded within the net zero and nature positive Theories of Change, rather than addressed in a separate Theory of Change.

6 https://www.gov.scot/publications/wellbeing-economy-monitor-december-2022-update/pages/1/

7 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-national-strategy-economic-transformation/pages/1/

8 https://www.gov.scot/publications/transition-commission-national-mission-fairer-greener-scotland/pages/3/

9 https://www.netzeronation.scot/the-importance-of-net-zero

10 https://f.hubspotusercontent20.net/hubfs/4783129/Nature%20Positive%20The%20Global%20Goal%20for%20Nature%20paper.pdf p2-4

11 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-biodiversity-strategy-2045-tackling-nature-emergency-scotland/

12 https://cy.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/bulletins/finalestimates/2021

13 https://www.gov.scot/publications/climate-change-monitoring-report-2023/pages/6/

14 https://www.lloydsbankinggroup.com/who-we-are/sustainability/seizing-green-growth-opportunity/uk-nations-and-regions.html#:~:text=The%20UK%20Green%20Growth%20Index%20is%20based%20on,of%2050%20is%20equivalent%20to%20the%20UK%20average.

15 https://www.pwc.co.uk/who-we-are/our-purpose/building-trust-in-the-climate-transition/supporting-a-fair-transition/green-jobs-barometer.html

16 Update to the Climate Change Plan 2018 – 2032 https://www.gov.scot/publications/securing-green-recovery-path-net-zero-update-climate-change-plan-20182032/documents/

17 https://www.gov.scot/publications/shaping-scotlands-economy-scotlands-inward-investment-plan/pages/6/

18 https://www.gov.scot/publications/shaping-scotlands-economy-scotlands-inward-investment-plan/pages/3/

19 https://www.gov.scot/publications/energy-system-transition-independent-analysis/documents/

20 https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Progress-in-reducing-emissions-in-Scotland-2022-Report-to-Parliament.pdf

21 https://www.gov.scot/publications/securing-green-recovery-path-net-zero-update-climate-change-plan-20182032/documents/

22 https://naei.beis.gov.uk/reports/reports?report_id=1110

23 https://www.iea.org/energy-system/carbon-capture-utilisation-and-storage

24 https://www.iea.org/energy-system/carbon-capture-utilisation-and-storage/bioenergy-with-carbon-capture-and-storage#overview

25 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/633458017a1ae214f3772c76/t/64d2223cab34856349188e07/1691492940765/SoCDR-1st-edition-2023-V9.pdf p39

26 https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00953-x?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&utm_campaign=58aa113c4f-briefing-dy-20230404&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-58aa113c4f-44387853

27 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/633458017a1ae214f3772c76/t/64d2223cab34856349188e07/1691492940765/SoCDR-1st-edition-2023-V9.pdf p11

28 https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Progress-in-reducing-emissions-in-Scotland-2022-Report-to-Parliament.pdf

29 https://f.hubspotusercontent20.net/hubfs/4783129/Nature%20Positive%20The%20Global%20Goal%20for%20Nature%20paper.pdf p2-4

30 https://www.ipbes.net/global-assessment

31 Pakeman, R.J., Eastwood, A., Duckett, D, Waylen, K.A. Hopkins, J. and Bailey, D.M. (2023). Understanding the Indirect Drivers of Biodiversity Loss in Scotland. NatureScot Research Report 1309. Retrieved from: https://www.nature.scot/doc/naturescot-research-report-1309-understanding-indirect-drivers-biodiversity-loss-scotland

32 Issues around international trade are considered within the scope of another Environment Strategy outcome: 'We are responsible global citizens with a sustainable international footprint'.

33 Walton P, Eaton M, Stanbury A, Hayhow D, Brand A, Brooks S, Collin S, Duncan C, Dundas C, Foster S, Hawley J, Kinninmonth A, Leatham S, Nagy-Vizitiu A, Whyte A, Williams S and Wormald K (2019). The State of Nature Scotland 2019. The State of Nature partnership. Retrieved from https://www.nature.scot/doc/state-nature-scotland-report-2019

34 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-biodiversity-strategy-2045-tackling-nature-emergency-scotland/

35 https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/biodiversity-indicators/biodiversity-intactness-index-data?future-scenario=ssp2_rcp4p5_message_globiom&georegion=001&min-year=1970&max-year=2050&georegion-compare=null&future-scenario-compare=null&show-uncertainty=true&min-biigraph-y-axis=0&max-biigraph-y-axis=100&min-factorgraph-y-axis=0&max-factorgraph-y-axis=100&underlying-factor=crp

37 ‘We are responsible global citizens with a sustainable international footprint’. A separate research project by Global Footprint Network has been commissioned to help inform the pathway for achieving this outcome.

38 The State of Nature 2023 report adds upland management and overgrazing (including by red deer) as key pressures on biodiversity. It was not possible to explore these pressures and their impact on biodiversity in detail in this report. Likewise, it was not possible to make detailed recommendations for policy levers to address these pressures in the context of a nature positive economy. More generally, the findings of the State of Nature 2023 report suggest that further consideration should be given to deer management and to opportunities for promoting the sustainable management of sporting estates.

39 World Economic Forum (2020). New Nature Economy Report II—The Future of Nature and Business. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/reports/new-nature-economy-report-ii-the-future-of-nature-and-business/

40 Dasgupta, P. (2021). The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review (pp. 487–498). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/final-report-the-economics-of-biodiversity-the-dasgupta-review. p489

41 Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2020). Global Biodiversity Outlook 5. Retrieved from: https://www.cbd.int/gbo5 p150

42 World Economic Forum (2020).

43 Locke, H., Rockström, J., Bakker, P., Bapna, M., Gough, M., Hilty, J., ... & Zurita, P. (2021). A nature-positive world: The global goal for nature. Retrieved from https://library.wcs.org/doi/ctl/view/mid/33065/pubid/DMX3974900000.aspx

44 World Economic Forum (2020).

45 Dasgupta, P. (2021). P437

46 World Economic Forum (2020).

47 https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/protected-areas-and-species/30-30-and-nature-networks/30-30-explained

48 https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-15/cop-15-dec-04-en.pdf

49 https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/protected-areas-and-species/30-30-and-nature-networks/30-30-explained

50 https://marine.gov.scot/data/facts-and-figures-about-scotlands-sea-area-coastline-length-sea-area-sq-kms

51 CCC (2022). Progress in Reducing Emissions in Scotland. Retrieved from https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Progress-in-reducing-emissions-in-Scotland-2022-Report-to-Parliament.pdf p12

52 Walton P, Eaton M, Stanbury A, Hayhow D, Brand A, Brooks S, Collin S, Duncan C, Dundas C, Foster S, Hawley J, Kinninmonth A, Leatham S, Nagy-Vizitiu A, Whyte A, Williams S and Wormald K (2019). The State of Nature Scotland 2019. The State of Nature partnership. Retrieved from https://www.nature.scot/doc/state-nature-scotland-report-2019 p12

53 Walton P, Eaton M, Stanbury A, Hayhow D, Brand A, Brooks S, Collin S, Duncan C, Dundas C, Foster S, Hawley J, Kinninmonth A, Leatham S, Nagy-Vizitiu A, Whyte A, Williams S and Wormald K (2019). The State of Nature Scotland 2019. The State of Nature partnership. Retrieved from https://www.nature.scot/doc/state-nature-scotland-report-2019 p18

54 https://cdn.forestresearch.gov.uk/2022/12/FS2022-combined-29sep22.pdf p14

55 Ibid.

56 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Forests,_forestry_and_logging

57 https://www.cbd.int/gbo/gbo5/publication/gbo-5-en.pdf p148

58 Walton P, Eaton M, Stanbury A, Hayhow D, Brand A, Brooks S, Collin S, Duncan C, Dundas C, Foster S, Hawley J, Kinninmonth A, Leatham S, Nagy-Vizitiu A, Whyte A, Williams S and Wormald K (2019). The State of Nature Scotland 2019. The State of Nature partnership. Retrieved from https://www.nature.scot/doc/state-nature-scotland-report-2019

59 Scottish Government (2021). Results from the Scottish Agricultural Census: June 2021. Retrieved from https://www.gov.scot/publications/results-scottish-agricultural-census-june-2021/

60 Scottish Government (2019). The Less Favoured Area Support Scheme (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 2019: EQIA. Retrieved from https://www.gov.scot/publications/less-favoured-area-support-scheme-scotland-amendment-regulations-2019-eqia/pages/1/

61 https://www.hutton.ac.uk/sites/default/files/files/soils/lca_leaflet_hutton.pdf

62 Scottish Government (2022). Cereal and oilseed rape harvest: final estimates – 2022. Retrieved from https://www.gov.scot/publications/cereal-and-oilseed-rape-harvest-2022-final-estimates/

63 Ibid.

64 Dasgupta, P. (2021). P397-398

65 Walton P, Eaton M, Stanbury A, Hayhow D, Brand A, Brooks S, Collin S, Duncan C, Dundas C, Foster S, Hawley J, Kinninmonth A, Leatham S, Nagy-Vizitiu A, Whyte A, Williams S and Wormald K (2019). The State of Nature Scotland 2019. The State of Nature partnership. Retrieved from https://www.nature.scot/doc/state-nature-scotland-report-2019 p8

66 National Food Strategy (2021). The Evidence. Retrieved from https://www.nationalfoodstrategy.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/NFS_Evidence-Pack.pdf p46-48

67 Walton P, Eaton M, Stanbury A, Hayhow D, Brand A, Brooks S, Collin S, Duncan C, Dundas C, Foster S, Hawley J, Kinninmonth A, Leatham S, Nagy-Vizitiu A, Whyte A, Williams S and Wormald K (2019). The State of Nature Scotland 2019. The State of Nature partnership. Retrieved from https://www.nature.scot/doc/state-nature-scotland-report-2019 p12

68 McCracken, D. I. (2011). Describing and characterising the main types of HNV farming systems in Scotland. Supplementary Paper 1 of the Scottish Government Summary report of the Technical Working Group on High Nature Value Farming and Forestry Indicators. http://tinyurl.com/p7s9w6p p26

69 Ibid. p7

70 https://www.nature.scot/doc/natural-capital-asset-index-2023-detailed-model-data-2021

71 Ibid.

72 Ibid.

73 https://www.gov.scot/publications/next-step-delivering-vision-scotland-leader-sustainable-regenerative-farming/pages/1/

74 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-biodiversity-strategy-2045-tackling-nature-emergency-scotland/ p20-22

75 Ibid. p33

76 Scottish Government (2022). Seafood strategy. Retrieved from https://www.gov.scot/publications/strategy-seafood/pages/3/

77 Griggs, R. (2022). A Review of the Aquaculture Regulatory Process in Scotland. Retrieved from https://www.gov.scot/publications/review-aquaculture-regulatory-process-scotland/documents/ Annex B

78 World Economic Forum (2020). P36

79 Bloodworth, J. W., Baptie, M. C., Preedy, K. F., & Best, J. (2019). Negative effects of the sea lice therapeutant emamectin benzoate at low concentrations on benthic communities around Scottish fish farms. Science of the Total Environment, 669, 91-102.

80 World Economic Forum (2020). P36

81 Tett P, Benjamins S, Black KD, Coulson M, Davidson K, Fernandes T, Fox C, Hart M, Hicks N, Hughes A, Hunter D-C, Nickell T, Risch D, Tocher D, Vare L, Vespoor E, Wilding T, Wilson B and Wittich A (2018). Review of the environmental impacts of salmon farming in Scotland. Retrieved from https://www.sams.ac.uk/science/research-papers/sams-archive-papers/2018-papers/name-238744-en.html

82 World Economic Forum (2020). P36

83 Ibid.

84 Tett P, Benjamins S, Black KD, Coulson M, Davidson K, Fernandes T, Fox C, Hart M, Hicks N, Hughes A, Hunter D-C, Nickell T, Risch D, Tocher D, Vare L, Vespoor E, Wilding T, Wilson B and Wittich A (2018).

85 Walton P, Eaton M, Stanbury A, Hayhow D, Brand A, Brooks S, Collin S, Duncan C, Dundas C, Foster S, Hawley J, Kinninmonth A, Leatham S, Nagy-Vizitiu A, Whyte A, Williams S and Wormald K (2019). The State of Nature Scotland 2019. The State of Nature partnership. Retrieved from https://www.nature.scot/doc/state-nature-scotland-report-2019 p7

86 Ibid. p6

87 https://marine.gov.scot/sma/assessment/commercial-fish

88 Walton P, Eaton M, Stanbury A, Hayhow D, Brand A, Brooks S, Collin S, Duncan C, Dundas C, Foster S, Hawley J, Kinninmonth A, Leatham S, Nagy-Vizitiu A, Whyte A, Williams S and Wormald K (2019). The State of Nature Scotland 2019. The State of Nature partnership. Retrieved from https://www.nature.scot/doc/state-nature-scotland-report-2019

89 Ibid.

90 https://marine.gov.scot/sma/assessment/deep-sea-fish

91 https://marine.gov.scot/sma/assessment/wider-fish-community

92 https://www.nature.scot/doc/scottish-biodiversity-indicator-numbers-and-breeding-success-seabirds-1986-2019

93 Ibid.

94 Walton P, Eaton M, Stanbury A, Hayhow D, Brand A, Brooks S, Collin S, Duncan C, Dundas C, Foster S, Hawley J, Kinninmonth A, Leatham S, Nagy-Vizitiu A, Whyte A, Williams S and Wormald K (2019). The State of Nature Scotland 2019. The State of Nature partnership. Retrieved from https://www.nature.scot/doc/state-nature-scotland-report-2019 p13

95 Ibid.

96

97 https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/594088/211222-final-rbmp3-scotland.pdf p8

98

99 Walton P, Eaton M, Stanbury A, Hayhow D, Brand A, Brooks S, Collin S, Duncan C, Dundas C, Foster S, Hawley J, Kinninmonth A, Leatham S, Nagy-Vizitiu A, Whyte A, Williams S and Wormald K (2019). The State of Nature Scotland 2019. The State of Nature partnership. Retrieved from https://www.nature.scot/doc/state-nature-scotland-report-2019 p14

100 Walton P, Eaton M, Stanbury A, Hayhow D, Brand A, Brooks S, Collin S, Duncan C, Dundas C, Foster S, Hawley J, Kinninmonth A, Leatham S, Nagy-Vizitiu A, Whyte A, Williams S and Wormald K (2019). The State of Nature Scotland 2019. The State of Nature partnership. Retrieved from https://www.nature.scot/doc/state-nature-scotland-report-2019 p14

101 Dasgupta, P. (2021). The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/final-report-the-economics-of-biodiversity-the-dasgupta-review

102 https://www.nature.scot/doc/official-statistics-natural-capital-asset-index-2023-amendments-2023-publication

103 https://data.gov.scot/environment/Outcome4.html

104 https://www.climatexchange.org.uk/media/2513/nb14_natural_capital_asset_index.pdf

105 https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_New_Nature_Economy_Report_2020.pdf

106 https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/strategy-and-business/content/sbpwc-2023-04-19-Managing-nature-risks-v2.pdf

107 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-natural-capital-accounts-2023/

108 https://data.gov.scot/environment/headlines.html

109 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-natural-capital-accounts-2022/pages/2/

110 https://www.circularity-gap.world/scotland

111 Ibid.

112 https://www.gov.scot/publications/consultation-delivering-scotlands-circular-economy-route-map-2025-beyond/pages/4/

113 https://eeb.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Decoupling-Debunked.pdf

114 https://timotheeparrique.com/decoupling-in-the-ipcc-ar6-wgiii/

115 https://www.gov.scot/publications/wellbeing-economy-monitor-december-2022-update/pages/1/

116 Dasgupta, P. (2021). The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review (pp. 487–498). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/final-report-the-economics-of-biodiversity-the-dasgupta-review p137

117 Dasgupta, P. (2021). p426-427

118 UK-Impacts.pdf">https://www.ukclimaterisk.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Effect-of-Potential-Climate-Tipping-Points-on-UK-Impacts.pdf

119 https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/research-report-carbon-inequality-era.pdf p9

120 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/corporate-report/2021/12/scottish-budget-2022-23/documents/scottish-budget-2022-23/scottish-budget-2022-23/govscot%3Adocument/scottish-budget-2022-23.pdf

121 GDP%2BQNAS%2B-%2B2022%2BQ4%2B-%2BPublication.pdf">https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/statistics/2023/04/gdp-quarterly-national-accounts-2022-q4/documents/gdp-quarterly-national-accounts-full-publication/gdp-quarterly-national-accounts-full-publication/govscot%3Adocument/GDP%2BQNAS%2B-%2B2022%2BQ4%2B-%2BPublication.pdf

122 https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/public-purpose/sites/bartlett_public_purpose/files/mazzucato_2022._rethinking_the_social_contract_between_the_state_and_business_a_new_approach_to_industrial_strategy_with_conditionalities.pdf

123 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/research-and-analysis/2022/12/high-level-carbon-assessment-scottish-budget-2023-24/documents/carbon-assessment-scottish-budget-2023-24/carbon-assessment-scottish-budget-2023-24/govscot%3Adocument/carbon-assessment-scottish-budget-2023-24.pdf

124 https://fraserofallander.org/the-scottish-government-needs-a-rethink-to-meet-net-zero-ambitions/

125 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/strategy-plan/2022/03/scotlands-national-strategy-economic-transformation/documents/delivering-economic-prosperity/delivering-economic-prosperity/govscot%3Adocument/delivering-economic-prosperity.pdf

126 https://www.gov.scot/publications/investing-scotlands-future-resource-spending-review/pages/3/

127 https://www.thebank.scot/sites/default/files/2022-10/the-bank-annual-report-2022.pdf

128 CCC 2022 Report to Parliament https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/scottish-emission-targets-progress-in-reducing-emissions-in-scotland-2022-report-to-parliament/

129 Scottish Greenhouse Gas Statistics 2021 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-greenhouse-gas-statistics-2021/pages/10/

130 Transport Scotland https://www.transport.gov.scot/publication/scottish-transport-statistics-2021/chapter-13-environment/

131 Update to the Climate Change Plan 2018 – 2032 https://www.gov.scot/publications/securing-green-recovery-path-net-zero-update-climate-change-plan-20182032/documents/

132 CCC The Sixth Carbon Budget Methodology Report https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/The-Sixth-Carbon-Budget-Methodology-Report.pdf

133 CCC 2022 Report to Parliament https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/scottish-emission-targets-progress-in-reducing-emissions-in-scotland-2022-report-to-parliament/

134 Scottish Greenhouse Gas Statistics 2021 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-greenhouse-gas-statistics-2021/pages/10/

135 https://www.homeenergyscotland.org/funding/grants-loans/overview/

136 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-house-condition-survey-2021-key-findings/pages/2-energy-efficiency/

137 Update to the Climate Change Plan 2018 – 2032 https://www.gov.scot/publications/securing-green-recovery-path-net-zero-update-climate-change-plan-20182032/documents/

138 CCC 2022 Report to Parliament https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/scottish-emission-targets-progress-in-reducing-emissions-in-scotland-2022-report-to-parliament/

139 Scottish Greenhouse Gas Statistics 2021 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-greenhouse-gas-statistics-2021/pages/10/

140 Draft Energy Strategy and Just Transition Plan https://www.gov.scot/publications/draft-energy-strategy-transition-plan/

141 Update to the Climate Change Plan 2018 – 2032 https://www.gov.scot/publications/securing-green-recovery-path-net-zero-update-climate-change-plan-20182032/documents/

142 https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-51141761

143 Draft Energy Strategy and Just Transition Plan, Section 2.2 Community energy and shared ownership https://www.gov.scot/publications/draft-energy-strategy-transition-plan/pages/4/

144 CCC 2022 Report to Parliament https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/scottish-emission-targets-progress-in-reducing-emissions-in-scotland-2022-report-to-parliament/

145 Scottish Greenhouse Gas Statistics 2021 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-greenhouse-gas-statistics-2021/pages/10/

146 CCC The Sixth Carbon Budget Methodology Report https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/The-Sixth-Carbon-Budget-Methodology-Report.pdf

147 Update to the Climate Change Plan 2018 – 2032 https://www.gov.scot/publications/securing-green-recovery-path-net-zero-update-climate-change-plan-20182032/documents/

148 https://es.catapult.org.uk/report/towards-industrial-decarbonisation-the-strategic-role-of-industrial-clusters/

149 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/energy-security-bill-factsheets/energy-security-bill-factsheet-hydrogen-and-industrial-carbon-capture-business-models

150 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/strategy-plan/2022/12/hydrogen-action-plan/documents/hydrogen-action-plan/hydrogen-action-plan/govscot%3Adocument/hydrogen-action-plan.pdf

151 https://www.gov.scot/news/scottish-cluster-support/#:~:text=Financial%20backing%20of%20up%20to,Government's%20Emerging%20Energy%20Technologies%20Fund.

152 https://www.gov.scot/publications/emerging-energy-technologies-fund-hydrogen-innovation-scheme-form-and-guidance/

153 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1148026/cluster-sequencing-for-ccus-track-2-guidance.pdf

154 https://www.gov.scot/publications/low-carbon-manufacturing-challenge-fund-business-regulatory-assessment-bria/

155 https://www.grantfinder.co.uk/scottish-industrial-energy-transformation-fund-third-call-for-projects-launched/#:~:text=A%20total%20of%20%C2%A334,profiled%20from%202021%20to%202026.

156 https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/5649/documents/55743/default/

157 Hollingdale, J. (2022). Green finance, land reform and a just transition to net zero. Retrieved from https://www.communitylandscotland.org.uk/resources/green-finance-land-reform-and-a-just-transition-to-net-zero/ p21

158 Reform of red diesel and other rebated fuels entitlement - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

159 https://www.transport.gov.scot/publication/a-route-map-to-achieve-a-20-per-cent-reduction-in-car-kilometres-by-2030/3-interventions

160 https://www.mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Anthony-Laverty_Road-User-Charging_Presentation.pdf p31-33

161 https://www.its.leeds.ac.uk/projects/konsult/private/level2/instruments/instrument050/l2_001c.htm

162 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2001/2/part/3

163 London Borough of Lambeth (2023). Kerbside Strategy. Retrieved from https://moderngov.lambeth.gov.uk/documents/s143755/Appendix%20A%20-%20Lambeths%20Kerbside%20Strategy.pdf

164 https://www.gov.scot/policies/taxes/air-departure-tax/

165 See for example: Chapman, A., Murray, L., Carpenter, G., Heisse, C. and Prief, L. (2021). A Frequent Flyer Levy. Retrieved from https://neweconomics.org/uploads/files/frequent-flyer-levy.pdf

166 Ibid. p69

167 https://www.landcommission.gov.scot/downloads/61efa506191e2_Land%20Reform%20and%20Taxation%20-%20Advice%20to%20Scottish%20Ministers.pdf

168 https://www.sdi.co.uk/business-in-scotland/financial-and-tax-incentives

169 https://www.scottish-enterprise.com/support-for-businesses/funding-and-grants/accessing-finance-and-attracting-investment

170 https://www.climatexchange.org.uk/research/projects/understanding-the-impacts-of-emission-trading-systems-and-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanisms-on-scottish-business/

171 https://www.ippr.org/files/2019-09/1568730565_local-tax-in-scotland-sept19.pdf

172 https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/685291565941690701/pdf/Using-Carbon-Revenues.pdf

173 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161893817301205

174 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/strategy-plan/2023/02/national-planning-framework-4/documents/national-planning-framework-4-revised-draft/national-planning-framework-4-revised-draft/govscot%3Adocument/national-planning-framework-4-revised-draft.pdf

175 https://www.gov.scot/publications/chief-planner-letter-transitional-arrangements-for-national-planning-framework-4/

176 https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/government-urged-to-close-energy-efficiency-performance-gap

177 Steven, A. (2020). Real Burdens in Scots Law: An Environmental Perspective. In S. Demeyere & V. Sagaert (Eds.), Contract and Property with an Environmental Perspective (Property Law Series, pp. 143-162). Intersentia. doi:10.1017/9781780688664.007

178 https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/ws/files/5807266/Conservation_Burdens_and_Covenants.pdf

179 Steven, A. (2020). p157

180 Steven, A. (2020). Real Burdens in Scots Law: An Environmental Perspective. In S. Demeyere & V. Sagaert (Eds.), Contract and Property with an Environmental Perspective (Property Law Series, pp. 143-162). Intersentia. doi:10.1017/9781780688664.007 p152

181 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2003/9/section/46A

182 Steven. A. (2020). p158

183 Steven. A. (2020). p158

184 Scottish Government (2023). Scottish farm business income: annual estimates 2021-2022. Retrieved from https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-farm-business-income-annual-estimates-2021-2022/pages/livestock-farms-are-more-reliant-on-support-payments/

185 Ibid.

186 OECD (2021). Biodiversity, Natural Capital and the Economy: A Policy Guide for Finance, Economic and Environment Ministers. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1787/1a1ae114-en p52

187 SEI and CEEW (2022). Stockholm+50: Unlocking a Better Future. Stockholm Environment Institute. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.011 p78

188 World Economic Forum (2020). P34

189 Dasgupta, P. (2021). P470, P493

190 OECD (2021). P35

191 Scottish Government (2022). Scottish Budget: 2023-24. Retrieved from https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-budget-2023-24/pages/11

192 https://www.ruralpayments.org/topics/all-schemes/basic-payment-scheme/basic-payment-scheme-full-guidance/greening---bps/greening-guidance-2023/greening---overview/

193 Scottish Government (2022). Delivering our vision for Scottish agriculture - proposals for a new Agriculture Bill: consultation. Retrieved from https://www.gov.scot/publications/delivering-vision-scottish-agriculture-proposals-new-agriculture-bill/pages/4/

194 Scottish Government (2022). Agricultural transition in Scotland. Retrieved from https://consult.gov.scot/agriculture-and-rural-communities/agricultural-transition-in-scotland/

195 https://www.gov.scot/groups/agriculture-reform-implementation-oversight-board/

196 Dasgupta, P. (2021). P491

197 Ibid.

198 SEI and CEEW (2022). Stockholm+50: Unlocking a Better Future. Stockholm Environment Institute. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.011 p78

199 World Economic Forum (2020). P34

200 Dasgupta, P. (2021). P491

201 https://www.gov.scot/publications/next-step-delivering-vision-scotland-leader-sustainable-regenerative-farming/pages/1/

202 World Economic Forum (2020). P33

203 Dasgupta, P. (2021). P491

204 https://www.ruralpayments.org/topics/all-schemes/agri-environment-climate-scheme/

205 https://www.rspb.org.uk/about-the-rspb/about-us/media-centre/press-releases/1.17bn-needed-for-climate-and-nature-friendly-farming-in-scotland/

206 https://www.nature.scot/doc/piloting-outcomes-based-approach-scotland-pobas-project-phase-1-report

207 https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/social-and-economic-benefits-nature/natural-capital/farming-nature

208 World Economic Forum (2020). P36

209 Ibid. p37

210 World Economic Forum (2020). P37

211 Ibid.

212 https://www.nature.scot/doc/private-finance-pilot-nature-faqs

213 https://forestry.gov.scot/publications/1490-forestry-grant-scheme-statistics-march-2023/viewdocument/1490

214 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-forestry-strategy-20192029/pages/4/

215 https://www.gov.scot/news/funding-support-scheme-delivers-for-agri-sector/

216 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-budget-2023-24/pages/10/

217 https://forestry.gov.scot/forests-environment/biodiversity/native-woodlands/scotlands-native-woodlands

218 https://forestryandland.gov.scot/blog/there-s-more-to-conifers

219 https://forestry.gov.scot/publications/1490-forestry-grant-scheme-statistics-march-2023/viewdocument/1490

220 https://forestry.gov.scot/forests-people/communities/central-scotland-green-network

221 https://www.communitylandscotland.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Report-2022-Community-Wealth-Building-and-a-Just-Transition-to-Net-Zero.pdf p72-73

222 https://www.communitylandscotland.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Report-2022-Community-Wealth-Building-and-a-Just-Transition-to-Net-Zero.pdf p64

223 https://forestryandland.gov.scot/what-we-do/who-we-are/corporate-information/business-plan p9

224 https://www.metsa.fi/en/lands-and-waters/multiple-use-forests/

225 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-biodiversity-strategy-2045-tackling-nature-emergency-scotland/ p49-50

226 Dasgupta, P. (2021). P441

227 NatureScot (2020). The Role of Protected Areas in Climate Change Mitigation/Adaptation Climate change and protected areas – 2020. Retrieved from https://www.nature.scot/doc/role-protected-areas-climate-change-mitigationadaptation-climate-change-and-protected-areas-2020 Para. 28

228 Dasgupta, P. (2021). p476, p478

229 Dasgupta, P. (2021). P440

230 SEI and CEEW (2022). Stockholm+50: Unlocking a Better Future. Stockholm Environment Institute. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.011 p71, p85

231 Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2020). P148

232 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-biodiversity-strategy-2045-tackling-nature-emergency-scotland/ p41

233 Underwood, S., Kaczor, K., Roberts, V., Tooze, G., Rayment, M., Smith, M., Fry, C., Swindlehurst, S., Armstrong, S. and James, N. 2022. Mainstreaming Large Scale Nature Restoration. NatureScot Research Report No.1271. Retrieved from https://www.nature.scot/doc/naturescot-research-report-1271-case-studies-large-scale-nature-restoration-and-rewilding

234 See for example https://www.landcommission.gov.scot/our-work/ownership/natural-capital/bunloit-and-beldorney-estates-highlands-rewilding and https://www.landcommission.gov.scot/our-work/ownership/natural-capital/affric-highlands-trees-for-life

235 Ibid. p26-27

236 https://forestryandland.gov.scot/news-releases/fls-launches-new-acquisition-strategy

237 https://www.crownestatescotland.com/resources/documents/2020-23-corporate-plan

238 https://www.nature.scot/doc/nature-restoration-fund-nrf-helping-nature-information-applicants

239 https://www.nature.scot/doc/scotlands-agri-environment-and-climate-scheme-summary

240 See figures and sources cited in the earlier report section on overall performance towards a nature-positive economy.

241 https://www.landcommission.gov.scot/downloads/62543b9498bb1_Rural%20Land%20Market%20Insights%20Report%20April%202022.pdf p10

242 Ibid. p5

243 https://www.landcommission.gov.scot/news-events/news/major-report-shows-scotlands-changing-rural-land-market

244 OECD (2021). P53

245 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356508393_Why_eliminating_fuel_subsidies_from_EU_fisheries_is_good_for_public_finances_the_marine_environment_and_the_climate

246 https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/rulesneg_e/fish_e/fish_e.htm

247 https://www.gov.scot/policies/marine-and-fisheries-grants/grants-awarded/

248 https://www.gov.scot/publications/marine-fund-scotland-2023-24-general-guidance-notes/pages/5/

249 Dasgupta, P. (2021). P474

250 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/strategy-plan/2022/05/investing-scotlands-future-resource-spending-review/documents/investing-scotlands-future-resource-spending-review/investing-scotlands-future-resource-spending-review/govscot%3Adocument/investing-scotlands-future-resource-spending-review.pdf p20

251 https://www.gov.scot/news/promoting-responsible-investment-in-scotlands-natural-assets/

252 Dasgupta, P. (2021). p476

253 Ibid. p478

254 Ibid. p478

255 SEI and CEEW (2022). P112-3

256 Ibid. p119

257 Ibid. p113

258 OECD (2021). P47

259 Ibid. p47

260 Ibid. p48

261 https://issuers.abundanceinvestment.com/council-climate-bonds

262 Dasgupta, P. (2021). P474

263 UK-Nature-13102021.pdf">https://www.greenfinanceinstitute.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/The-Finance-Gap-for-UK-Nature-13102021.pdf p8

264 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-national-strategy-economic-transformation/

265 https://www.gov.scot/publications/interim-principles-for-responsible-investment-in-natural-capital/

266 https://www.gov.scot/publications/mobilising-private-investment-natural-capital/documents/

267 https://www.nature.scot/funding-and-projects/firns-facility-investment-ready-nature-scotland

268 https://www.nature.scot/doc/private-finance-pilot-nature-faqs

269 https://www.nature.scot/doc/private-finance-pilot-nature-faqs ; https://www.nature.scot/ps2-billion-private-finance-pilot-potential-vital-step-restoring-scotlands-woodlands

270 https://www.audit-scotland.gov.uk/uploads/docs/report/2020/nr_200128_npd_hubs.pdf p37

271 https://www.communitylandscotland.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Report-2022-Community-Wealth-Building-and-a-Just-Transition-to-Net-Zero.pdf p68

272 https://greshamhouse.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/GH-ForestryTaxation-Summary-October-2021.pdf

273 https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/the-political-economy-of-biodiversity-policy-reform/the-evolution-of-the-tax-on-pesticides-and-the-pesticide-savings-certificates-in-france_9789264269545-7-en#page5 p44-46

274 https://ieep.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DK-Pesticide-Tax-final.pdf

275 Nielsen, H. Ø., Konrad, M. T. H., Pedersen, A. B., & Gyldenkærne, S. (2023). Ex-post evaluation of the Danish pesticide tax: A novel and effective tax design. Land Use Policy, 126, 106549.

276 https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/the-political-economy-of-biodiversity-policy-reform/the-evolution-of-the-tax-on-pesticides-and-the-pesticide-savings-certificates-in-france_9789264269545-7-en#page5 p58

277 National Food Strategy (2021). The Evidence. Retrieved from https://www.nationalfoodstrategy.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/NFS_Evidence-Pack.pdf p129, p135, p139

278 https://fraserofallander.org/how-progressive-is-the-overall-tax-burden-in-scotland/

279 World Economic Forum (2020). P32

280 https://www.rtpi.org.uk/policy/2023/january/revised-draft-national-planning-framework-4/

281 Shrubsole, G. (2022). Can we protect land for nature and carbon simply by buying it up? Retrieved from https://whoownsengland.org/2022/07/20/can-we-protect-land-for-nature-and-carbon-by-simply-buying-it-up/

282 https://www.gov.scot/publications/land-reform-net-zero-nation-consultation-paper/pages/8/

283 https://www.landcommission.gov.scot/downloads/5dd7d77021f04_Report-to-Ministers-Scale-and-Concentration-Land-Ownership-FINAL-20190320.pdf

284 https://www.landcommission.gov.scot/downloads/620f73b06cbc1_Land%20Lines%20-%20Balancing%20rights%20and%20interests%20in%20Scottish%20land%20reform.pdf

285 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/consultation-analysis/2023/06/land-reform-net-zero-nation-analysis-responses-consultation-exercise/documents/land-reform-net-zero-nation-analysis-responses-consultation-exercise/land-reform-net-zero-nation-analysis-responses-consultation-exercise/govscot%3Adocument/land-reform-net-zero-nation-analysis-responses-consultation-exercise.pdf p98-p146

286 https://localgovernmentlawyer.co.uk/planning/318-planning-features/50100-conservation-covenants-green-shoots-or-withered-vines

287 https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/ws/files/5807266/Conservation_Burdens_and_Covenants.pdf

288 Steven, A. (2020). Real Burdens in Scots Law: An Environmental Perspective. In S. Demeyere & V. Sagaert (Eds.), Contract and Property with an Environmental Perspective (Property Law Series, pp. 143-162). Intersentia. doi:10.1017/9781780688664.007 p152

289 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2003/9/section/38

290 https://localgovernmentlawyer.co.uk/planning/318-planning-features/50100-conservation-covenants-green-shoots-or-withered-vines

291 Steven, A. (2020). pp153-154

292 https://localgovernmentlawyer.co.uk/planning/318-planning-features/50100-conservation-covenants-green-shoots-or-withered-vines

293 https://localgovernmentlawyer.co.uk/planning/318-planning-features/50100-conservation-covenants-green-shoots-or-withered-vines

294 Steven, A. (2020). P160

295 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/consultation-analysis/2023/06/land-reform-net-zero-nation-analysis-responses-consultation-exercise/documents/land-reform-net-zero-nation-analysis-responses-consultation-exercise/land-reform-net-zero-nation-analysis-responses-consultation-exercise/govscot%3Adocument/land-reform-net-zero-nation-analysis-responses-consultation-exercise.pdf

296 Shrubsole, G. (2022).

297 https://www.woodlandcarboncode.org.uk/images/PDFs/Woodland_Carbon_Code_V2.2_April_2022.pdf

298 https://www.gov.scot/publications/interim-principles-for-responsible-investment-in-natural-capital/

299 https://www.landcommission.gov.scot/downloads/62543b9498bb1_Rural%20Land%20Market%20Insights%20Report%20April%202022.pdf

300 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/850130/Env-reporting-guidance_inc_SECR_31March.pdf p116

301 https://www.landcommission.gov.scot/downloads/62543b9498bb1_Rural%20Land%20Market%20Insights%20Report%20April%202022.pdf

302 https://www.savills.co.uk/research_articles/229130/346254-0

303 Ibid.

304 https://marine.gov.scot/sma/assessment/commercial-fish

305 Scottish Marine Environmental Enhancement Fund (SMEEF)

306 Dasgupta, P. (2021). P489

307 Note that all subsequent mentions of MPAs in this section refer to MPAs, not to HPMAs.

308 https://marine.gov.scot/data/facts-and-figures-about-scotlands-sea-area-coastline-length-sea-area-sq-kms

309 World Economic Forum (2020). P35-36

310 Davies, W., Kiberd, E. and Williams, C. (2021). Valuing the Impact of a Potential Ban on Bottom-Contact Fishing in EU Marine Protected Areas. Retrieved from https://seas-at-risk.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Valuing-impacts-of-potential-ban-on-bottom-contact-fishing_NEF_-FINAL-for-publication.pdf p9-10

311 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108511

312 Davies, W., Kiberd, E. and Williams, C. (2021). P26-29

313 National Food Strategy (2021). P63

314 https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/briefing-blue-carbon/ p38

315 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/research-and-analysis/2020/01/exploration-optimisation-modelling-scottish-nephrops-fleet-policy-brief/documents/marine-scotland-exploration-optimisation-modelling-scottish-nephrops-fleet-policy-brief/marine-scotland-exploration-optimisation-modelling-scottish-nephrops-fleet-policy-brief/govscot%3Adocument/marine-scotland-exploration-optimisation-modelling-scottish-nephrops-fleet-policy-brief.pdf p7-8

316 Davies, W., Kiberd, E. and Williams, C. (2021). p4, p42

317 https://neweconomics.org/uploads/files/Griffin-Nephrops-latest.pdf p45

318 World Economic Forum (2020). P35-36

319 https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/scotland-named-one-of-europes-worst-countries-for-overfishing-x8wfbnk7q

320 Balata, F. and Vardakoulias, O. (2017). A Blue New Deal. Retrieved from NEF-Blue-New-Deal-AP-LowRes.pdf">https://neweconomics.org/uploads/images/2017/08/NEF-Blue-New-Deal-AP-LowRes.pdf p57-59

321 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105075 Section 4

322 Decker Sparks, J. L. (2022). Letting exploitation off the hook? Evidencing labour abuses in UK fishing. Retrieved from https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/beacons-of-excellence/rights-lab/resources/reports-and-briefings/2022/may/letting-exploitation-off-the-hook.pdf

323 https://www.gov.scot/publications/vision-sustainable-aquaculture/

324 https://spice-spotlight.scot/2022/01/20/aquaculture-and-the-fourth-national-planning-framework/

325 https://brodies.com/insights/planning-environment-and-climate/npf4-aquaculture-thou-shalt-have-a-fishy-on-a-little-dishy/

326 OECD (2021). P8

327 Ibid.

328 https://www.procurementjourney.scot/additional-resources/climate-emergency

329 Sustainability support for your business - Scottish Enterprise (scottish-enterprise.com)

330 OECD (2021).

331 https://www.cbd.int/gbf/targets/15/#:~:text=Specifically%2C%20the%20target%20calls%20for,with%20access%20and%20benefit%2Dsharing

332 Ibid.

333 Ibid.

334 https://www.thebank.scot/sites/default/files/2022-11/the-bank-ethical-investment-policy-2021.pdf p4

335 Dasgupta, P. (2021). P493

336 OECD (2021). P7

337 Dasgupta, P. (2021). P493-4

338 OECD (2021). P7

339 Ibid.

340 Ibid. p8

341 https://www.gov.scot/publications/wellbeing-economy-monitor-december-2022-update/

342 https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/resources/circular-economy-business-support

343 UK-Aggregates-Levy-final.pdf">https://ieep.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/UK-Aggregates-Levy-final.pdf

344 https://www.brewsterbros.com/the-aggregates-levy-consultation-2022/

345 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/902351/2020.07.20_Review_of_the_Aggregates_Levy_summary_of_responses_to_the_discussion_paper_and_government_next_steps.pdf

346 https://www.gov.scot/policies/taxes/aggregates-levy/#:~:text=The%20Aggregates%20Levy%20is%20a,extracting%20industrial%20minerals

347 https://informatics.sepa.org.uk/WasteAllSources/

348 https://www.gov.scot/publications/single-use-carrier-bags-charge-scotland-amendment-regulations-2021-full-equality-impact-assessment/pages/1/

349 https://sustainablescotlandnetwork.org/reports

350 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/research-and-analysis/2015/06/analysis-impact-value-community-benefit-clauses-procurement/documents/analysis-impact-value-community-benefit-clauses-procurement-final-report-june-2015/analysis-impact-value-community-benefit-clauses-procurement-final-report-june-2015/govscot%3Adocument/00480510.pdf

351 https://www.gov.scot/policies/public-sector-procurement/sustainable-procurement-duty/

352 https://democracy.edinburgh.gov.uk/documents/s53255/Item%207.5%20-%20Endorsement%20of%20Plant-based%20Treaty%20Response%20to%20Motion%20by%20Councillor%20Burgess.pdf

353 SEI and CEEW (2022). P95, p98

354 https://www.gov.scot/publications/public-procurement-taking-account-of-climate-and-circular-economy-considerations-3-2022/

355 https://sustainableprocurementtools.scot/

356 Support and funding - business | Zero Waste Scotland

357 Recycling Improvement Fund | Zero Waste Scotland

358 Circular Textiles Fund | Zero Waste Scotland

359 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-research-and-development-roadmap/uk-research-and-development-roadmap

360 https://www.gov.scot/publications/gross-expenditure-on-research-and-development-scotland-2020/

361 SG-Innovation-Strategy-June-22.pdf">https://www.universities-scotland.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/US-response-SG-Innovation-Strategy-June-22.pdf

362 https://www.thebank.scot/portfolio

363 https://www.scottish-enterprise.com/media/4658/scottish-enterprise-strategic-priorities-august-2022.pdf

364 UKRI-050822-FundingExplainer-HowWereFunded.pdf">https://www.ukri.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/UKRI-050822-FundingExplainer-HowWereFunded.pdf

365 https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations#uk-research-and-innovation

366 https://www.skillsdevelopmentscotland.co.uk/media/47336/climate-emergency-skills-action-plan-2020-2025.pdf

367 https://www.skillsdevelopmentscotland.co.uk/what-we-do/skills-planning/climate-emergency-skills-action-plan-implementation-plan/green-jobs-in-scotland/

368 https://www.skillsdevelopmentscotland.co.uk/media/49856/green-jobs-in-scotland-report_final-4.pdf

369 Ibid. p3

370 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/strategy-plan/2022/11/heat-buildings-supply-chains-delivery-plan-towards-industry-green-heat/documents/heat-buildings-supply-chains-delivery-plan-towards-industry-green-heat/heat-buildings-supply-chains-delivery-plan-towards-industry-green-heat/govscot%3Adocument/heat-buildings-supply-chains-delivery-plan-towards-industry-green-heat.pdf

371 Ibid.

372 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/strategy-plan/2020/09/protecting-scotland-renewing-scotland-governments-programme-scotland-2020-2021/documents/protecting-scotland-renewing-scotland/protecting-scotland-renewing-scotland/govscot%3Adocument/protecting-scotland-renewing-scotland.pdf

373 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/progress-report/2023/03/young-persons-guarantee-update-report-march-20232/documents/young-persons-guarantee-update-report/young-persons-guarantee-update-report/govscot%3Adocument/young-persons-guarantee-update-report.pdf

374 https://www.gov.scot/publications/adult-learning-strategy-scotland-2022-27/

375 https://neweconomics.org/2023/02/skills-for-a-new-economy

376 https://www.nature.scot/doc/nature-based-jobs-and-skills-action-plan-2022-2023

377 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/independent-report/2023/06/fit-future-developing-post-school-learning-system-fuel-economic-transformation/documents/fit-future-developing-post-school-learning-system-fuel-economic-transformation-skills-delivery-landscape-review-final-report/fit-future-developing-post-school-learning-system-fuel-economic-transformation-skills-delivery-landscape-review-final-report/govscot%3Adocument/fit-future-developing-post-school-learning-system-fuel-economic-transformation-skills-delivery-landscape-review-final-report.pdf

378 World Economic Forum (2020). P39

379 National Food Strategy (2021). P46-52

380 https://fvm.dk/nyheder/nyhed/nyhed/danmark-skal-have-et-statskontrolleret-klimamaerke

381 SEI and CEEW (2022). Stockholm+50: Unlocking a Better Future. Stockholm Environment Institute. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.011 p77-79

382 National Food Strategy (2021). P125, p126, p129-131, p133

383 World Economic Forum (2020). P43

384 https://wrap.org.uk/taking-action/food-drink/actions/date-labelling

385 https://consult.gov.scot/economic-development/community-wealth-building-consultation/

386 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/research-and-analysis/2022/06/wellbeing-economy-monitor/documents/wellbeing-economy-monitor/wellbeing-economy-monitor/govscot%3Adocument/wellbeing-economy-monitor.pdf

387 https://cles.org.uk/community-wealth-building/how-to-build-community-wealth/

388 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-national-strategy-economic-transformation/pages/3/

389 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-national-strategy-economic-transformation/

390 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-national-strategy-economic-transformation/pages/5/

391 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-national-strategy-economic-transformation/pages/7/ ; https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-national-strategy-economic-transformation/pages/8/

392 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-national-strategy-economic-transformation/pages/5/

393 World Economic Forum https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_New_Nature_Economy_Report_2020.pdf

394 HM Treasury https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/final-report-the-economics-of-biodiversity-the-dasgupta-review

395 OECD https://www.oecd.org/environment/biodiversity-natural-capital-and-the-economy-1a1ae114-en.htm

396 Stockholm Environment Institute https://www.stockholm50.report/unlocking-a-better-future.pdf

397 Martino, S., Juarez-Bourke, A. and Miller, D. (2023). Driving the transition to a Nature Positive Economy: A Synthesis of Policy levers for Governments, James Hutton Institute, pp95. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.8128242

398 'Scotland's overseas environmental impact is the focus of a separate Environment Strategy outcome: 'We are responsible global citizens with a sustainable international footprint'

399 Update to the Climate Change Plan 2018 – 2032 https://www.gov.scot/publications/securing-green-recovery-path-net-zero-update-climate-change-plan-20182032/documents/

400 CCC The Sixth Carbon Budget Methodology Report https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/The-Sixth-Carbon-Budget-Methodology-Report.pdf

401 https://www.gov.scot/publications/energy-performance-certificate-epc-reform-consultation/

402 CCC 2022 Report to Parliament https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/scottish-emission-targets-progress-in-reducing-emissions-in-scotland-2022-report-to-parliament/

403 CCC 2022 Report to Parliament https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/scottish-emission-targets-progress-in-reducing-emissions-in-scotland-2022-report-to-parliament/

404 Scottish Greenhouse Gas Statistics 2021 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-greenhouse-gas-statistics-2021/pages/10/

405 Update to the Climate Change Plan 2018 – 2032 https://www.gov.scot/publications/securing-green-recovery-path-net-zero-update-climate-change-plan-20182032/documents/

406 See the relevant Country Notes in: OECD/Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, PKU-Lincoln Institute Center (2022), Global Compendium of Land Value Capture Policies, OECD Regional Development Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/4f9559ee-en.

407 World Economic Forum (2020). New Nature Economy Report II—The Future of Nature and Business. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/reports/new-nature-economy-report-ii-the-future-of-nature-and-business/

408 Dasgupta, P. (2021). The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review (pp. 487–498). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/final-report-the-economics-of-biodiversity-the-dasgupta-review. p489

409 Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2020). Global Biodiversity Outlook 5. Retrieved from: https://www.cbd.int/gbo5 p150

410 World Economic Forum (2020).

411 https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/protected-areas-and-species/30-30-and-nature-networks/30-30-explained

412 Ibid.

413 Shrubsole, G. (2022). Can we protect land for nature and carbon simply by buying it up? Retrieved from https://whoownsengland.org/2022/07/20/can-we-protect-land-for-nature-and-carbon-by-simply-buying-it-up/

414 Underwood, S., Kaczor, K., Roberts, V., Tooze, G., Rayment, M., Smith, M., Fry, C., Swindlehurst, S., Armstrong, S. and James, N. 2022. Mainstreaming Large Scale Nature Restoration. NatureScot Research Report No.1271. Retrieved from https://www.nature.scot/doc/naturescot-research-report-1271-case-studies-large-scale-nature-restoration-and-rewilding

415 See for example https://www.landcommission.gov.scot/our-work/ownership/natural-capital/bunloit-and-beldorney-estates-highlands-rewilding and https://www.landcommission.gov.scot/our-work/ownership/natural-capital/affric-highlands-trees-for-life

416 Ibid.

417 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Forests,_forestry_and_logging

418 https://www.cbd.int/gbo/gbo5/publication/gbo-5-en.pdf p148

419 Hollingdale, J. (2022). P23-31

420 Ibid.

421 Dasgupta, P. (2021). P397-398

422 Walton P, Eaton M, Stanbury A, Hayhow D, Brand A, Brooks S, Collin S, Duncan C, Dundas C, Foster S, Hawley J, Kinninmonth A, Leatham S, Nagy-Vizitiu A, Whyte A, Williams S and Wormald K (2019). The State of Nature Scotland 2019. The State of Nature partnership. Retrieved from https://www.nature.scot/doc/state-nature-scotland-report-2019 p8

423 Walton P, Eaton M, Stanbury A, Hayhow D, Brand A, Brooks S, Collin S, Duncan C, Dundas C, Foster S, Hawley J, Kinninmonth A, Leatham S, Nagy-Vizitiu A, Whyte A, Williams S and Wormald K (2019). The State of Nature Scotland 2019. The State of Nature partnership. Retrieved from https://www.nature.scot/doc/state-nature-scotland-report-2019 p12

424 SEI and CEEW (2022). Stockholm+50: Unlocking a Better Future. Stockholm Environment Institute. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.011 p78

425 World Economic Forum (2020). P34

426 Dasgupta, P. (2021). P470, P493

427 OECD (2021). P35

428 OECD (2021). P53

429 Dasgupta, P. (2021). P493

430 SEI and CEEW (2022). p78

431 Scottish Government (2022). Delivering our vision for Scottish agriculture - proposals for a new Agriculture Bill: consultation. Retrieved from https://www.gov.scot/publications/delivering-vision-scottish-agriculture-proposals-new-agriculture-bill/pages/4/

432 https://www.ruralpayments.org/topics/agricultural-reform-programme/arp-route-map/

433 Walton P, Eaton M, Stanbury A, Hayhow D, Brand A, Brooks S, Collin S, Duncan C, Dundas C, Foster S, Hawley J, Kinninmonth A, Leatham S, Nagy-Vizitiu A, Whyte A, Williams S and Wormald K (2019). The State of Nature Scotland 2019. The State of Nature partnership. Retrieved from https://www.nature.scot/doc/state-nature-scotland-report-2019 p7

434 Ibid. p6

435 Dasgupta, P. (2021). P489

436 https://marine.gov.scot/data/facts-and-figures-about-scotlands-sea-area-coastline-length-sea-area-sq-kms

437 Davies, W., Kiberd, E. and Williams, C. (2021). Valuing the Impact of a Potential Ban on Bottom-Contact Fishing in EU Marine Protected Areas. Retrieved from https://seas-at-risk.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Valuing-impacts-of-potential-ban-on-bottom-contact-fishing_NEF_-FINAL-for-publication.pdf p9-10

438 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108511

439 Davies, W., Kiberd, E. and Williams, C. (2021). P26-29

440 National Food Strategy (2021). P63

441 https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/briefing-blue-carbon/ p38

442 Balata, F. and Vardakoulias, O. (2017). A Blue New Deal. Retrieved from NEF-Blue-New-Deal-AP-LowRes.pdf">https://neweconomics.org/uploads/images/2017/08/NEF-Blue-New-Deal-AP-LowRes.pdf p57-59

443 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105075 Section 4

444 Decker Sparks, J. L. (2022). Letting exploitation off the hook? Evidencing labour abuses in UK fishing. Retrieved from https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/beacons-of-excellence/rights-lab/resources/reports-and-briefings/2022/may/letting-exploitation-off-the-hook.pdf

445 Scottish Government (2022). Seafood strategy. Retrieved from https://www.gov.scot/publications/strategy-seafood/pages/3/

446 Griggs, R. (2022). A Review of the Aquaculture Regulatory Process in Scotland. Retrieved from https://www.gov.scot/publications/review-aquaculture-regulatory-process-scotland/documents/ Annex B

447 World Economic Forum (2020). P36

448 Tett P, Benjamins S, Black KD, Coulson M, Davidson K, Fernandes T, Fox C, Hart M, Hicks N, Hughes A, Hunter D-C, Nickell T, Risch D, Tocher D, Vare L, Vespoor E, Wilding T, Wilson B and Wittich A (2018).

449 Balata, F. and Vardakoulias, O. (2017). P62-63

450 Biggar Economics (2020). Estimation of the Wider Economic Impacts of the Aquaculture Sector in Scotland. Retrieved from https://biggareconomics.co.uk/the-economic-contribution-of-the-scottish-aquaculture-sector p7-8

451 https://www.gov.scot/publications/vision-sustainable-aquaculture/

452 Dasgupta, P. (2021). P474

453 https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/strategy-plan/2022/05/investing-scotlands-future-resource-spending-review/documents/investing-scotlands-future-resource-spending-review/investing-scotlands-future-resource-spending-review/govscot%3Adocument/investing-scotlands-future-resource-spending-review.pdf p20

454 https://www.gov.scot/news/promoting-responsible-investment-in-scotlands-natural-assets/

455 UK-Nature-13102021.pdf">https://www.greenfinanceinstitute.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/The-Finance-Gap-for-UK-Nature-13102021.pdf p8

456 https://www.audit-scotland.gov.uk/uploads/docs/report/2020/nr_200128_npd_hubs.pdf p37

457 Ibid. p39

458 As suggested by Jubilee Scotland: https://www.jubileescotland.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Financing-Public-Scotland-PPP-Position-Paper.pdf

459 https://issuers.abundanceinvestment.com/council-climate-bonds

460 Ibid.

461 Ibid. p8

462 OECD (2021). P8

463 https://www.thebank.scot/sites/default/files/2022-11/the-bank-ethical-investment-policy-2021.pdf p4

464 https://flexitdistribution.com/dutch-companies-invest-heavily-in-circular-economy/

465 https://www.bdo.co.uk/en-gb/rethinking-the-regions/regions/scotland/focusing-on-the-circular-economy

466 https://www.nature.scot/doc/nature-based-jobs-and-skills-net-zero-initial-assessment

467 https://www.nature.scot/doc/nature-based-jobs-and-skills-action-plan-2023-2024

468 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-national-innovation-strategy/

469 SEI and CEEW (2022). Stockholm+50: Unlocking a Better Future. Stockholm Environment Institute. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.011 p77-79