Coronavirus (COVID-19) Scotland's Strategic Framework update – February 2022: evidence paper

Footnotes

1 Coronavirus (COVID-19): framework for decision making - assessing the four harms - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

2 Omicron variant - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

3 COVID-19 Daily Dashboard | Tableau Public

4 Self-Isolation and testing changes - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

5 Coronavirus (COVID-19): infection survey - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

6 Coronavirus (COVID-19): state of the epidemic - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

7 Coronavirus (COVID-19) state of the epidemic 18 February 2022 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

8 Dashboard - COVID-19 statistical report - 16 February 2022 - COVID-19 statistical report - Publications - Public Health Scotland

9 Dashboard - COVID-19 statistical report - 16 February 2022 - COVID-19 statistical report - Publications - Public Health Scotland

10 Based on the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD): Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2020 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

11 Dashboard - COVID-19 statistical report - 16 February 2022 - COVID-19 statistical report - Publications - Public Health Scotland

12 COVID-19 & Winter Statistical Report (publichealthscotland.scot)

13 COVID-19 Daily Dashboard | Tableau Public

14 Based on the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD): Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2020 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

15 Public Health Scotland COVID-19 Statistical Report

16 This release includes analysis of 34,199 COVID-19 related admissions and deaths where ethnic group was available. For more details on the methodology please see Public Health Scotland COVID-19 Statistical Report

17 COVID-19 & Winter Statistical Report (publichealthscotland.scot)

18 Deaths involving coronavirus (COVID-19) in Scotland | National Records of Scotland (nrscotland.gov.uk)

19 COVID-19 & Winter Statistical Report (publichealthscotland.scot)

20 COVID-19 & Winter Statistical Report (publichealthscotland.scot)

21 Seven-day moving averages of cases by specimen date and reporting date (left-hand axis) and deaths and hospitalisation (right-hand axis). Source: Public Health Scotland, data available at: Weekly COVID-19 Statistical Data in Scotland - Datasets - Scottish Health and Social Care Open Data (nhs.scot)

22 Cases data includes Lateral Flow Device (LFD) test results from 5th January 2022 to reflect the revised testing strategy. A case is now defined as a person’s first LFD or PCR positive test.

23 Seven-day moving averages of cases by specimen date (left-hand axis) and deaths and hospitalisation (right-hand axis). Data up to 12/02/2022. Source: https://www.opendata.nhs.scot/dataset/covid-19-in-scotland/resource/2dd8534b-0a6f-4744-9253-9565d62f96c2 and Coronavirus (COVID-19): trends in daily data - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

24 Coronavirus (COVID-19) booster vaccination | The coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine (nhsinform.scot)

25 Public Health Scotland COVID-19 dashboard: https://public.tableau.com/profile/phs.covid.19#!/vizhome/COVID-19DailyDashboard_15960160643010/Overview

26 Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection Survey, antibody and vaccination data, UK - Office for National Statistics

27 State of the Epidemic in Scotland – 21 January 2022 (www.gov.scot)

28 Public Health Scotland COVID-19 & Winter Statistical Report

29 Uptake rates presented in the analysis use different denominators than those in the Public Health Scotland COVID-19 Daily Dashboard and will show lower rates than the daily publication. The estimates used to calculate population denominators by ethnicity and deprivation are from the CHI registration and may over-estimate the population size as they will include, for example, some individuals no longer resident in Scotland who have not deregistered with a GP in Scotland

30 in an age-standardised population

31 COVID-19 & Winter Statistical Report (publichealthscotland.scot)

32 Public Health Scotland COVID-19 dashboard: https://public.tableau.com/profile/phs.covid.19#!/vizhome/COVID-19DailyDashboard_15960160643010/Overview

33 From Thursday 11 November 2021, ‘booster & dose 3’ are combined under one number. Until then, the numbers reported were for booster vaccine.

34 Omicron variant - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

35 Public Health Scotland COVID-19 & Winter Statistical Report (5 January)

36 Public Health Scotland COVID-19 & Winter Statistical Report (20 December)

37 Omicron in Scotland - Evidence Paper (www.gov.scot)

38 Coronavirus (COVID-19) Cases - Our World in Data

39 *12 January 2022 Risk assessment for SARS-CoV-2 variant: Omicron VOC-21NOV-01 (B.1.1.529) (publishing.service.gov.uk)

40 *12 January 2022 Risk assessment for SARS-CoV-2 variant: Omicron VOC-21NOV-01 (B.1.1.529) (publishing.service.gov.uk)

41 Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection Survey, characteristics of people testing positive for COVID-19, UK - Office for National Statistics

42 Omicron largely evades immunity from past infection or two vaccine doses | Imperial News | Imperial College London

43 12 January 2022 Risk assessment for SARS-CoV-2 variant: Omicron VOC-21NOV-01 (B.1.1.529) (publishing.service.gov.uk)

44 SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation- Technical briefing 34 (publishing.service.gov.uk)

45 SAGE 102 minutes: Coronavirus (COVID-19) response, 7 January 2022 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

46 *12 January 2022 Risk assessment for SARS-CoV-2 variant: Omicron VOC-21NOV-01 (B.1.1.529) (publishing.service.gov.uk)

47 SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation (publishing.service.gov.uk)

48 *S1476_SAGE_102_minutes.pdf (publishing.service.gov.uk)

49 SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation (publishing.service.gov.uk)

50 COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report - week 6 (publishing.service.gov.uk)

51 COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report - week 6 (publishing.service.gov.uk)

52 COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report - week 4 (publishing.service.gov.uk)

53 COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report - week 6 (publishing.service.gov.uk)

54 COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report - week 6 (publishing.service.gov.uk)

55 COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report - week 5 (publishing.service.gov.uk)

56 SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation (publishing.service.gov.uk) 28 January 2022

57 SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation- Technical briefing 34 (publishing.service.gov.uk)

58 CoVariants

59 SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation (publishing.service.gov.uk)

60 Variants: distribution of case data, 18 February 2022 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

61 Nextstrain / ncov / gisaid / global

62 CoVariants

63 Risk assessment for SARS-CoV-2 variant: VUI-22JAN-01 (BA.2) 9 February 2022 (publishing.service.gov.uk)

64 SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation (publishing.service.gov.uk) 28 January 2022

65 Risk assessment for SARS-CoV-2 variant: VUI-22JAN-01 (BA.2) 9 February 2022 (publishing.service.gov.uk)

66 COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report - week 6 (publishing.service.gov.uk)

67 Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron VOC subvariants BA.1 and BA.2: Evidence from Danish Households | medRxiv

68 Coronavirus (COVID-19): getting tested in Scotland - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

69 Comparing the diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care lateral flow antigen testing for SARS-CoV-2 with RT-PCR in primary care (REAP-2) - EClinicalMedicine (thelancet.com)

70 Comparative performance of SARS CoV-2 lateral flow antigen tests demonstrates their utility for high sensitivity detection of infectious virus in clinical specimens | medRxiv

71 Real-life validation of the Panbio™ COVID-19 antigen rapid test (Abbott) in community-dwelling subjects with symptoms of potential SARS-CoV-2 infection - EClinicalMedicine (thelancet.com)

72 UK evaluation_PHE Porton Down University of Oxford_final.pdf

73 Lateral flow device performance data - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

74 Frontiers | Factors that Influence the Reported Sensitivity of Rapid Antigen Testing for SARS-CoV-2 | Microbiology (frontiersin.org)

75 Rapid, point‐of‐care antigen and molecular‐based tests for diagnosis of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection - Dinnes, J - 2021 | Cochrane Library

76 Diagnostic accuracy of rapid antigen tests in asymptomatic and presymptomatic close contacts of individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection: cross sectional study | The BMJ

77 SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation (publishing.service.gov.uk)

78 Diagnostics for COVID-19: moving from pandemic response to control - The Lancet

79 Discordant SARS-CoV-2 PCR and Rapid Antigen Test Results When Infectious: A December 2021 Occupational Case Series | medRxiv

80 20220110_Self-isolation_Scientific-Summary_Final-clean.pdf (koha-ptfs.co.uk)

81 https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/Options-for-the-use-of-rapid-antigen-tests-for-COVID-19-first-update.pdf

82 Schools COVID-19 operational guidance - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

83 A cluster randomised trial of the impact of a policy of daily testing for contacts of COVID-19 cases on attendance and COVID-19 transmission in English secondary schools and colleges

84 Mitigating isolation: The use of rapid antigen testing to reduce the impact of self-isolation periods (medrxiv.org)

85 Test to release from isolation after testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 | medRxiv

86 20220110_Self-isolation_Scientific-Summary_Final-clean.pdf (koha-ptfs.co.uk)

87 changes-to-self-isolation-flowchart_fp_360x268-lores-final-14jan22.pdf (nhsinform.scot)

88 Show all releases - Publications - Public Health Scotland

89 COVID-19 & Winter Statistical Report (publichealthscotland.scot)

90 See Annex A for a timeline of legislative requirements and guidance.

91 Classification of Omicron (B.1.1.529): SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern (who.int)

92 https://www.gov.scot/news/tackling-the-threat-of-new-covid-19-variant/

93 Red list of countries and territories - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk) (Edit from 25 November)

94 Tackling the threat of new COVID-19 variant - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

95 Pre-departure test requirement for travel - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

96 11 countries removed from international travel red list - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

97 Pre-departure test requirement for travel - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

98 Easing of restrictions on international travellers - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

99 UK open for travel with all restrictions removed for eligible vaccinated arrivals - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

100 Omicron variant - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

101 Public Health Scotland COVID-19 & Winter Statistical Report

102 Boosting support for the vaccination programme - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

103 Evidence paper on rapid rise of Omicron cases - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

104 Self-Isolation and testing changes - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

105 Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: First Minister's speech – 17 December 2021 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

106 Limiting the spread of Omicron - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

107 New measures required to slow the spread of Coronavirus - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

108 Omicron restrictions take effect - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

109 Large outdoor events resume from 17 January - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

110 Omicron measures to be lifted - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

111 Negative test added to certification - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

112 Large outdoor events resume from 17 January - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

113 COVID vaccine for 12-15 year olds - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

114 Returning to school safely - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

115 Keeping schools safe - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

116 A&E activity and waiting times - Month ending 31 December 2021

117 Stage of treatment waiting times - Inpatients, day cases and new outpatients 30 November 2021

118 Stage of treatment waiting times - Inpatients, day cases and new outpatients 30 November 2021

119 Cancer waiting times - 1 July to 30 September 2021

120 Primary care improvement plans - implementation: progress summary - March 2021 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

121 Public attitudes to coronavirus - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

122 Deaths involving coronavirus (COVID-19) in Scotland | National Records of Scotland (nrscotland.gov.uk)

123 Inequalities in population health loss by multiple deprivation: COVID-19 and pre-pandemic all-cause disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in Scotland | International Journal for Equity in Health | Full Text (biomedcentral.com)

124 Confidence limits for UK and Scotland overlap

125 Prevalence of ongoing symptoms following coronavirus (COVID-19) infection in the UK - Office for National Statistics (ons.gov.uk) Estimates presented in this analysis relate to self-reported long COVID, as experienced by study participants who responded to a representative survey, rather than clinically diagnosed ongoing symptomatic COVID-19 or post-COVID-19 syndrome in the full population.

126 » Portman Group-YouGov research on pandemic drinking and the return to pubs

127 The impact of COVID-19and related restrictions onpopulation-level alcohol salesin Scotland and England &Wales, March–July 2020 (publichealthscotland.scot)

128 Scottish Health Survey – telephone survey – August/September 2020: main report - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

129 Scottish Health Survey 2019 - volume 1: main report - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

130 Longitudinal changes in physical activity during and after the first national lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England | Scientific Reports (nature.com) (Evidence from UCL study suggests little difference

131 Primary 1 Body Mass Index (BMI) statistics Scotland - School year 2020 to 2021 - Primary 1 Body Mass Index (BMI) statistics Scotland - Publications - Public Health Scotland

132 Scottish COVID-19 Mental Health Tracker Study: Wave 4 Report - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

133 Secondary school-aged pupils in Scotland - mental wellbeing, relationships and social media: report - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

134 Public attitudes to coronavirus: April summary - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

135 Public attitudes to coronavirus: tracker - data tables - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

136 Personal well-being in the UK - Office for National Statistics (ons.gov.uk)

137 ONS, Personal well-being in the UK: April 2020 to March 2021

138 Public attitudes to coronavirus: tracker - data tables - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)(1-2 February data will be published in March 2022)

139 Personal well-being in the UK - Office for National Statistics (ons.gov.uk)

140 UCL COVID Social Study Results Release 41, 9 December 2021

141 Coronavirus (COVID-19): mental health - transition and recovery plan - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

142 UCL COVID Social Study Results Release 41, 9 December 2021

143 UCL COVID Social Study Results Release 42, 14 January 2022

144 ONS, Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: 21 January 2022

145 YouGov, 18-20 Jan Public attitudes to coronavirus: tracker - data tables - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

146 YouGov, 18-20 Jan Public attitudes to coronavirus: tracker - data tables - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

147 Ipsos MORI Wave 2: December 2020

148 Ipsos MORI Wave 3:

149 YouGov, 1-2nd Feb 2022 data unpublished.

150 Ipsos MORI Wave 2: December 2020

151 Ipsos MORI Wave 3:

152 YouGov, 18-20 Jan Public attitudes to coronavirus: tracker - data tables - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

153 UCL COVID Social Study

154 COVID-19: understanding inequalities in wellbeing during the pandemic

155 Ipsos MORI Wave 3:

156 Ipsos MORI Wave 2: December 2020

157 RSPH | Survey reveals the mental and physical health impacts of home working during Covid-19

158 YouGov, 1-2nd Feb 2022 data unpublished.

159 Working from home during the COVID‐19 pandemic, its effects on health, and recommendations: The pandemic and beyond (nih.gov)

160 A new life for the high street - A nationwide program of repurposing city and town centres should be | Policy Commons

161 How to use the surge in teleworking as a real chance to include people with disabilities | Policy Commons

162 Working-from-home-in-the-context-of-COVID-19-A-systematic-review-of-physical-and-mental-health-effects-on-teleworkers.pdf (researchgate.net)

163 RSPH | Survey reveals the mental and physical health impacts of home working during Covid-19

164 Challenging boundaries of work space | The Psychologist (bps.org.uk)

165 https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2104/2104.10440.pdf

166 Working from home during the COVID‐19 pandemic, its effects on health, and recommendations: The pandemic and beyond (nih.gov)

167 https://www.gov.scot/publications/young-peoples-experiences-precarious-flexible-work-evidence-review/pages/7/

168 Business and innovation statistics - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

169 The total sample size was 1011 adults. Fieldwork was undertaken between 11th - 15th November 2021. The survey was carried out online. The figures have been weighted and are representative of all Scottish adults (aged 18+) 1 in 3 people find energy bills 'unaffordable' - CAS Launches new campaign |

170 COVID-19 Early Years Resilience and Impact Survey (CEYRIS) - COVID-19 and children research - COVID-19 data and intelligence - COVID-19 - Our areas of work - Public Health Scotland

171 https://www.officeforstudents.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/student-information-and-data/national-student-survey-nss/nss-data-provider-level/

172 College Statistics 2020-21 (sfc.ac.uk)

173 GradutatOutcomes Data | HESA

174 https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/graduates

175 Public attitudes to coronavirus: tracker - data tables - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

176 Scottish household survey 2019: annual report - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

177 UCL Covid-19 Social Study, 9 December 2021

178 See the latest issue of modelling the epidemic - gov.scot for Scottish Contact Survey figures

179 Contacts in context: large-scale setting-specific social mixing matrices from the BBC Pandemic project (medrxiv.org)

180 COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on social relationships and health, University of Glasgow research

181 Scottish Household Survey 2020 - telephone survey: key findings - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

182 Creative Scotland 2020: covid-summary-final.pdf (creativescotland.com)

183 GDP Monthly Estimate: November 2021 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

184 GDP Monthly Estimate: November 2021 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

185 BICS weighted Scotland estimates: data to wave 48 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

186 GDP Monthly Estimate: November 2021 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

187 BICS weighted Scotland estimates: data to wave 48 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

188 BICS weighted Scotland estimates: data to wave 48 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

189 BICS weighted Scotland estimates: data to wave 47 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

190 Labour market trends: February 2022 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

191 Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme statistics: 16 December 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

192 BICS weighted Scotland estimates: data to wave 48 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

193 Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) Wave 47, 2022

194 The figures are taken from COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports published by Google and represent 7-day moving averages to control for daily volatility. The daily estimate for the 10th February 2022 itself, show visits to work places in Edinburgh and Glasgow were 41% and 36% below pre-pandemic levels, respectively.

195 The figures are taken from COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports published by Google and represent 7-day moving averages to control for daily volatility

196 Endemic: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia

197 COVID-19: endemic doesn’t mean harmless (nature.com)

198 Covid in Scotland: What happens when the virus becomes endemic? - BBC News

199 Influenza: The Once and Future Pandemic (nih.gov)

200 A human coronavirus evolves antigenically to escape antibody immunity (plos.org)

201 Nextstrain / ncov / gisaid / global / 2022-01-26

202 Nextstrain

203 https://www.cogconsortium.uk/tools-analysis/public-data-analysis-2/

204 COG-UK is supported by funding from the Medical Research Council (MRC) part of UK Research & Innovation (UKRI), the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) and Genome Research Limited, operating as the Wellcome Sanger Institute.

205 SL received support from Chief Scientist Office Project (COV/EDI/20/11), Scottish Government Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division as part of Centre of Expertise on Animal Disease Outbreaks (EPIC), and the BBSRC Institute Strategic Programme grant to Roslin Institute (BB/J004235/1)

206 Long term evolution of SARS-CoV-2, 26 July 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

207 International vaccination: Potential impact on viral evolution and UK public health, 21 July 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

208 Long term evolution of SARS-CoV-2, 26 July 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

209 Beyond Omicron: what’s next for COVID’s viral evolution (nature.com)

210 Long term evolution of SARS-CoV-2, 26 July 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

211 Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants (who.int)

212 COVID-19 variants: genomically confirmed case numbers - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

213 Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: variant risk assessments - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

214 SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation- Technical briefing 34 (publishing.service.gov.uk)

215 Long term evolution of SARS-CoV-2, 26 July 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

216 S1509_SAGE_105_minutes.pdf (publishing.service.gov.uk)

217 COVID-19 vaccine tracker and landscape (who.int)

218 Waning immunity | definition of waning immunity by Medical dictionary (thefreedictionary.com)

219 How long does covid-19 immunity last? | The BMJ

220 One year later: SARS-CoV-2 immune response and vaccination of healthcare workers post-infection - Journal of Infection

221 How long does covid-19 immunity last? | The BMJ

222 One year later: SARS-CoV-2 immune response and vaccination of healthcare workers post-infection - Journal of Infection

223 Reduced Risk of Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 After COVID-19 Vaccination — Kentucky, May–June 2021 | MMWR (cdc.gov)

224 12 January 2022 Risk assessment for SARS-CoV-2 variant: Omicron VOC-21NOV-01 (B.1.1.529) (publishing.service.gov.uk)

225 COVID-19 vaccine weekly surveillance reports (weeks 39 to 5, 2021 to 2022) - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

226 Pfizer and BioNTech start trials of new Omicron-specific jab - BBC News

227 Long term evolution of SARS-CoV-2, 26 July 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

228 COVID-19: endemic doesn’t mean harmless (nature.com)

229 Omicron-specific mRNA vaccine induced potent neutralizing antibody against Omicron but not other SARS-CoV-2 variants | bioRxiv

230 Limited cross-variant immunity after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant without vaccination | medRxiv

231 What will tomorrow's Covid-19 vaccines be like? - BBC Future

232 COVID-19 – VLA2001 – Valneva

233 Vaxart COVID-19 Oral Vaccine — Precision Vaccinations

234 Akston Biosciences | COVID-19 Vaccine

235 NERVTAG: Antiviral drug resistance and the use of directly acting antiviral drugs (DAAs) for COVID-19 (publishing.service.gov.uk)

236 The COVID-19 Therapeutics and Antivirals Taskforce - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

237 COVID-19 therapeutic agents: technical briefing 1 (publishing.service.gov.uk)

238 Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 | NEJM

239 Interleukin-6 Receptor Antagonists in Critically Ill Patients with Covid-19 | NEJM

Tocilizumab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial - The Lancet

240 Efficacy and safety of baricitinib for the treatment of hospitalised adults with COVID-19 (COV-BARRIER): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial - PubMed (nih.gov)

241 Repurposed Antiviral Drugs for Covid-19 — Interim WHO Solidarity Trial Results | NEJM

242 Early Remdesivir to Prevent Progression to Severe Covid-19 in Outpatients - PubMed (nih.gov)

243 Antivirals or neutralising monoclonal antibodies (nMABs) for non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19 - CAS-ViewAlert (mhra.gov.uk)

244 Interim_Clinical_Commissioning_Policy.pdf

245 Interim clinical commissioning policy: Remdesivir for patients hospitalised with COVID-19

246 Antivirals or neutralising monoclonal antibodies (nMABs) for non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19 - CAS-ViewAlert (mhra.gov.uk)

247 Antivirals or neutralising monoclonal antibodies (nMABs) for non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19 - CAS-ViewAlert (mhra.gov.uk)

248 Interleukin-6 inhibitors (tocilizumab or sarilumab) for adult patients hospitalised due to COVID-19 - CAS-ViewAlert (mhra.gov.uk)

249 Antivirals or neutralising monoclonal antibodies (nMABs) for non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19 - CAS-ViewAlert (mhra.gov.uk)

250 COVID-19 treatments | European Medicines Agency (europa.eu)

251 MHRA guidance on coronavirus (COVID-19) - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

252 Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine certification: evidence paper - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

253 Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine certification: evidence paper update - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

254 Microsoft Word - WP 2022 01 certificates (bruegel.org)

255 SPI-B: Behavioural considerations for maintaining or reintroducing behavioural interventions and introducing new measures in autumn 2021, 14 October 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

256 SPI-B, SPI-M and EMG: Considerations for potential impact of Plan B measures, 13 October 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

257 EMG and NERVTAG: Update on transmission and environmental and behavioural mitigation strategies, including in the context of Delta, 13 October 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

258 EMG, SPI-M and SPI-B: Considerations in implementing long-term ‘baseline’ NPIs, 22 April 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

259 EMG and NERVTAG: Update on transmission and environmental and behavioural mitigation strategies, including in the context of Delta, 13 October 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

260 HM Government Social Distancing Review:Report (publishing.service.gov.uk)

261 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted? (who.int)

262 EMG and SPI-B: Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) in the context of Omicron, 15 December 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

263 Understanding the effectiveness of government interventions against the resurgence of COVID-19 in Europe | Nature Communications

264 Schools should still be the last to close and first to open if there were any future lockdown | The BMJ

265 SPI-B: Behavioural considerations for maintaining or reintroducing behavioural interventions and introducing new measures in autumn 2021, 14 October 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

266 SPI-B, SPI-M and EMG: Considerations for potential impact of Plan B measures, 13 October 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

267 SPI-B, SPI-M and EMG: Considerations for potential impact of Plan B measures, 13 October 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

268 SPI-B, SPI-M and EMG: Considerations for potential impact of Plan B measures, 13 October 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

269 SPI-B, SPI-M and EMG: Considerations for potential impact of Plan B measures, 13 October 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

270 Research and analysis overview: JUNIPER: Control options for mitigating a rapid rise in infection, 12 October 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

271 The effectiveness of face coverings to reduce transmission of COVID-19 in community settings. A rapid review Nov 2021

272 Coronavirus (COVID-19) and the use of face coverings in education settings (publishing.service.gov.uk)

273 COVID-19 advice - High risk groups | WHO Western Pacific

274 Public attitudes to coronavirus: tracker - data tables - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

275 Barriers to adherence with COVID-19 restrictions, January 2021

276 YouGov Daily Question, 19 January 2022

277 YouGov, 18-20 Jan Public attitudes to coronavirus: tracker - data tables - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

278 ONS, Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain: 21 January 2022

279 YouGov, 18-20 Jan Public attitudes to coronavirus: tracker - data tables - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

280 Cross organisation study: Risk factors associated with places of enduring prevalence and potential approaches to monitor changes in this local prevalence, 22 April 2021 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

281 Daily COVID-19 Cases in Scotland - Total Cases By Local Authority - Scottish Health and Social Care Open Data (nhs.scot)

282 COVID-19 Vaccination in Scotland - Datasets - Scottish Health and Social Care Open Data (nhs.scot)

283 Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2020v2 local and national share calculator - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

284 Denmark Covid restrictions lifted despite increase in cases - BBC News

285 Rules and regulations (coronasmitte.dk)

286 Majority of COVID-19 restrictions to be removed on 9 February 2022 - Government.se

287 National recommendations and rules - regjeringen.no

288 3 steps to reopen the Netherlands | News item | Government.nl

289 COVID-19 restrictions in Ireland (citizensinformation.ie)

290 Covid-19: Government plans to remove all remaining restrictions in England a month early | The BMJ

291 Minister Swann Announces Easing Of Covid Regulations | Department of Health (health-ni.gov.uk)

292 Plenary 15/02/2022 - Welsh Parliament (assembly.wales)

293 Gob.cl - Step by Step (www.gob.cl)

294 Covid-19, frequently asked questions and table of activities allowed | www.governo.it

295 Homepage - Corona Traffic Light Model (Ramzor) Website (health.gov.il)

296 National Plan (australia.gov.au), National Cabinet Statement | Prime Minister of Australia (pm.gov.au)

297 Development of packages of infection control measures - regjeringen.no

298 COVID-19 rules | NSW Government

299 Latest Information on the Coronavirus Situation in Austria

300 What are the current measures? | Coronavirus COVID-19 (info-coronavirus.be)

301 COVID-19 public health measures and advice | COVID-19 (coronavirus) in Ontario

302 Gob.cl - Step by Step (www.gob.cl)

303 Info Coronavirus Covid-19 | Gouvernement.fr

304 What do you currently need to know about corona (Englisch) (integrationsbeauftragte.de)

305 Measures against the corona virus - Berlin.de

306 Homepage - Corona Traffic Light Model (Ramzor) Website (health.gov.il)

307 Coronavirus measures in brief | Coronavirus COVID-19 | Government.nl

308 National recommendations and rules - regjeringen.no

309 gov.sg | Home (www.gov.sg)

310 COVID-19 Rules and Restrictions in Singapore (Feb 2022) - SingaporeLegalAdvice.com

311 Regulations and Guidelines - Coronavirus COVID-19 | South African Government (www.gov.za)

312 Current safety measures - Coronavirus COVID-19 Response (ca.gov)

313 Coronavirus (COVID-19) Testing - Our World in Data

314 COVID-19 certificate - helsenorge.no

315 Vaccination requirements for workers | NSW Government

316 Vaccine mandates | The Institute for Government

317 Italy makes vaccines mandatory for over-50s – POLITICO

318 Austria's Covid vaccine law comes into force amid resistance - BBC News

319 WHO Manifesto for a healthy recovery from COVID-19

320 UN Research Roadmap for the COVID-19 Recovery | United Nations

321 Recovery and Resilience Facility | European Commission (europa.eu)

322 Paul-Ehrlich-Institut - ZEPAI - Center for Pandemic Vaccines and Therapeutics (pei.de)

323 Consortium Emergen : point d’étape sur son déploiement (santepubliquefrance.fr)

324 Centre for Research on Pandemic Preparedness and Health Emergencies - CIHR (cihr-irsc.gc.ca)

325 American Pandemic Preparedness: Transforming Our Capabilities (whitehouse.gov)

326 CDC Stands Up New Disease Forecasting Center | CDC Online Newsroom | CDC

327 National Strategic-Operational Plan for Preparedness and Response to an Influenza Pandemic (PanFlu) 2021-2023 (salute.gov.it)

328 First lessons from government evaluations of COVID-19 responses: A synthesis (oecd.org)

329 EURACTIV.com – EURACTIV is your one-stop-shop for in-depth news about policies and politics from EU institutions and national capitals.

330 Ministry of Health & Welfare : News & Welfare Services > Press Release View Content (mohw.go.kr)

331 Coronavirus (COVID-19): trends in daily data - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

332 COVID-19 vaccine weekly surveillance reports (weeks 39 to 7, 2021 to 2022) - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

333 COVID-19 vaccine weekly surveillance reports (weeks 39 to 7, 2021 to 2022) - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

334 Coronavirus (COVID-19): trends in daily data - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

335 Coronavirus (COVID-19): trends in daily data - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

336 COVID-19 vaccine weekly surveillance reports (weeks 39 to 7, 2021 to 2022) - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

337 COVID-19 in Scotland (data.gov.scot)

338 Coronavirus (COVID-19): framework for decision making - assessing the four harms - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)

339 Coronavirus (COVID-19): framework for decision making - supporting evidence - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)