Fisheries Management Measures within Scottish Offshore Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) - Socio-Economic Impact Assessment
This assessment is undertaken to identify and assess the potential economic and social effects on the lives and circumstances of people, businesses, and communities. It investigates the potential cumulative economic benefits and costs and associated potential social impacts.
Footnotes
1 Values are discounted to 2022 prices using a 3.5% discount rate, see Section 3 for details.
2 Present Value (PV).
3 Note, for all tables of results, totals may not sum due to rounding.
4 Hatton region comprises only a small part of 3 individual ICES rectangles on the westernmost edge of Scottish waters, hence there is very little fishing activity registered in this region.
5 Scottish Government (undated). Marine environment: Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) [online] (accessed 12/01/2022)
6 NatureScot (2021) Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) [online] (accessed 12/01/2022)
7 JNCC (2019) Nature Conservation Marine Protected Areas [online] (accessed 12/01/2022)
8 NatureScot (2021) Special Areas of Conservations (SACs) [online] (accessed 12/01/2022)
9 JNCC (2020) SACs with marine components [online] (accessed 12/01/2022)
10 The inshore area extends from the coast to the limit of the territorial sea (i.e. 12 nautical miles off the coast)
11 The offshore area extends from the limit of the territorial sea to the UK Continental Shelf Claim Limit (i.e. 12-200 nautical miles off the coast).
12 Scottish Government (2017) Marine (Scotland) Act [online] (accessed 04/11/2018)
13 Scottish Government (2014) Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 [online] (accessed 04/11/2018)
15 Scottish Government (2018) Protection for world’s biggest plan shell bed [online] (accessed 04/11/2018)
16 Scottish Government (undated). Marine environment: Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) [online] (accessed 18/01/2022)
17 Scottish Government (undated). Marine environment: Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) [online] (accessed 18/01/2022)
18 Scottish Ministerial Order (2021). The Red Rocks and Longay Nature Conservation Marine Protected Area (No. 2) Order 2021. Accessed 11 October 2022.
19 The Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) Regulations 1994 [online] (accessed 18/01/2022)
20 UK Government (2022) Changes to Legislation Results [online] (accessed 18/01/2022)
21 The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 [online] (accessed 18/01/2022)
22 The Conservation of Offshore Marine Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 [online] (accessed 18/01/2022)
23 The Conservation of Habitats and Species (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 [online] (accessed 18/01/2022)
24 Scottish Government (2020). EU Exit: habitats regulations in Scotland [online] (accessed 18/01/2022)
25 Marine (Scotland) Act [online] (accessed 18/01/2022)
26 Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 [online] (accessed 18/01/2022)
27 The Conservation of Habitats and Species (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 [online] (accessed 18/01/2022)
28 Scottish Government (2020). EU Exit: habitats regulations in Scotland [online] (accessed 18/01/2022)
29 Scottish Government (2014) 2014 Consultation on the Management of Inshore Special Areas of Conservation and Marine Protected Areas Overview [online] (accessed 18/01/2022)
30 Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora [online] (accessed 18/01/2022)
31 European Commission (undated) Common fisheries policy (CFP) [online] (accessed 18/01/2022)
32 Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy (Marine Strategy Framework Directive) [online] (accessed 18/01/2022)
33 Marine Scotland (2013) Planning Scotland's Seas: 2013 - The Scottish Marine Protected Area Project – Developing the Evidence Base tor Impact Assessments and the Sustainability Appraisal Final Report.
34 Marine Scotland (2019) SEIA of Proposed Marine Protected Areas. Socio-Economic Impact Assessment. January 2019. Prepared by ABPmer & eftec for Marine Scotland.
35 Marine Scotland (2019). Development of a Deep Sea Marine Reserve, West of Scotland. Socio-Economic Impact Assessment. September 2019. Accessed 21 July 2022.
36 HM Treasury (2018) The Green Book. Central Government Guidance on Appraisal and Evaluation.
37 [ARCHIVED CONTENT] Business and regulatory impact assessment: toolkit - gov.scot (nrscotland.gov.uk).
39 UK National Ecosystem Assessment (2011) The UK National Ecosystem Assessment Technical Report. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.
40 For years 2017-18 to 2022-23 (2017 to 2022): taken from the Office for Budgetary Responsibility (OBR) forecasts for GDP deflator increases as of November 2017 Economic and fiscal outlook – charts and tables.
41 McLeod, M. (2014) Scottish MPA Project – Assessing the potential levels and effect of fisheries displacement as a consequence of possible management measures for future inshore Marine Protected Areas.
42 Seafish (2021) Multi annual UK fishing fleet estimates 2010 – 2020. Accessed 21 November 2021.
43 STECF (2020) Annual Economic Report (AER) 20-06 AER 2020. Accessed 23 June 2021.
44 Scottish Government (2021) Supply, Use and Input-Output Table 1998-2018. [online] Accessed 05 April 2021.
45 3.5% rate used based on HM Treasury Green Book Guidance (2022). Discounting is the technique of applying a discount rate to convert future monetary amounts to their equivalent value in today’s terms, (based on the premise that people prefer to receive benefits in the present rather than in the future).
46 UK National Ecosystem Assessment (2011) The UK National Ecosystem Assessment Technical Report. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.
47 Austen, M., Malcolm, S., Frost, M., Hattam, C., Mangi, S., Stentiford, G. (2011) Marine. In: The UK National Ecosystem Assessment Technical Report. UK National Ecosystem Assessment. Cambridge: UNEP-WCMC.
48 Potts T, Burdon D, Jackson E, Atkins J, Saunders J, Hastings E, Langmead O. (2014) Do marine protected areas deliver flows of ecosystem services to support human welfare? Marine Policy 44; 139–148.
49 Burdon D, Potts T, Barbone C, Mandera L. (2017). The matrix revisited: A bird's-eye view of marine ecosystem service provision. Marine Policy 77; 78–89.
50 UKNEA-FO (2014) Marine chapter. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.
51 R.K. Turner and M. Schaafsma eds (2015) Coastal Zone Ecosystem Services, ch 6, Springer, Switzerland.
52 McVittie, A., & Moran, D. (2008) Determining monetary values for use and non-use goods and services: Marine Biodiversity–primary valuation. Final Report to Defra.
53 Kenter, J.O., Bryce, R., Davies, A., Jobstvogt, N., Watson, V., Ranger, S., Solandt, J.L., Duncan, C., Christie, M., Crump, H., Irvine, K.N., Pinard, M. & Reed, M.S. (2013) The value of potential marine protected areas in the UK to divers and sea anglers. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK.
54 UK National Ecosystem Assessment Follow-on (2014) The UK National Ecosystem Assessment Follow-on: Synthesis of the Key Findings. UNEP-WCMC, LWEC, UK.
55 eftec, ABPmer & University of Stirling (2015) Valuing the UK Marine Environment – an Exploratory Study of Benthic Ecosystem Services. Project ME5106.
56 Armstrong, C.W., Aanesen, M., Hynes, S., Tinch, R. (2020) People do care about the deep sea. A comment on Jamieson et al. (2020), ICES Journal of Marine Science, Volume 79, Issue 8, October 2022, Pages 2336–2339, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsac161.
57 https://www.gov.scot/news/scotlands-national-strategy-for-economic-transformation/
58 Marine Scotland, JNCC and SNH (2011). Marine Protected Areas in Scotland’s Seas. Guidelines on the selection of MPAs. February, 2011.
59 Marine Scotland (2013) Planning Scotland's Seas: 2013 - The Scottish Marine Protected Area Project – Developing the Evidence Base tor Impact Assessments and the Sustainability Appraisal Final Report.
60 UK National Ecosystem Assessment Follow-On Report (2014) The UK National Ecosystem Assessment Follow-On Technical Report. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.
61 Marine Scotland (2013) Planning Scotland's Seas: 2013 - The Scottish Marine Protected Area Project – Developing the Evidence Base tor Impact Assessments and the Sustainability Appraisal Final Report.
62 Marine Scotland (2013) Planning Scotland’s Seas: Sectoral Marine Plans for Offshore Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy in Scottish Waters - Consultation Draft, July 2013.
63 Marine Scotland Science (2017) Scotland Marine Protected Areas Socioeconomic Monitoring. 2016 Report. Marine Analytical Unit, Marine Scotland Science, Scottish Government.. Accessed 19 April 2018.
64 Marine Scotland (2019) SEIA of Proposed Marine Protected Areas. Socio-Economic Impact Assessment. January 2019. Prepared by ABPmer & eftec for Marine Scotland.
65 Marine Scotland (2019) Offshore wind energy - draft sectoral marine plan: social and economic impact assessment. Accessed 23 August 2022.
66 Scottish Government (2022) Sectoral marine plan - offshore wind for innovation and targeted oil and gas decarbonisation: initial plan framework. Accessed 12 September 2022.
67 Scottish Government (2020) Scottish Sea Fisheries Statistics 2019. [accessed October 2022]
68 Scottish Government (2021) Scottish Sea Fisheries Statistics 2020. [accessed October 2022]
69 Noting that this region comprises only a small part of 3 individual ICES rectangles on the westernmost edge of Scottish waters, hence there is very little fishing activity registered in this region.
70 Scottish Government (2022) Scotland’s Marine Economic Statistics 2019. [Online] Accessed September 2022.
71 Seafish (2021) Economics of the UK Fishing Fleet 2020. [Online]. Accessed 13 September 2022.
73 Those sites listed and marked with a * are those that have the greatest potential for gear substitution to take place (static demersal gear taking additional landings that have been foregone by the mobile demersal gears)
74 Scottish Government (2021) Supply, Use and Input-Output Table 1998-2018. [online] Accessed: 05 April 2021.
75 Seafish (2022). 2021 Employment in the UK Fishing Fleet. [Online] Accessed 08 September 2022.
76 Seafish (2019) Labour and Employment in UK seafood processing 2019 Annual Report. [Online] Accessed 08 September 2022.
78 SeaFish 2021. Seafood processing industry performance report. Accessed 13 September 2022.
79 Marine Scotland Science, 2017. Scotland Marine Protected Areas Socioeconomic Monitoring. 2016 Report. Marine Analytical Unit, Marine Scotland Science, Scottish Government. [Online]. Accessed 19 April 2018.
80 Scottish Government, 2020. Monitoring the Socio-Economic Impacts of marine Protected Areas: 2019 Report. Agriculture, Environment and Marine. Accessed 15 September 2022.
81 Scottish Government (2022) Scottish Annual Business Statistics 2020. Accessed 22 November 2022.
82 Scottish Government (2022) Scotland‘s Marine Economic Statistics 2019. [online].
83 Scottish Government (2020) Scottish Sea Fisheries Statistics 2020.
85 Scottish Government (2020, p.33) Scottish Sea Fisheries Statistics 2020.
86 GVA for Scottish fishing industry is estimated at £329 million in 2019 (Scottish Government, 2022).
87 In 2019, the number of fishers regularly employed on Scottish registered vessels was 3,941 (Scottish Government, 2020). This represents direct employment only, therefore the percentage impacts for direct and indirect employment would be lower.
88 Seafish (2022) 2021 Employment in the UK Fishing Fleet. [Online]. Accessed 08 September 2022.
89 Seafish (2019) Labour and Employment in UK seafood processing 2019 Annual Report. [Online]. Accessed 08 September 2022.
90 ABPmer & eftec (2015) The Scottish Marine Protected Area Project Second Iteration of Site Proposals – Developing the Evidence Base for Impact Assessments: Final Report. Report to Marine Scotland, September, 2015.
91 Potts T, Burdon D, Jackson E, Atkins J, Saunders J, Hastings E, Langmead O. (2014) Do marine protected areas deliver flows of ecosystem services to support human welfare? Marine Policy 44; 139–148.
92 Jobstvogt, N., Townsend, M., Witte, U., & Hanley, N. (2014) How can we identify and communicate the ecological value of deep-sea ecosystem services?. PloS one, 9(7), e100646.
93 NFFO & SFF (2022) Spatial Squeeze in Fisheries. ABPmer Report No. R.3900. A report produced by ABPmer for NFFO & SFF.
94 Marine Scotland (2013) Planning Scotland’s Seas: Sectoral Marine Plans for Offshore Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy in Scottish Waters - Consultation Draft, July 2013.
95 Crown Estate Scotland (undated). ScotWind Leasing Round. [Online] and Renewables Now (2022). ScotWind leasing round awards further 2.8 GW via clearing. [Online]. Accessed 13 September 2022.
96 Marine Scotland (2018) Proposed Inshore MPA/SAC Fisheries Management Measures – Phase 2. Socio-Economic Impact Assessment. October 2018. Report prepared by ABPmer & eftec for the Scottish Government.
97 Crown Estate Scotland (2022). Innovation and Targeted Oil and Gas Decarbonisation, Offshore Market Review. [Online] . Accessed 14 September 2022.
98 Natural Capital Committee, 2013. State of Natural Capital Report. Natural Capital Committee, Defra.
99 Jobstvogt, N., Townsend, M., Witte, U., & Hanley, N. (2014). How can we identify and communicate the ecological value of deep-sea ecosystem services?. PloS one, 9(7), e100646.
100 Natural capital, ecosystem services and the Blue Economy | Scotland's Marine Assessment 2020
101 Burdon D, Potts T, Barbone C, Mandera L., 2017. The matrix revisited: A bird's-eye view of marine ecosystem service provision. Marine Policy 77; 78–89.
102 Natural Capital Committee, 2013, State of Natural Capital Report. Natural Capital Committee, Defra
103 UK National Ecosystem Assessment (2011) The UK National Ecosystem Assessment Technical Report. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge
104 Haines-young, R. and M.B. Potschin (2018) Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) V5.1 and Guidance on the Application of the Revised Structure.
105 ABPmer & eftec, 2015. The Scottish Marine Protected Area Project Second Iteration of Site Proposals – Developing the Evidence Base for Impact Assessments: Final Report. Report to Marine Scotland, September, 2015.
106 Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Sciberras, M., Szostek, C.L., Hughes, K.M., Ellis, N., Rijnsdorp, A.D., McConnaughey, R.A., Mazor, T., Hilborn, R. and Collie, J.S., 2017. Global analysis of depletion and recovery of seabed biota after bottom trawling disturbance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(31), pp.8301-8306.
107 ABPmer (in prep) Fisheries Management Measures within Scottish Offshore Marine Protected Areas Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report. For Marine Scotland.
108 Boscolo-Galazzo, F., Crichton, K. A., Barker, S., & Pearson, P. N. (2018). Temperature dependency of metabolic rates in the upper ocean: A positive feedback to global climate change?. Global and planetary change.
109 Thomsen, L., Aguzzi, J., Costa, C., De Leo, F., Ogston, A., & Purser, A. (2017). The oceanic biological pump: rapid carbon transfer to depth at continental margins during winter. Scientific reports, 7(1), 10763.
110 Passow and Carlson, 2012. The biological pump in a high CO2 world. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 470:249-271.
111 Hülse, D., Arndt, S., Wilson, J. D., Munhoven, G., & Ridgwell, A. (2017). Understanding the causes and consequences of past marine carbon cycling variability through models. Earth-science reviews, 171, 349-382.
112 Agustí, S., González-Gordillo, J. I., Vaqué, D., Estrada, M., Cerezo, M. I., Salazar, G., ... & Duarte, C. M. (2015). Ubiquitous healthy diatoms in the deep sea confirm deep carbon injection by the biological pump. Nature communications, 6, 7608.
113 Pedrosa‐Pàmies, R., Sanchez‐Vidal, A., Canals, M., Lampadariou, N., Velaoras, D., Gogou, A., ... & Calafat, A. (2016). Enhanced carbon export to the abyssal depths driven by atmosphere dynamics. Geophysical Research Letters, 43(16), 8626-8636.
114 Boscolo-Galazzo, F., Crichton, K. A., Barker, S., & Pearson, P. N. (2018). Temperature dependency of metabolic rates in the upper ocean: A positive feedback to global climate change?. Global and planetary change.
115 Luisetti, T., Turner, R.K., Andrews, J.E., Jickells, T.D., Kröger, S., Diesing, M., Paltriguera, L., Johnson, M.T., Parker, E.R., Bakker, D.C. and Weston, K., 2019. Quantifying and valuing carbon flows and stores in coastal and shelf ecosystems in the UK. Ecosystem services, 35, pp.67-76.
116 Duplisea, D. E., Jennings, S., Malcolm, S. J., Parker, R., & Sivyer, D. B. (2001). Modelling potential impacts of bottom trawl fisheries on soft sediment biogeochemistry in the North Sea. Geochemical Transactions, 2(1), 112.
117 Pusceddu, A., Bianchelli, S., Martín, J., Puig, P., Palanques, A., Masqué, P., Danovaro, R., 2014. Chronic and intensive bottom trawling impairs deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. PNAS 111, 8861–8866.
118 Armstrong, C. W., Foley, N. S., Tinch, R., & van den Hove, S. (2012). Services from the deep: Steps towards valuation of deep sea goods and services. Ecosystem Services, 2, 2-13.
119 Glover, A.G., Smith, C.R., 2003. The deep-sea floor ecosystem: current status and prospects of anthropogenic change by the year 2025. Environmental Conservation 30 (03), 219–241.
120 Knittel, K., Boetius, A., 2009. The anaerobic oxidation of methane—progress with an unknown process. Annual Reviews of Microbiology 63, 311–334.
121 Boetius, A., Knittel, K., 2010. Habitats of anaerobic methane oxidisers. In: Timmith, K. (Ed.), Handbook of Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology. Springer, pp. 2193–2199.
122 Potts T, Burdon D, Jackson E, Atkins J, Saunders J, Hastings E, Langmead O., 2014. Do marine protected areas deliver flows of ecosystem services to support human welfare? Marine Policy 44; 139–148.
123 Hanley, N., Hynes, S., Patterson, D., & Jobstvogt, N. 2015. Economic valuation of marine and coastal ecosystems: is it currently fit for purpose? Journal of Ocean and Coastal Economics.
124 Natural Capital Committee, 2013, State of Natural Capital Report. Natural Capital Committee, Defra
125 Folkersen, M. V., Fleming, C. M., & Hasan, S. (2018). The economic value of the deep sea: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Marine Policy, 94, 71-80.
128 Brander et al., 2015. The benefits to people of expanding Marine Protected Areas. IVM Institute for Environmental Studies.
129 McVittie, A., & Moran, D., 2008. Determining monetary values for use and non-use goods and services: Marine Biodiversity–primary valuation. Final Report to Defra.
130 Jacobs, 2004. An Economic Assessment of the Costs and Benefits of Natura 2000 Sites in Scotland. Report to Scottish Government.
131 Jobstvogt, N., Townsend, M., Witte, U., & Hanley, N. (2014). How can we identify and communicate the ecological value of deep-sea ecosystem services?. PloS one, 9(7), e100646.
132 Hanley, N., Hynes, S., Patterson, D., & Jobstvogt, N. (2015). Economic valuation of marine and coastal ecosystems: is it currently fit for purpose?. Journal of Ocean and Coastal Economics.
133 Börger et al 2014b Valuing conservation benefits of an offshore marine protected area Ecological Economics 108 (2014) 229–241
134 Brouwer, R., Brouwer, S., Eleveld, M. A., Verbraak, M., Wagtendonk, A. J., & Van Der Woerd, H. J. (2016). Public willingness to pay for alternative management regimes of remote marine protected areas in the North Sea.
Contact
Email: marine_biodiversity@gov.scot
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