Growing up in Scotland: the impact of children's early activities on cognitive development
This report uses data from the first three waves of the Growing Up in Scotland study (GUS) to explore children’s cognitive ability.
Appendix A Regression Tables
Regression analysis compares a reference category within each variable with the rest of the categories in that variable and produces an estimate of the size of the contribution that category makes to the overall variation in cognitive ability. These estimates are called coefficients.
Table A.1 presents the significance levels of the variables for each of the stages in the naming vocabulary analysis. Table A.2 shows the coefficients for the stage three analysis and Table A.3 shows the coefficients for stage four. Tables A.4-A.6 follow the same format for the picture similarities analysis.
Full results of the first and second stages are available on request from ScotCen.
Table A.1 Naming vocabulary multiple linear regression - significance levels for individual variables
| Naming |
Regression stages |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stage one |
Stage two |
Stage three |
Stage four |
|
| Independent variables |
||||
| Mother's highest qualification (standard grade or below) |
.000 |
.000 |
.001 |
.925 |
| Area deprivation (15% most deprived areas) |
.340 |
|||
| Area deprivation - persistent (3 years 15% most deprived areas) |
.003 |
.084 |
.069 |
|
| Equivalised household income quintile (5th quintile - lowest income) |
.001 |
|||
| Household income - persistent (3 years 5th quintile - lowest income) |
.001 |
.000 |
.000 |
|
| Family and employment type (all adults unemployed/working <16 hours) |
.207 |
|||
| Family and employment type - persistent (3 years all adults unemployed/working <16 hours) |
.254 |
|||
| Age of mother at child's birth (below 25) |
.000 |
.004 |
.034 |
.093 |
| Developmental concern (some concern at 22 months) |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.003 |
| No. of children in family (4 or more) |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
| Gender of child (boy) |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
| Birth weight (low birth weight) |
.003 |
.001 |
.005 |
.013 |
| At 10 months: |
||||
| Reading with parent (never) |
.044 |
.084 |
||
| Library visits (never been) |
.646 |
|||
| At 22 months: |
||||
| Daily activities (25% least active) |
.000 |
.000 |
||
| Educational games |
.910 |
|||
| Number of annual visits/events (one/none) |
.001 |
.020 |
||
| Number of activities rated very important (one/none) |
.711 |
|||
| Importance of educational games |
.475 |
|||
| Satisfaction with activities (would like much wider range) |
.822 |
|||
| R squared |
15.6 |
15.7 |
19.5 |
18.2 |
| Constant |
35.7 |
36.5 |
32.5 |
31.2 |
| Significance |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
| Sample size |
3560 |
3534 |
3484 |
1985 |
Note: reference categories are shown in brackets, significant values are shown in bold, blank cells indicate factors not in the model.
Table A.2 Naming vocabulary multiple linear regression - full results of stage three model of socio-demographic factors and activities/parental attitudes measures
| Coefficient |
P value |
95% CI |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mother's highest qualification (standard grade or below) |
||||
| Degree |
1.523 |
0.022 |
0.225 |
2.820 |
| Vocational below degree |
-0.586 |
0.224 |
-1.540 |
0.367 |
| Higher grade |
-0.581 |
0.596 |
-2.758 |
1.596 |
| Area deprivation - persistent (3 years 15% most deprived areas) |
||||
| Never in 15% most deprived area |
0.163 |
0.843 |
-1.478 |
1.804 |
| 1 year |
-0.936 |
0.413 |
-3.206 |
1.334 |
| 2 years |
-1.851 |
0.073 |
-3.881 |
0.178 |
| Household income - persistent (3 years 5th quintile - lowest income) |
||||
| Never in bottom quintile |
4.393 |
0.000 |
2.581 |
6.204 |
| 1 year |
2.380 |
0.006 |
0.721 |
4.039 |
| 2 years |
0.845 |
0.387 |
-1.091 |
2.781 |
| Age of mother at child's birth (below 25) |
||||
| 25 to 34 |
1.437 |
0.010 |
0.351 |
2.523 |
| 35+ |
1.585 |
0.027 |
0.187 |
2.984 |
| Developmental concern (some concern at 22 months) |
||||
| No concerns |
4.662 |
0.000 |
2.766 |
6.559 |
| No. of children in family (1) |
||||
| 2 |
-1.954 |
0.000 |
-2.773 |
-1.136 |
| 3 |
-3.423 |
0.000 |
-4.543 |
-2.304 |
| 4 |
-4.639 |
0.000 |
-6.410 |
-2.867 |
| Gender of child (boy) |
||||
| Girl |
3.731 |
0.000 |
2.978 |
4.484 |
| Birth weight (low birth weight) |
||||
| Not low |
2.529 |
0.005 |
0.780 |
4.279 |
| At 10 months:Reading with parent (never) |
||||
| Every day |
2.589 |
0.010 |
0.646 |
4.532 |
| Once or twice a week |
2.591 |
0.004 |
0.841 |
4.341 |
| Once every 1 or 2 months or less |
1.938 |
0.075 |
-0.202 |
4.079 |
| Library visits (never been) |
||||
| Has ever been to a library |
0.219 |
0.646 |
-0.728 |
1.166 |
| At 22 months:Daily activities (25% least active) |
||||
| 2nd most active |
2.783 |
0.000 |
1.666 |
3.900 |
| 3rd most active |
3.751 |
0.000 |
2.098 |
5.405 |
| Most active 25% |
5.521 |
0.000 |
3.587 |
7.456 |
| Educational games |
||||
| 1-3 days |
-0.134 |
0.796 |
-1.163 |
0.896 |
| 4-6 days |
0.301 |
0.670 |
-1.102 |
1.703 |
| 7 days |
0.288 |
0.678 |
-1.093 |
1.670 |
| Number of annual visits/events (one/none) |
||||
| 2 |
1.318 |
0.086 |
-.190 |
2.827 |
| 3 |
1.570 |
0.057 |
-.045 |
3.185 |
| 4 |
2.755 |
0.002 |
1.090 |
4.420 |
| 5+ |
3.300 |
0.001 |
1.487 |
5.112 |
| Number of activities rated very important (one/none) |
||||
| 2 |
-0.235 |
0.832 |
-2.441 |
1.972 |
| 3 |
0.439 |
0.714 |
-1.942 |
2.820 |
| 4-5 |
0.480 |
0.637 |
-1.541 |
2.500 |
| Importance of educational games (Quite/neither/not important) |
||||
| Very important |
-0.518 |
0.475 |
-1.958 |
0.922 |
| Satisfaction with activities (would like much wider range) |
||||
| Very happy |
-0.102 |
0.885 |
-1.499 |
1.296 |
| Quite happy |
0.325 |
0.612 |
-0.952 |
1.603 |
| Would like slightly wider range |
-0.161 |
0.800 |
-1.425 |
1.103 |
Note: reference categories are shown in brackets
Table A.3 Naming vocabulary multiple linear regression - full results of stage four model of socio-demographic factors and activities/parental attitudes measures (advantaged children removed)
| Coefficient |
P value |
95% CI |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mother's highest qualification (standard grade or below) |
||||
| Degree |
(dropped) |
|||
| Vocational below degree |
-0.053 |
0.926 |
-1.202 |
1.095 |
| Higher grade |
-0.521 |
0.694 |
-3.153 |
2.112 |
| Area deprivation - persistent (3 years 15% most deprived areas) |
||||
| Never in 15% most deprived area |
-0.161 |
0.844 |
-1.792 |
1.469 |
| 1 year |
-0.804 |
0.506 |
-3.204 |
1.595 |
| 2 years |
-2.347 |
0.030 |
-4.462 |
-0.232 |
| Household income - persistent (3 years 5th quintile - lowest income) |
||||
| Never in bottom quintile |
4.778 |
0.000 |
2.784 |
6.773 |
| 1 year |
3.184 |
0.001 |
1.340 |
5.029 |
| 2 years |
1.492 |
0.155 |
-0.579 |
3.564 |
| Age of mother at child's birth (below 25) |
||||
| 25 to 34 |
1.315 |
0.042 |
0.046 |
2.585 |
| 35+ |
1.227 |
0.109 |
-0.280 |
2.734 |
| Developmental concern (some concern at 22 months) |
||||
| No concerns |
3.773 |
0.003 |
1.322 |
6.224 |
| No. of children in family (1) |
||||
| 2 |
-1.364 |
0.030 |
-2.594 |
-0.134 |
| 3 |
-3.138 |
0.000 |
-4.821 |
-1.454 |
| 4 |
-4.319 |
0.000 |
-6.301 |
-2.337 |
| Gender of child (boy) |
||||
| Girl |
3.775 |
0.000 |
2.805 |
4.744 |
| Birth weight (low birth weight) |
||||
| Not low |
3.243 |
0.013 |
0.706 |
5.779 |
| At 10 months:Reading with parent (never) |
||||
| Every day |
2.578 |
0.015 |
0.514 |
4.642 |
| Once or twice a week |
2.545 |
0.013 |
0.554 |
4.536 |
| Once every 1 or 2 months or less |
2.349 |
0.064 |
-0.144 |
4.842 |
| At 22 months:Daily activities (25% least active) |
||||
| 2nd most active |
3.553 |
0.000 |
1.977 |
5.129 |
| 3rd most active |
5.064 |
0.000 |
3.519 |
6.610 |
| Most active 25% |
6.279 |
0.000 |
4.321 |
8.238 |
| Number of annual visits/events (one/none) |
||||
| 2 |
1.627 |
0.055 |
-0.036 |
3.290 |
| 3 |
1.870 |
0.060 |
-0.080 |
3.820 |
| 4 |
3.143 |
0.002 |
1.168 |
5.118 |
| 5+ |
3.304 |
0.007 |
0.938 |
5.670 |
Note: reference categories are shown in brackets
Table A.4 Picture similarities multiple linear regression - significance levels for individual variables
| Picture similarities |
Regression stages |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stage one |
Stage two |
Stage three |
Stage four |
|
| Independent variables |
||||
| Mother's highest qualification (standard grade or below) |
.085 |
.070 |
||
| Area deprivation (15% most deprived areas) |
.006 |
|||
| Area deprivation - persistent (3 years 15% most deprived areas) |
.001 |
.001 |
.014 |
|
| Equivalised household income quintile (5th quintile - lowest income) |
.010 |
|||
| Household income - persistent (3 years 5th quintile - lowest income) |
.013 |
.023 |
.201 |
|
| Family and employment type (all adults unemployed/working <16 hours) |
.000 |
|||
| Family and employment type - persistent (3 years all adults unemployed/working <16 hours) |
.026 |
.024 |
.077 |
|
| Age of mother at child's birth (below 25) |
.029 |
.138 |
.277 |
.355 |
| Developmental concern (some concern at 22 months) |
.000 |
.000 |
.006 |
.037 |
| No. of children in family (4 or more) |
.000 |
.000 |
.002 |
.003 |
| Gender of child (boy) |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
| Birth weight (low birth weight) |
.003 |
.001 |
.006 |
.007 |
| At 10 months: |
||||
| Reading with parent (less often than every day) |
.356 |
.097 |
||
| Library visits (never been) |
.297 |
|||
| At 22 months: |
||||
| Daily activities (25% least active) |
.001 |
.000 |
||
| Educational games |
.734 |
|||
| Number of annual visits/events (one/none) |
.006 |
.428 |
||
| Number of activities rated very important (one/none) |
.278 |
|||
| Importance of educational games |
.191 |
|||
| Satisfaction with activities (would like much wider range) |
.130 |
|||
| R squared |
9.9 |
10.0 |
12.3 |
11.8 |
| Constant |
36.6 |
37.4 |
36.0 |
34.5 |
| Significance |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
| Sample size |
3764 |
3736 |
3687 |
1990 |
Note: reference categories are shown in brackets, significant values are shown in bold, blank cells indicate factors not in the model.
Table A.5 Picture similarities multiple linear regression - full results of stage three model of socio-demographic factors and activities/parental attitudes measures
| Coefficient |
P value |
95% CI |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Area deprivation - persistent (3 years 15% most deprived areas) |
||||
| Never in 15% most deprived area |
2.084 |
0.010 |
0.527 |
3.642 |
| 1 year |
-0.355 |
0.744 |
-2.512 |
1.803 |
| 2 years |
-0.364 |
0.734 |
-2.493 |
1.766 |
| Household income - persistent (3 years 5th quintile - lowest income) |
||||
| Never in bottom quintile |
1.772 |
0.045 |
0.044 |
3.499 |
| 1 year |
0.505 |
0.596 |
-1.386 |
2.396 |
| 2 years |
-0.227 |
0.829 |
-2.322 |
1.868 |
| Family and employment type - persistent (3 years all adults unemployed/working <16 hours) |
||||
| Never in hhold with no adult working >16 hrs |
3.014 |
0.003 |
1.066 |
4.962 |
| 2 years |
1.964 |
0.076 |
-0.209 |
4.137 |
| 1 year |
1.252 |
0.318 |
-1.233 |
3.736 |
| Age of mother at child's birth (below 25) |
||||
| 25 to 34 |
0.762 |
0.141 |
-0.258 |
1.781 |
| 35+ |
0.955 |
0.126 |
-.276 |
2.185 |
| Developmental concern (some concern at 22 months) |
||||
| No concerns |
2.234 |
0.006 |
.6777543 |
3.791156 |
| No. of children in family (1) |
||||
| 2 |
-0.632 |
0.157 |
-1.515 |
0.250 |
| 3 |
-2.104 |
0.000 |
-3.192 |
-1.016 |
| 4 |
-1.809 |
0.058 |
-3.682 |
0.064 |
| Gender of child (boy) |
||||
| Girl |
1.527 |
0.000 |
0.763 |
2.290 |
| Birth weight (low birth weight) |
||||
| Not low |
2.495 |
0.006 |
0.747 |
4.242 |
| At 10 months:Reading with parent (never) |
||||
| Every day |
1.558 |
0.136 |
-0.505 |
3.621 |
| Once or twice a week |
1.030 |
0.327 |
-1.051 |
3.110 |
| Once every 1 or 2 months or less |
1.563 |
0.202 |
-0.861 |
3.987 |
| Library visits (never been) |
||||
| Has ever been to a library |
-0.405 |
0.297 |
-1.174 |
0.364 |
| At 22 months:Daily activities (25% least active) |
||||
| 2nd most active |
1.590 |
0.011 |
0.381 |
2.797 |
| 3rd most active |
2.585 |
0.000 |
1.264 |
3.906 |
| Most active 25% |
3.261 |
0.000 |
1.768 |
4.755 |
| Educational games |
||||
| 1-3 days |
-0.436 |
0.457 |
-1.603 |
0.730 |
| 4-6 days |
0.044 |
0.944 |
-1.201 |
1.288 |
| 7 days |
-0.496 |
0.418 |
-1.710 |
0.718 |
| Number of annual visits/events (one/none) |
||||
| 2 |
-0.085 |
0.904 |
-1.495 |
1.324 |
| 3 |
0.519 |
0.486 |
-0.962 |
2.001 |
| 4 |
1.438 |
0.032 |
0.129 |
2.747 |
| 5+ |
1.690 |
0.014 |
0.349 |
3.031 |
| Number of activities rated very important (one/none) |
||||
| 2 |
1.489 |
0.088 |
-0.227 |
3.204 |
| 3 |
0.501 |
0.521 |
-1.049 |
2.050 |
| 4-5 |
0.586 |
0.457 |
-.980 |
2.152 |
| Importance of educational games (Quite/neither/not important) |
||||
| Very important |
-0.714 |
0.191 |
-1.791 |
0.364 |
| Satisfaction with activities (would like much wider range) |
||||
| Very happy |
-0.553 |
0.454 |
-2.019 |
0.913 |
| Quite happy |
-1.370 |
0.036 |
-2.647 |
-0.093 |
| Would like slightly wider range |
-0.652 |
0.239 |
-1.746 |
0.443 |
Note: reference categories are shown in brackets
Table A.6 Picture similarities multiple linear regression - full results of stage four model of socio-demographic factors and activities/parental attitudes measures (advantaged children removed)
| Coefficient |
P value |
95% CI |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Area deprivation - persistent (3 years 15% most deprived areas) |
||||
| Never in 15% most deprived area |
1.259 |
0.134 |
-0.400 |
2.917 |
| 1 year |
-0.712 |
0.543 |
-3.036 |
1.612 |
| 2 years |
-1.104 |
0.326 |
-3.334 |
1.126 |
| Household income - persistent (3 years 5th quintile - lowest income) |
||||
| Never in bottom quintile |
-1.747 |
0.058 |
-0.062 |
3.556 |
| 1 year |
0.982 |
0.305 |
-0.914 |
2.878 |
| 2 years |
0.458 |
0.675 |
-1.714 |
2.629 |
| Family/employment type - persistent |
||||
| Never in hold with no adult working >16 hrs |
2.467 |
0.020 |
0.399 |
4.534 |
| 2 years |
1.417 |
0.227 |
-0.903 |
3.738 |
| 1 year |
0.372 |
0.774 |
-2.204 |
2.948 |
| Age of mother at child's birth (below 25) |
||||
| 25 to 34 |
0.862 |
0.166 |
-.366 |
2.090 |
| 35+ |
1.012 |
0.225 |
-.638 |
2.661 |
| Developmental concern (some concern at 22 months) |
||||
| No concerns |
1.978 |
0.037 |
0.123 |
3.832 |
| No. of children in family (1) |
||||
| 2 |
-0.708 |
0.201 |
-1.802 |
0.386 |
| 3 |
-2.774 |
0.000 |
-4.186 |
-1.362 |
| 4 |
-1.860 |
0.082 |
-3.962 |
0.242 |
| Gender of child (boy) |
||||
| Girl |
1.661 |
0.000 |
0.771 |
2.551 |
| Birth weight (low birth weight) |
||||
| Not low |
3.336 |
0.007 |
0.940 |
5.732 |
| At 10 months: Reading with parent (never) |
||||
| Every day |
2.393 |
0.025 |
0.306 |
4.480 |
| Once or twice a week |
1.374 |
0.180 |
-0.652 |
3.401 |
| Once every 1 or 2 months or less |
2.105 |
0.107 |
-0.471 |
4.680 |
| At 22 months:Daily activities (25% least active) |
||||
| 2nd most active |
2.200 |
0.004 |
0.730 |
3.671 |
| 3rd most active |
2.921 |
0.000 |
1.442 |
4.401 |
| Most active 25% |
3.368 |
0.000 |
1.828 |
4.909 |
| Number of annual visits/events (one/none) |
||||
| 2 |
-0.024 |
0.978 |
-1.735 |
1.687 |
| 3 |
0.386 |
0.671 |
-1.420 |
2.192 |
| 4 |
1.047 |
0.269 |
-0.830 |
2.924 |
| 5+ |
1.324 |
0.163 |
-0.551 |
3.200 |
Note: reference categories are shown in brackets
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