National Planning Framework 4: habitats regulations appraisal

Details the Habitats Regulations Appraisal (HRA) process that has been carried out in support of National Planning Framework 4, as required under the Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) Regulations 1994 (as amended).


6. References

6.1 AECOM (2021a). Research Project: Habitats Regulations Appraisal of National Planning Framework 4 – Baseline Information Report. November 2021. Available from: https://www.transformingplanning.scot/media/2826/habitats-regulations-appraisal-of-npf4-updated-baseline-information-report.pdf.

6.2 AECOM (2021b). Research Project: Habitats Regulations Appraisal of National Planning Framework 4 – Initial HRA Screening Record. November 2021. Available from: https://www.transformingplanning.scot/media/2824/habitats-regulations-appraisal-of-npf4-initial-screening-record.pdf.

6.3 AECOM (2020). Research Project: Habitats Regulations Appraisal of National Planning Framework 4 – HRA Methodology. March 2020.

6.4 AECOM (2019). MMO1188: Habitat Regulations Assessment for North East, North West, South East and South West Marine Plans: Appropriate Assessment Information Report including Screening Report. Marine Management Organisation. Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/857273/AAIR_final.pdf.

6.5 Atkinson, P.W., Buckingham, D. and Morris, A.J. (2004). What factors determine where invertebrate-feeding birds forage in dry agricultural grasslands? Ibis 146, pp 99-107.

6.6 BirdLife International (2012). Human disturbance to seabirds at sea. Available from: http://datazone.birdlife.org/human-disturbance-to-seabirds-at-sea.

6.7 British Standards Institution (2012). British Standard 5837:2012 Trees in relation to design, demolition and construction – Recommendations.

6.8 Burger, J., Jeitner, C., Clark, K. and Niles, L.J. (2004). The effect of human activities on migrant shorebirds: successful adaptive management. Environmental Conservation 31, pp 283-288.

6.9 CIEEM (2021). Advice on Ecological Assessment of Air Quality Impacts. January 2021. Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management, Winchester.

6.10 CIEEM (2019). Guidelines for Ecological Impact Assessment in the UK and Ireland: Terrestrial, Freshwater, Coastal and Marine. Version 1.1 – Updated September 2019. Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management, Winchester.

6.11 Cheng, C.L. and Flamarique, I.N. (2004). Opsin expression: new mechanism for modulating colour vision. Nature 428, pp. 279.

6.12 Cole, D.N. (1995). Experimental trampling of vegetation. Relationship between trampling intensity and vegetation response. Journal of Applied Ecology 32, pp 203-214.

6.13 Currie F. and Elliott, G. (1997). Forests and Birds: A Guide to Managing Forests for Rare Birds. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy.

6.14 Cutts, N., Hemingway, K and Spencer, J. (2013). Waterbird Disturbance Mitigation Toolkit: Informing Estuarine Planning & Construction Projects. Produced by the Institute of Estuarine & Coastal Studies (IECS) University of Hull. Available from: https://www.tide-toolbox.eu/tidetools/waterbird_disturbance_mitigation_toolkit/.

6.15 Cutts, N., Phelps, A. and Burdon, D. (2009). Construction and Waterfowl: Defining Sensitivity, Response, Impacts and Guidance. IECS Report to Humber INCA.

6.16 Dijk, N. (2011). Dry deposition of ammonia gas drives species change faster than wet deposition of ammonium ions: evidence from a long-term field manipulation. Global Change Biology 17, pp 3589-3607.

6.17 Enders, E.C., Boisclair, D and Roy, A.G. (2003). The effect of turbulence on the cost of swimming for juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60, pp 1149-1160.

6.18 Evans, D.M. and Warrington, S. (1997). The effects of recreational disturbance on wintering waterbirds on a mature gravel pitlake near London. International Journal of Environmental Studies 53, pp 167-182.

6.19 FCS (2006). FCS Guidance Note 32: Forest operations and birds in Scottish forests – the law and good practice. Available from: https://forestry.gov.scot/images/corporate/pdf/Guidancenote32Birddisturbance.pdf.

6.20 Fliessbach, K. L., Borkenhagen, K., Guse, N., Markones, N., Schwemmer, P. and Garthe, S. (2019). A ship traffic disturbance vulnerability index for northwest European seabirds as a tool for marine spatial planning. Frontiers in Marine Science, Volume 6, Article 192.

6.21 Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. and Grundy, D. (eds.) (2007). The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.

6.22 Fox, T., Francis, I., Norriss, D. and Walsh, A. (2019). Report of the 2018/2019 International Census of Greenland White-fronted Geese by Greenland White-fronted Goose Study. Final report – 29 November 2019. Available from: https://monitoring.wwt.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Greenland-White-fronted-Goose-Study-report-2018-19.pdf.

6.23 Garthe, S. and Hüppop, O. (1999). Effect of ship speed on seabird counts in areas supporting commercial fisheries. Journal of Field Ornithology 70, pp 28-32.

6.24 Garthe, S., Benvenuti, S. and Montevecchi, W.A. (2000). Pursuit plunging by Northern Gannets (Sula bassana) feeding on capelin (Mallotus villosus). Proceedings of the Royal Society B 267, pp 1717-1722.

6.25 Gill, J.A., Sutherland, W.J. and Norris, K. (1998). The consequences of human disturbance for estuarine birds. RSPB Conservation Review 12, pp 67-72.

6.26 Godinho, C., Catarino, L., Marques, J.T., Mira, A. and Beja, P. (2017). Assessing bird exclusion effects in a wetland crossed by a railway (Sado Estuary, Portugal). Railway Ecology, pp 179-195.

6.27 Highways England, Transport Scotland, Welsh Government and Department for Infrastructure (2019). Design Manual for Roads and Bridges. Sustainability and Environment Appraisal. LA 105: Air quality. Available from: https://www.standardsforhighways.co.uk/prod/attachments/10191621-07df-44a3-892e-c1d5c7a28d90?inline=true.

6.28 Hirst, R.A., Pywell, R.F., Marrs, R.H. and Putwain, P.D. (2005). The resilience of calcareous and mesotrophic grasslands following disturbance. Journal of Applied Ecology 42, pp 498-506.

6.29 Holman, C., Barrowcliffe, R., Harker, G., Hawkings, C., Horrocks, S. and Prismall, F. (2019). A guide to the assessment of air quality impacts on designated nature conservation sites. Institute of Air Quality Management, London.

6.30 Holman, C., Barrowcliffe, R., Birkenshaw, D., Dalton, H., Gray, G., Harker, G., Laxen, D., Marner, B., Marsh, D., Prismall, F., Pullen, J., Stoaling, M., Storey, C. and Vining, L. (2014). Guidance on the assessment of dust from demolition and construction. Version 1.1., June 2016. Institute of Air Quality Management, London.

6.31 JNCC, Natural England, Countryside Council for Wales (2010). The protection of marine European Protected Species from injury and disturbance: Guidance for the marine area in England and Wales and the UK offshore marine area. June 2010. Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/850708/Draft_Guidance_on_the_Protection_of_Marine_European_Protected_Species_from_Injurt_and_Disturbance.pdf.

6.32 Keller, R.P., Drake, J.M., Drew, M.B. and Lodge, D.M. (2011). Linking environmental conditions and ship movements to estimate species transport across the global shipping network. Diversity and Distributions 17, pp 93-102.

6.33 Kraus, S. D. (1990). Rates and potential causes of mortality in North Atlantic right whales (Ezrbalaena glacialts). Marine Mammal Science 6, pp 278-291.

6.34 Lewis, M., Lye, G., Pendlebury, C. and Walls, R. (2012). Population sizes of seabirds breeding in Scottish SPAs. Report to Scottish Government (Marine Scotland). Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/population-sizes-seabirds-breeding-scottish-special-protection-areas/pages/1/.

6.35 Liao, J.C. (2007). A review of fish swimming mechanics and behaviour in altered flows. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society Series B 362, pp 1973-1993.

6.36 Liley, D. and Fearnly H. (2011). Bird Disturbance Study, North Kent 2010/11. Footprint Ecology.

6.37 Linaker, R. (2012). Recreation Disturbance at the Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast European Marine Site. Report to Natural England.

6.38 LUC (2015). Clydeplan Forestry and Woodland Strategy. Habitats Regulations Appraisal. Screening Report. Available from: https://www.clydeplan-sdpa.gov.uk/docman/current-plan-july-2017-other-reports/53-additional-supporting-material-background-report-12-forestry-and-woodland-strategy-habitats-regulations-appraisal-screening-report/file.

6.39 Maitland, P.S. (2003). Ecology of the River, Brook and Sea Lamprey. Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers Ecology Series No. 5. English Nature, Peterborough.

6.40 Malcolm, I.A., Godfrey, J. and Youngson, A.F. (2010). Review of migratory routes and behaviour of Atlantic salmon, sea trout and European eel in Scotland's coastal environment: Implications for the development of marine renewables. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Vol 1 No 4. Available from: https://data.marine.gov.scot/dataset/review-migratory-routes-and-behaviour-atlantic-salmon-sea-trout-and-european-eel-scotland%E2%80%99s

6.41 Merkel, F.R. (2010). Light-induced bird strikes on vessels in Southwest Greenland. Technical Report No. 84, Pinngortilaleriffik, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources. Available from: https://natur.gl/fileadmin/user_files/Dokumenter/Tekniske_rapporter/Birdstrike_Technical_Report_84.pdf.

6.42 Miller, L.J., Solangi, M. and Kuczai, S.A. (2008). Immediate response of Atlantic bottlenose dolphins to high-speed personal watercraft in the Mississippi Sound. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 88(6), pp 1139-1143.

6.43 Mitchell, C. (2012). Mapping the distribution of feeding Pink-footed and Iceland Greylag Geese in Scotland. A report by the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, as part of a programme of work jointly funded by WWT and Scottish Natural Heritage. July 2012.

6.44 Mitchell, C.R. and Hearn, R.D. (2004). Pink-footed Goose Anser brachyrhynchus (Greenland/Iceland population) in Britain 1960/61 – 1999/2000. Waterbird Review Series. The Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust / Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Slimbridge.

6.45 Mitchell, J.R., Moser, M.E. and Kirby, J.S. (1988). Declines in midwinter counts of waders roosting on the Dee estuary. Bird Study 35, pp 191-198.

6.46 Molnar, J. L., Gamboa, R.L., Revenga, C. and Spalding, M.D. (2008). Assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. Volume 6, Issue 9, pp 485-492.

6.47 National Research Council (1985). Dredging Coastal Ports: An Assessment of the Issues. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC.

6.48 Odeh, M., Noreika, J.F., Haro, A., Maynard, A., Castro-Santos, T. and Cada, G.F. (2002). Evaluation of the effects of turbulence on the behaviour of migratory fish. In Final Report 2002, report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract no. 00000022 p1-55 (cited from Liao, 2007).

6.49 Perrier, C., Guyomard, R., Bagliniere, J.L. and Evanno, G. (2011). Determinants of hierarchical genetic structure in Atlantic salmon populations: environmental factors vs. anthropogenic influences. Molecular Ecology 20, pp 4,231-4,245.

6.50 Quick, N., Arso, M., Cheney, B., Islas, V., Janik, V., Thompson, P.M. and Hammond, P.S. (2014). The east cost of Scotland bottlenose dolphin population: Improving understanding of ecology outside the Moray Firth SAC. Dcoument produced as part of the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change's

6.51 Riddington, R., Hassall, M., Jane, S.J., Turner, P.A. and Walters, R. (1996). The impact of disturbance on the behaviour and energy budgets of Brent Geese Branta b. bernicla. Bird Study 43, pp 268-279.

6.52 RSPB (2015). Policy briefing, March 2015 Jet skis and birds. Available from: https://www.rspb.org.uk/globalassets/downloads/documents/positions/marine/jet-skis-and-birds---the-rspb-position.pdf.

6.53 Ruddock, M. and Whitfield, D.P. (2007). A Review of Disturbance Distances in Selected Bird Species. A report from Natural Research (Projects) Ltd to Scottish Natural Heritage.

6.54 Scholik, A.R. and Yan, H.Y. (2001). Effects of underwater noise on auditory sensitivity of a cyprinid fish. Hearing Research 152, pp 17-24.

6.55 Scottish Government (2020). EU Exit: The Habitats Regulations in Scotland. December 2020. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/eu-exit-habitats-regulations-scotland-2/.

6.56 SEPA (2017). Land Use Planning System, SEPA Guidance Note 31: Guidance on Assessing the Impacts of Development Proposals on Groundwater Abstractions and Groundwater Dependent Terrestrial Ecosystems. Version 3, September 2017. Available from: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/144266/lups-gu31-guidance-on-assessing-the-impacts-of-development-proposals-on-groundwater-abstractions-and-groundwater-dependent-terrestrial-ecosystems.pdf.

6.57 SEPA (2010). Engineering in the water environment: good practice guide. River crossings. 2nd Edition, November 2010. Available from: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/151036/wat-sg-25.pdf.

6.58 SNH (2019). SNH Guidance Note. The handling of mitigation in Habitats Regulations Appraisal – the People Over Wind CJEU judgement. Available from: https://www.nature.scot/gd/node/3168427.

6.59 SNH (2016). Assessing Connectivity with Special Protection Areas (SPAs). Version 3 – June 2016. Available from: https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-08/Assessing%20connectivity%20with%20special%20protection%20areas.pdf.

6.60 SNH (2015). Habitats Regulations Appraisal of Plans: Guidance for Plan-Making Bodies in Scotland. Version 3.0, January 2015. Available from: https://www.nature.scot/habitats-regulations-appraisal-plans-guidance-plan-making-bodies-scotland-jan-2015.

6.61 SNH (2014a). Natura Casework Guidance: How to consider plans and projects affecting Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) and Special Protection Areas (SPAs).

6.62 SNH (2014b). Breeding season dates for key breeding species in Scotland. May 2014. Available from: https://www.nature.scot/doc/bird-breeding-season-dates-scotland.

6.63 Solway Firth Partnership (2014). Loch Ryan Management Plan. Using marine planning to identify management needs and opportunities for enhanced community amenity and economic regeneration of the surrounding area. Available from: https://solwayfirthpartnership.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3531-Loch-Ryan-Mgt-Plan_final_May2014.pdf.

6.64 Stroud, D.A., Bainbridge, I.P., Maddock, A., Anthony, S., Baker, H., Buxton, N., Chambers, D., Enlander, I., Hearn, R.D., Jennings, K.R, Mavor, R., Whitehead, S. and Wilson, J.D. (eds., on behalf of the UK SPA & Ramsar Scientific Working Group) (2016). The status of UK SPAs in the 2000s: the Third Network Review. JNCC, Peterborough.

6.65 Taylor, K., Anderson, P., Liley, D. and Underhill-Day, J.C. (2006). Promoting Positive Access Management to Sites of Nature Conservation Value: A Guide to Good Practice. English Nature / Countryside Agency.

6.66 Thomas, K., Kvitek R.G. and Bretz, C. (2003). Effects of human activity on the foraging behaviour of sanderlings Calidris alba. Biological Conservation 109, pp 67-71.

6.67 Thompson, L., Hautala, S. and Kelly, K. (2005). Tidal characters in local waters. Available from: http://faculty.washington.edu/luanne/pages/ocean420/notes/local.pdf.

6.68 Thomson, K. and Harding, N.J. (1994). Winter bird surveys on proposed Special Protection Areas in Scotland. Report 3: Winter Goose Surveys in Kintyre, Wigtownshire and Flanders Moss. Report by RSPB to Scottish Natural Heritage.

6.69 Tuite, C.H., Owen, M. and Paynter, D. (1983). Interaction between wildfowl and recreation at Llangorse Lake and Talybont Reservoir, South Wales. Wildfowl 34, pp 48-63.

6.70 Underhill, M.C., Kirby, J.S., Bell, M.C. and Robinthwaite, J. (1993). Use of waterbodies in south-west London by waterfowl. An investigation of the factors affecting distribution, abundance and community structure. Report to Thames Water Utilities Ltd and English Nature. Wetlands Advisory Service, Slimbridge.

6.71 Vanderlaan, A.S.M. and Taggart, C.T. (2007). Vessel collisions with whales: The probability of lethal injury based on vessel speed. Marine Mammal Sciences 23, pp 144-156.

6.72 Vujnovic, K., Wein, R.W. and Dale, M.R.T. (2002). Predicting plant species diversity in response to disturbance magnitude in grassland remnants of central Alberta. Canadian Journal of Botany 80, pp 504-511.

6.73 Webb, K. (2002). The effects of human activity on turnstones and other wading birds within the Thanet and Sandwich Bay Special Protection Area (SPA). Report to English Nature.

6.74 Weitowitz, D.C., Panter, C., Hoskin, R. and Liley, D. (2019). The effect of urban development on visitor numbers to nearby protected nature conservation sites. Journal of Urban Ecology 5, pp 1-12.

6.75 Wiley, D. N., Asmutis, R. A., Pitchford, T. D. and Gannon, D. P. (1994). Stranding and mortality of humpback whales, Meguptera nwaeunghze, in the mid-Atlantic and southeast United States, 1985-1992. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 93, pp 196-205.

6.76 Wolseley, P. A., James, P. W., Theobald, M. R. and Sutton, M. A. (2006). Detecting changes in epiphytic lichen communities at sites affected by atmospheric ammonia from agricultural sources. Lichenologist 38, pp 161-176.

6.77 Woodward, I., Thaxter, C., Owen, E., Cook, A., BTO and NIRAS Consulting Ltd. (2019). Desk-based revision of seabird foraging ranges used for HRA screening – Report on Behalf of the Crown Estate. Available on the Crown Estate's Marine Data Exchange.

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