Immigration policy and demographic change in Scotland: learning from Australia, Canada and continental Europe

References

1. Expert Advisory Group on Migration and Population. (2019). UK Immigration Policy After Leaving The UK: Impacts on Scotland’s economy, population and society: https://www.gov.scot/publications/uk-immigration-policy-leaving-eu-impacts-scotlands-economy-population-society/. 

2. Vallin, J. and F. Meslé. (2004). The segmented trend line of highest life expectancies. Population and Development Review, 35(1): 159 –187; Ho, J. Y. and Hendi, A. S. 2018. Recent trends in life expectancy across high income countries: retrospective observational study. BMJ 362, k2562: 1–14.

3. Frejka, T. and Sobotka, T. (2008). Overview chapter 1: Fertility in Europe: Diverse, delayed and below replacement, Demographic Research 19: 15-46.

4. González-Ferrer, A., Castro-Martín, T., Kraus, E.K., and Eremenko, T. (2017). Childbearing patterns among immigrant women and their daughters in Spain: Over-adaptation or structural constraints? Demographic Research 37(19): 599–634.

5. Meslé, F. and J. Vallin. (2009). The health transition: trends and prospects. In G. Caselli, J. Vallin, and G. Wunsch (eds.). Demography, Analysis and Synthesis: A Treatise in Demography. Volume II. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press, pp. 247–260.

6. Meslé, F. and J. Vallin. (2009). The health transition: trends and prospects. In G. Caselli, J. Vallin, and G. Wunsch (eds.). Demography, Analysis and Synthesis: A Treatise in Demography. Volume II. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press, pp. 247–260.

7. Becker, G. S. (1991). A Treatise on the Family. Second Edition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 135–154; Lesthaeghe, R. (2010). The unfolding story of the second demographic transition. Population and Development Review 36:2, 211–251.

8. Neyer, G. R. and G. Andersson. (2008). Consequences of family policies on childbearing behaviour: effects or artifacts? Population and Development Review 34:4, 699–724; Goldscheider, F. Bernhardt, E. and T. Lappegård. (2015). The gender revolution: A framework for understanding changing family and demographic behaviour. Population and Development Review 41:2, 207–239.

9. Expert Advisory Group on Migration and Population. (2019). UK Immigration Policy After Leaving The UK: Impacts on Scotland’s economy, population and society: https://www.gov.scot/publications/uk-immigration-policy-leaving-eu-impacts-scotlands-economy-population-society/. 

10. Zimmermann, A. (2015). Demographic Change on the Political Agenda of the European Commission. Population Europe. Secretariat; Neyer, G., Caporali, A. and Gassen, N.S. (2017). EU-policies and fertility: the emergence of fertility-related family policies at the supra-national level. Families & Societies.

11. Thévenon, O. and Neyer, G. eds. (2014). Family policies and diversity in Europe: The state-of-the-art regarding fertility, work, care, leave, laws and self-sufficiency. FamiliesAndSocieties project.

12. Andersen, S.N., Drange, N.E. and Lappegård, T. (2018). Can a cash transfer to families change fertility behaviour?. Demographic Research, 38, pp.897-928;  May J. (2015). Population Policies in Europe. L’Europe en formation nº 377, P136-150.

13. Oláh, L.S. (May 2015). Changing families in the European Union: Trends and policy implications. In United Nations Expert Group Meeting “Family policy development: Achievements and challenges” in New York, May (pp. 14-15); Olivetti, C. and Petrongolo, B. (2017). The economic consequences of family policies: lessons from a century of legislation in high-income countries. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(1), pp.205-30.

14. Duvander, A.Z., Lappegård, T. and Johansson, M. (2016). Family policy reform impact on continued fertility in the Nordic countries. Stockholm: Stockholm University (SPaDE Working Paper 2016: 2); Frejka, T., Gietel-Basten, S., Abolina, L., Abuladze, L., Aksyonova, S., Akrap, A., Antipova, E., Bobic, M., Čipin, I., Fakeyeva, L. and Foldes, I. (2016). Fertility and family policies in Central and Eastern Europe after 1990. Comparative Population Studies Vol. 41,1: pp.3-56.

15. Fagnani, J. and Math, A. (2010). Recent reforms in French and German family policies: Similar challenges, different responses. Sociologia, problemas e práticas, (64), pp.11-35.

16. Fent, T., Diaz, B.A. and Fürnkranz-Prskawetz, A. (2013). Family policies in the context of low fertility and social structure. Demographic Research, 29, pp.963-998; Duvander, A.Z., Lappegård, T. and Johansson, M. (2016). Family policy reform impact on continued fertility in the Nordic countries. Stockholm: Stockholm University (SPaDE Working Paper 2016: 2); Andersen, S.N., Drange, N.E. and Lappegård, T. (2018). Can a cash transfer to families change fertility behaviour?. Demographic Research, 38, pp.897-928; Thévenon, O. and Neyer, G. eds. (2014). Family policies and diversity in Europe: The state-of-the-art regarding fertility, work, care, leave, laws and self-sufficiency. FamiliesAndSocieties project.

17. Olivetti, C. and Petrongolo, B. (2017). The economic consequences of family policies: lessons from a century of legislation in high-income countries. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(1), pp.205-30; Andersen, S.N., Drange, N.E. and Lappegård, T. (2018). Can a cash transfer to families change fertility behaviour?. Demographic Research, 38, pp.897-928.

18. May, J. (2015). Population Policies in Europe. L’Europe en formation nº 377, pp136-150.

19. Stropnik N and Sambt, J. (2007). Parental leave and child allowances: attitudes, preferences and possible impact. Revija za socijalnu politiku, 14(3-4), pp.347-371.

20. May J (2015) Population Policies in Europe. L’Europe en formation nº 377, pp136-150.

21.  Boudiny, K., 2013. ‘Active ageing’: from empty rhetoric to effective policy tool. Ageing & Society, 33(6), pp.1077-1098; Walker, A. (2002). Ageing in Europe: policies in harmony or discord?. International journal of epidemiology, 31(4), pp.758-761.

22. Plouffe, L.A., Garon, S., Brownoff, J., Eve, D., Foucault, M.L., Lawrence, R., Lessard-Beaupré, J.P. and Toews, V. (2012). Advancing age-friendly communities in Canada. Canadian Review of Social Policy, (68/69), p.24.

23. Foster, L. and Walker, A. (2014). Active and successful aging: A European policy perspective. The Gerontologist, 55(1), pp.83-90; Vargas, O., Fric, K., Curtarelli, M., Feifs, T. and Weber, T. (2013). Role of Governments and Social Partners in Keeping Older Workers in the Labour Market, Dublin: Eurofound.

24. Vargas, O., Fric, K., Curtarelli, M., Feifs, T. and Weber, T. (2013). Role of Governments and Social Partners in Keeping Older Workers in the Labour Market, Dublin: Eurofound.

25. Taylor, P. and Earl, C. (2016). The social construction of retirement and evolving policy discourse of working longer. Journal of Social Policy, 45(2), pp.251-268.

26. Oláh, L.S. (May 2015). Changing families in the European Union: Trends and policy implications. In United Nations Expert Group Meeting “Family policy development: Achievements and challenges” in New York, May (pp. 14-15).

27. Humphreys, J.S., McGrail, M.R., Joyce, C.M., Scott, A. and Kalb, G. (2012). Who should receive recruitment and retention incentives? Improved targeting of rural doctors using medical workforce data. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 20(1), pp.3-10.

28. Ono, T., Schoenstein, M. and Buchan, J. (2016). Geographic imbalances in the distribution of doctors and health care services in OECD countries. Health Workforce Policies in OECD Countries: Right Jobs, Right Kills, Right Places. OECD Health Policy Studies, 129, p.161.

29. OECD. (2019). Ageing and Employment Policies: Working Better with Age http://www.oecd.org/els/emp/Brochure%20OW%2028-08.pdf. 

30. Axford, Beverley, and Seddon. (2006). "Lifelong learning in a market economy: Education, training and the citizen-consumer." Australian Journal of Education 50.2, pp. 167-184.

31. World Economic Forum. (2017). Accelerating Workforce Reskilling for the Fourth Industrial Revolution: An agenda for Leaders to Shape the Future of Education, Gender and Work. World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_EGW_White_Paper_Reskilling.pdf 

32. Cörvers, F., and Meriküll, J. (2007). "Classifications, data and models for European skill needs forecasting, w: A. Zukersteinova and O. Strietska-Ilina, red." Towards European skill needs forecasting.

33. Haase, A., Bernt, M., Großmann, K., Mykhnenko, V. and Rink, D., 2016. Varieties of shrinkage in European cities. European Urban and Regional Studies, 23(1), pp.86-102.; Rhodes, J. and Russo, J., 2013. Shrinking ‘smart’?: Urban redevelopment and shrinkage in Youngstown, Ohio. Urban Geography, 34(3), pp.305-326.; Grasland, C., et al. (2008). Shrinking Regions: A Paradigm Shift in Demography and Territorial Development, Study for Directorate-General for Internal Policies of the Union, Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policy, European Parliament.

34. Grasland, C., et al. (2008). Shrinking Regions: A Paradigm Shift in Demography and Territorial Development, Study for Directorate-General for Internal Policies of the Union, Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policy, European Parliament.

35. European Network for Rural Development. (2018). Smart Villages: Revitalising Rural Services. Rural Review No 26. https://enrd.ec.europa.eu/publications/eu-rural-review-26-smart-villages-revitalising-rural-services_en; ESPON, 2017. Shrinking Rural Regions in Europe, Luxembourg. https://www.espon.eu/rural-shrinking. 

36. Daly, G. and Kitchin, R. (2013). Shrink smarter? Planning for spatial selectivity in population growth in Ireland. Administration, 60(3), pp.159-186.

37. Bathelt, H. and Glückler, J. (2011). The relational economy: Geographies of knowing and learning. Oxford University Press; Copus, A. (2018) Inter-dependencies between rural areas, small towns and urban areas; What could be the benefits to rural areas from Scotland’s city region deals?, Working Paper for RESAS RD 3.4.2 https://www.sruc.ac.uk/downloads/file/3809/342_inter-dependencies_between_rural_areas_small_towns_and_urban_areas. 

38. Lindsey, G. (2001). "“Replacement Migration”: The UN Population Division on European Population Decline." Population and Environment 22.4, pp. 391-399.

39. Johansson, Å., et al. (2012), "Looking to 2060: Long-Term Global Growth Prospects: A Going for Growth Report", OECD Economic Policy Papers, No. 3, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/5k8zxpjsggf0-en. 

40. Expert Advisory Group on Migration and Population. (2019). UK Immigration Policy After Leaving The UK: Impacts on Scotland’s economy, population and society: https://www.gov.scot/publications/uk-immigration-policy-leaving-eu-impacts-scotlands-economy-population-society/. 

41. Kulu, H., Hannemann, T. (eds.) (2019). Childbearing among the Descendants of Immigrants in Europe.  Demographic Research, Special Collection S23. 

42. Expert Advisory Group on Migration and Population. (2019). UK Immigration Policy After Leaving The UK: Impacts on Scotland’s economy, population and society: https://www.gov.scot/publications/uk-immigration-policy-leaving-eu-impacts-scotlands-economy-population-society/. 

43. Expert Advisory Group on Migration and Population. (2019). UK Immigration Policy After Leaving The UK: Impacts on Scotland’s economy, population and society: https://www.gov.scot/publications/uk-immigration-policy-leaving-eu-impacts-scotlands-economy-population-society/. 

44. Boswell, C., Smellie S., and Kyambi, S. (2017). Scottish Immigration Policy After Brexit: Evaluating Options for a Differentiated Approach.

45. Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. (2017). Annual Report to Parliament on Immigration, https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/annual-report-parliament-immigration-2017.html#section3; Wulff, M., Carter, T., Vineberg, R., and Ward, S. (2008). Special Issue: Attracting New Arrivals to Smaller Cities and Rural Communities: Findings from Australia, Canada and New Zealand. Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l’integration et de La Migration Internationale 9 (2): 119–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-008-0048-x; Nathaniel M. L. (2010). “A Decade Later: Assessing Successes and Challenges in Manitoba’s Provincial Immigrant Nominee Program.” Canadian Public Policy 36 (2): 241–264; Seidle, F. L. (December 2013). “Canada’s Provincial Nominee Immigration Programs: Securing Greater Policy Alignment.” IRPP Study, no. 43.

46. Nathaniel M. L. (2010). “A Decade Later: Assessing Successes and Challenges in Manitoba’s Provincial Immigrant Nominee Program.” Canadian Public Policy 36 (2): 241–264.

47. Wulff, M., Carter, T., Vineberg, R., and Ward, S.  (2008). Special Issue: Attracting New Arrivals to Smaller Cities and Rural Communities: Findings from Australia, Canada and New Zealand. Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l’integration et de La Migration Internationale 9 (2): 119–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-008-0048-x. 

48. Annual Report to Parliament on Immigration. (2018). Ottowa: Citizenship and Immigration Canada.

49. Manish, P., and Townsend, J. (2011). “Quantifying the Effects of the Provincial Nominee Programs.” Canadian Public Policy 37 (4): 495–512.

50. Manitoba Celebrates 20th Anniversary of Provincial Nominee Program. (November 2018). Province of Manitoba. https://news.gov.mb.ca/news/index.html?item=44750. 

51. Bernard, A. (2008). Immigrants in the Hinterlands. Ottowa: Statistics Canada.

52. Manish, P., and Townsend, J. (2011). “Quantifying the Effects of the Provincial Nominee Programs.” Canadian Public Policy 37 (4): 495–512.

53. Canada Immigration News (October 2017). https://www.cicnews.com/2017/10/immigrants-make-up-21-9-of-canadas-population-statscan-109735.html. 

54. Akbari, A. H., and MacDonald, M. (2014). “Immigration Policy in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States: An Overview of Recent Trends.” International Migration Review 48 (3): 801–822.

55. MacDonald, M. (2015). "Regulating individual charges for long-term residential care in Canada." Studies in Political Economy 95.1, pp. 83-114.

56. The region also has the lowest retention rate of immigrants. However, it has been found that following an initial ‘adjustment period’ of 6 months during which migrants move more frequently, migrants in Atlantic Canada follow similar outmigration patterns to native-born Canadians in Atlantic Canada.

57. CBC News. (May 2019). “Atlantic Immigration Pilot to allow spouses of servers, drivers to apply for open work permit.” https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-atlantic-immigration-pilot-changes-allow-spouses-of-servers-drivers-to-apply-for-work-permit-1.5131626. 

58. Annual Report to Parliament on Immigration. (2018). Ottowa: Citizenship and Immigration Canada.

59. Kaminsky, E., L’Esperance, J. and MacDonald, C. (2018). “Atlantic Immigration Pilot Project – How Is It Working?” presented at the Pathways to Prosperity National Conference, Montreal, November 22.

60. Toughill, Kelly, and Wan. (2018). “Atlantic Immigration Pilot by the Numbers.” Public Policy Forum (blog). https://ppforum.ca/articles/atlantic-immigration-pilot-by-the-numbers-pr-admissions-lag-job-offers-and-work-permits/. 

61. Luck, S. (2018). “N.B., P.E.I. Seek More Skilled Immigrants While N.S. Sticks to Original Target.” CBC. September 13, 2018. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/atlantic-immigration-pilot-program-skilled-foreign-workers-1.4820526. 

62. Luck, S. (2018). “N.B., P.E.I. Seek More Skilled Immigrants While N.S. Sticks to Original Target.” CBC. September 13, 2018. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/atlantic-immigration-pilot-program-skilled-foreign-workers-1.4820526. 

63. Government of Canada. (as of June 2019). https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/immigrate-canada/rural-northern-immigration-pilot.html. 

64. Migration Observatory. (2019). https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/resources/reports/the-australian-points-based-system-what-is-it-and-what-would-its-impact-be-in-the-uk/. 

65. Hugo, G., Khoo, S. and McDonald, P. (2006). “Attracting Skilled Migrants to Regional Areas: What Does It Take?” People and Place 14 (3).

66. https://immi.homeaffairs.gov.au/what-we-do/skilled-migration-program/skilled-visa-newsletters/september-2019 

67. Baglay, S. and Nakache, D. (2013). “The Implications of Immigration Federalism for Non-Citizens’ Rights and Immigration Opportunities: Canada and Australia Compared.” American Review of Canadian Studies 43 (3): 334–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2013.819367. 

68. Hugo, G. (2003). “Australia’s Ageing Population: Some Challenges for Planners.” Australian Planner 40 (2): 109–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2003.9995264. 

69. Hugo, G. (2008). “Australia’s State-Specific and Regional Migration Scheme: An Assessment of Its Impacts in South Australia.” Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l’integration et de La Migration Internationale 9 (2): 125–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-008-0055-y. 

70. Hugo, G. (2008). “Australia’s State-Specific and Regional Migration Scheme: An Assessment of Its Impacts in South Australia.” Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l’integration et de La Migration Internationale 9 (2): 125–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-008-0055-y.

71. Hugo, G. (2008). “Australia’s State-Specific and Regional Migration Scheme: An Assessment of Its Impacts in South Australia.” Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l’integration et de La Migration Internationale 9 (2): 125–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-008-0055-y. 

72. González-Enríquez, C. (2011). “The Making of Immigration Policies in Spain 1985-2010.” In Spain in the European Union: The First Twenty-Five Years, edited by Maria Lorca-Susino and Joaquin Roy, 117. The Miami-Florida European Union Center of Excellence.

73. Arango, J and Martin, P. (2005). “Best Practices to Manage Migration: Morocco-Spain.” The International Migration Review: IMR; Thousand Oaks 39 (1): 258–69. http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.is.ed.ac.uk/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2005.tb00262.x.

74. Finotelli, C. (2013). “Change of Paradigms? A Comparison of Canadian and Spanish Labour Migration Models.” Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice 15 (4): 331–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2012.741440; Mangen, S. (1996). “The ‘Europeanization’ of Spanish Social Policy.” Social Policy & Administration 30 (4): 305–323.

75. Finotelli, C. and Arango. J. (2011). “Regularisation of Unauthorised Immigrants in Italy and Spain: Determinants and Effects.” Documents d’anàlisi Geogràfica 57 (3): 495–515.

76. Garcés - Mascareñas, B. (2012). Labour Migration in Malaysia and Spain. Amsterdam University Press. https://www.doabooks.org/doab?func=search&query=rid:14800. 

77. Boswell, C., Kay, R., Kyambi, S., Porteous, H. and Taggart, K. (2018). https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/choices-ahead(0a9541de-2491-4bf1-8cdd-8825eef8e2dc).html. 

78. OECD. (2014). International Migration Outlook. Paris: OECD Publishing http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/migr_outlook-2014-en. 

79. Garcés - Mascareñas, B. (2012). Labour Migration in Malaysia and Spain. Amsterdam University Press. https://www.doabooks.org/doab?func=search&query=rid:14800. 

80. Garcés - Mascareñas, B. (2012). Labour Migration in Malaysia and Spain. Amsterdam University Press. https://www.doabooks.org/doab?func=search&query=rid:14800. 

81. Collantes, F. et al. (2014). "Reducing depopulation in rural Spain: the impact of immigration." Population, Space and Place 20.7, pp. 606-621.

82. Boswell, C., Kay, R., Kyambi, S., Porteous, H. and Taggart, K. (2018). https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/choices-ahead(0a9541de-2491-4bf1-8cdd-8825eef8e2dc).html. 

83. Finotelli, C. and Arango. J. (2011). “Regularisation of Unauthorised Immigrants in Italy and Spain: Determinants and Effects.” Documents d’anàlisi Geogràfica 57 (3): 495–515.

84. Jonathan, C. and Lemaître, G. (2009). “Managing Highly-Skilled Labour Migration,” March. https://doi.org/10.1787/225505346577. 

85. González-Enríquez, C. (2011). “The Making of Immigration Policies in Spain 1985-2010.” In Spain in the European Union: The First Twenty-Five Years, edited by Maria Lorca-Susino and Joaquin Roy, 117. The Miami-Florida European Union Center of Excellence.

86. Cebolla-Boado, Hector, Turrión and Lopez-Sala. (2012). “Spain.” In Labour Shortages and Migration Policy, 97–115. International Organization for Migration. 

87. Getting Skills Right: Spain. (2017). Paris: OECD. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/employment/getting-skills-right-spain_9789264282346-en. 

88. Fellini, I. (2018). “Immigrants’ Labour Market Outcomes in Italy and Spain: Has the Southern European Model Disrupted during the Crisis?” Migration Studies 6 (1): 53–78. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnx029. 

89. Kuptsch, C. (2012). “The Economic Crisis and Labour Migration Policy in European Countries.” Comparative Population Studies 37 (1–2): 15-32.

90. Kuptsch, C. (2012). “The Economic Crisis and Labour Migration Policy in European Countries.” Comparative Population Studies 37 (1–2): 15-32.

91. Corella, A. S. (2015). “Rights, Immigration and Social Cohesion in Spain.” Migraciones Internacionales 8 (2).

92. Garcés - Mascareñas, B. (2012). Labour Migration in Malaysia and Spain. Amsterdam University Press. https://www.doabooks.org/doab?func=search&query=rid:14800. 

93. Garcés - Mascareñas, B. (2012). Labour Migration in Malaysia and Spain. Amsterdam University Press. https://www.doabooks.org/doab?func=search&query=rid:14800. 

94. Arango, J. (2013). “Exceptional in Europe? Spain’s Experience with Immigration and Integration.” Migration Policy Institute.

95. Bonfanti, S. (2014). “‘New Rules for Labour Immigration’: Delving into the 2008 Swedish Reform of Labour Migration and Its Effects on Migrants’ Well-Being.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 15 (3): 371–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-013-0290-8; Cerna, L. (2012). “Sweden.” In Labour Shortages and Migration Policy, 117–29. International Organization for Migration.

96. Emilsson, H. and Irastorza, N. (2019). "30 Percent Lower Income: A Follow-up of the Swedish 2008 Labour Migration Reform." MIM Working Paper Series; 19: 1.

97. Cerna, L. (2012). “Sweden.” In Labour Shortages and Migration Policy, 117–29. International Organization for Migration.

98. Emilsson, H. and Irastorza, N. (2019). "30 Percent Lower Income: A Follow-up of the Swedish 2008 Labour Migration Reform." MIM Working Paper Series; 19: 1.

99. Cerna, L. (2012). “Sweden.” In Labour Shortages and Migration Policy, 117–29. International Organization for Migration.

100. Boswell, C., Kay, R., Kyambi, S., Porteous, H. and Taggart, K. (2018). https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/choices-ahead(0a9541de-2491-4bf1-8cdd-8825eef8e2dc).html. 

101. OECD. (ed. 2017). Report on the Implementation of the OECD gender Recommendations.

102. ESPON. (2017). Shrinking Rural Regions in Europe, Luxembourg. https://www.espon.eu/rural-shrinking. 

103. OECD. (ed. 2011). Recruiting Immigrant Workers: Sweden 2011.

104. “Granted residence permits overviews: Statistics from previous years.” Migrationsverket: Swedish Migration Agency. https://www.migrationsverket.se/English/About-the-Migration-Agency/Statistics/Granted-permits-overviews.html. 

105. Bengtsson, T. and Scott, K. (2011). “Population Aging and the Future of the Welfare State: The Example of Sweden.” Population and Development Review 37: 158–170. 

106. Granted residence permits overviews: Statistics from previous years.” Migrationsverket: Swedish Migration Agency. https://www.migrationsverket.se/English/About-the-Migration-Agency/Statistics/Granted-permits-overviews.html.

107. Irastorza, N. and Bevelander, P. (2014). “Catching Up: The Labor Market Outcomes of New Immigrants in Sweden.” Migration Policy Institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/catching-labor-market-outcomes-new-immigrants-sweden. 

108. Emilsson, H., Magnusson, K., Törngren, S. O. and Bevelander. P. (2014). The World’s Most Open Country: Labour Migration to Sweden after the 2008 Law. Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM), Malmö University. http://muep.mau.se/handle/2043/17818. 

109. Emilsson, H., Magnusson, K., Törngren, S. O. and Bevelander. P. (2014). The World’s Most Open Country: Labour Migration to Sweden after the 2008 Law. Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM), Malmö University. http://muep.mau.se/handle/2043/17818. 

110. Emilsson, H., Magnusson, K., Törngren, S. O. and Bevelander. P. (2014). The World’s Most Open Country: Labour Migration to Sweden after the 2008 Law. Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM), Malmö University. http://muep.mau.se/handle/2043/17818. 

111. Andersson, R. (2012). “Understanding Ethnic Minorities’ Settlement and Geographical Mobility Patterns in Sweden Using Longitudinal Data.” Minority Internal Migration in Europe, 263–291. 

112. Andersson, R. (2012). “Understanding Ethnic Minorities’ Settlement and Geographical Mobility Patterns in Sweden Using Longitudinal Data.” Minority Internal Migration in Europe, 263–291.

113. Emilsson, H., Magnusson, K., Törngren, S. O. and Bevelander. P. (2014). The World’s Most Open Country: Labour Migration to Sweden after the 2008 Law. Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM), Malmö University. http://muep.mau.se/handle/2043/17818.

114. Lindeberg, R. (2018). “Sweden’s Economy Is Getting a Lift From Migrants.” Bloomberg Businessweek, August 21, 2018. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-08-21/sweden-s-economy-is-getting-a-lift-from-migrants.

115. Emilsson, H., Magnusson, K., Törngren, S. O. and Bevelander. P. (2014). The World’s Most Open Country: Labour Migration to Sweden after the 2008 Law. Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM), Malmö University. http://muep.mau.se/handle/2043/17818.

116. Boswell, C., Kay, R., Kyambi, S., Porteous, H. and Taggart, K. (2018). https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/choices-ahead(0a9541de-2491-4bf1-8cdd-8825eef8e2dc).html.

117. Berg, L. and Spehar, A. (2013). “Swimming against the Tide: Why Sweden Supports Increased Labour Mobility within and from Outside the EU.” Policy Studies 34 (2): 142–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2013.767585.