Independent review – Independent advisory group on new and emerging technologies in policing: final report

Footnotes

1. Artificial intelligence: meeting the Public Sector Equality Duty (PSED) | Equality and Human Rights Commission (equalityhumanrights.com)

2. Scottish Biometrics Commissioner | What Are Biometrics? | Scottish Biometrics Commissioner

3. Lawrie v Muir 1950 JC 19 at 26.

4. See Diego Quiroz, SHRC, Human Rights and New Technology in Policing Issue Paper for the IAG, May 2021. Available: human-rights-and-emerging-technologies-in-policing-issue-paper-vfinalforonline.pdf (scottishhumanrights.com)

5. Scottish Biometrics Commissioner: National Assessment Framework for biometric data outcomes, January 2022 and s7, Scottish Biometrics Commissioner Act 2020. asp 8.

6. Steven J. Murdoch, Daniel Seng, Burkhard Schafer and Stephen Mason, The sources and characteristics of electronic evidence and artificial intelligence, Chapter 1, in Stephen Mason and Daniel Seng (eds) Electronic Evidence and Electronic Signatures, (5th ed, 2021). pp1-50.

7. See the recommendations of the Information Commissioner's Office (2021) Mobile Phone Data Extraction by Police Scotland, Investigative Report, June 2021. Available at: ico-investigation-mpe-scotland-202106.pdf [Accessed 16 April 2022]. (Discussed at section X below). Section 37-44, The Police, Crime, Sentencing & Courts Act 2022.

8. Quezada-Tavárez, K. Plixavra Vogiatzoglou, Sofie Royer, Legal challenges in bringing AI evidence to the criminal courtroom, (2021) Vol. 12(4) New Journal of European Criminal Law 2021, 531–551. DOI: 10.1177/20322844211057019.

9. Second Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime on enhanced cooperation and disclosure of electronic evidence Strasbourg, 12.V.2022

10. European Court of Human Rights, Factsheet: New Technologies. April 2022. Available: FS_New_technologies_ENG (coe.int).

11. Council of Europe (2017) Study on the Human Rights Dimensions of Automated Data Processing Techniques (in particular Algorithms) and Possible Regulatory Implications. DGI(2017)12.

12. UK Government, New UK initiative to shape global standards for Artificial Intelligence - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk), Press Release.

13. OECD Principles on Artificial Intelligence May 2019: Artificial intelligence - OECD

14. G20 AI Principles, June 2019: G20 AI Principles - OECD.AI; UNESCo Recommendation on Ethics of AI. November 2021. Available: Recommendation on the ethics of artificial intelligence (unesco.org)

15. Council of Europe's Work in progress (coe.int)

16. Council of Europe, Consultative Committee of the Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to the Automatic Processing of Personal Data. Guidelines on Facial Recognition, 28 January 2021, T-PD(2020)03rev4.

17. JSP/2021/3/18/b8a4803a-6f9a-4a77-9ff0-3d75251934c1-1">Police Scotland's use of remote piloted aircraft systems and body worn video cameras | Scottish Parliament

18. CC-South-Wales-ors-Judgment.pdf">Microsoft Word - R (Bridges) -v- CC South Wales _ors Judgment.docx (judiciary.uk)

19. "NIST.IR.8280.pdf">Face Recognition Vendor Test, Part 3: Demographic Effects," National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), December 2019 cited in the Joint investigation of Clearview AI, Inc. by the Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, the Commission d'accès à l'information du Québec, the Information and Privacy Commissioner for British Columbia, and the Information Privacy Commissioner of Alberta, PIPEDA Findings 2021-001. February 2021.

20. ICO Monetary Penalty Notice: Clearview AI Inc Monetary Penalty Notice (ico.org.uk)

21. Recommendation CM/Rec(2020)1 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on the human rights impacts of algorithmic systems. Appendix

22. Recommendation CM/Rec(2020)1 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on the human rights impacts of algorithmic systems. Appendix. Para 12.

23. Algorithmic Impact Assessment Tool - Canada.ca

24. met-evaluation-report.pdf

25. JSP/2019/4/8/Report-on-Police-Scotland-s-proposal-to-introduce-the-use-of-digital-device-triage-systems--cyber-kiosks-%22%20%5Cl%20%22Introduction">Report on Police Scotland's proposal to introduce the use of digital device triage systems (cyber kiosks) | Scottish Parliament

26. Criminal Procedure (S) Act 1995, section 12

Police and Fire Reform (S) Act 2012, section 17(3)(b)

R v. Manchester Stipendiary Magistrates ex parte Granada Television [2001] 1 AC 300,305B-F'

^{27. HMICS | HMICS Assurance validation of Police Scotland transformation benefits 2020-21}