Inequalities in access to blue coastal space: research report

Bibliography

1. Anguelovski, I., Connolly, J.J.T., Cole, H., Garcia-Lamarca, M., Triguero-Mas, M., Baró, F., Martin, N., Conesa, D., Shokry, G., del Pulgar, C.P., Ramos, L.A., Matheney, A., Gallez, E., Oscilowicz, E., Máñez, J.L., Sarzo, B., Beltrán, M.A., Minaya, J.M., 2022. Green gentrification in European and North American cities. Nature Communications 13, 3816

2. Anguelovski, I., Connolly, J.J.T., Cole, H., Garcia-Lamarca, M., Triguero-Mas, M., Baró, F., Martin, N., Conesa, D., Shokry, G., del Pulgar, C.P., Ramos, L.A., Matheney, A., Gallez, E., Oscilowicz, E., Máñez, J.L., Sarzo, B., Beltrán, M.A., Minaya, J.M., 2022. Green gentrification in European and North American cities. Nature Communications 13, 3816.

3. Ashbullby, K.J., Pahl, S., Webley, P., White, M.P., 2013. The beach as a setting for families' health promotion: A qualitative study with parents and children living in coastal regions in Southwest England. Health and Place 23, 138-147.

4. Bell, S.L., 2018. Sensing Nature. https://sensing-nature.com/. Accessed: Nov 2022

5. Bell, S.L., Hollenbeck, J., Lovell, R., White, M., Depledge, M.H., 2019. The shadows of risk and inequality within salutogenic coastal waters, in: Foley, R., Kearns, R., Kistemann, T., Wheeler, B. (Eds.), Blue Space, Health and Wellbeing: Hydrophilia Unbounded. Routledge, London.

6. Bell, S.L., Phoenix, C., Lovell, R., Wheeler, B.W., 2015. Seeking everyday wellbeing: The coast as a therapeutic landscape. Soc Sci Med 142, 56-67.

7. Beute, F., Davies, Z., de Vries, S., Glanville, J., Keune, H., Lammel, A., Marselle, M., O'Brien, L., Olszweska-Guizzo, A., Remmen, R., Russo, A., Andreucci, M.B., 2020. Types and characteristics of urban and peri-urban blue spaces having an impact on human mental health and wellbeing: systematic review. EU.

8. BlueHealth, 2020. Active Neighbourhoods ––– Urban nature delivering healthier communities for people and wildlife Final Report (2016-2019), p.26, Available via: https://bluehealth2020.eu/wp/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Active_Neighborhood_Report.pdf

9. Börger, T., Campbell, D., White, M.P., Elliott, L.R., Fleming, L.E., Garrett, J.K., Hattam, C., Hynes, S., Lankia, T., Taylor, T., 2021. The value of blue-space recreation and perceived water quality across Europe: A contingent behaviour study. Science of the Total Environment 771, 145597.

10. Borja, A., White, M.P., Berdalet, E., Bock, N., Eatock, C., Kristensen, P., Leonard, A., Lloret, J., Pahl, S., Parga, M., Prieto, J.V., Wuijts, S., Fleming, L.E., 2020. Moving Toward an Agenda on Ocean Health and Human Health in Europe. Frontiers in Marine Science 7.

11. Boyd, F., White, M.P., Bell, S.L., Burt, J., 2018. Who doesn't visit natural environments for recreation and why: A population representative analysis of spatial, individual and temporal factors among adults in England. Landscape and Urban Planning 175, 102-113.

12. Britton, E., Kindermann, G,. Domegan, C., Carlin, C., 2018 Blue care: a systematic review of blue space interventions for health and wellbeing, Health Promotion International, Volume 35, Issue 1, Pages 50–69, Available via: https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/day103

13. Burnett, H., Olsen, J.R., Nicholls, N., Mitchell, R., 2021. Change in time spent visiting and experiences of green space following restrictions on movement during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationally representative cross-sectional study of UK adults. BMJ Open 11, e044067.

14. CMO, 2021. Chief Medical Officer's Annual Report 2021. Health in Coastal Communities. Department of Health & Social Care, London.

15. Elliott, L.R., White, M.P., Grellier, J., Garrett, J.K., Cirach, M., Wheeler, B.W., Bratman, G.N., van den Bosch, M.A., Ojala, A., Roiko, A., Lima, M.L., O'Connor, A., Gascon, M., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Fleming, L.E., 2020. Research Note: Residential distance and recreational visits to coastal and inland blue spaces in eighteen countries. Landscape and Urban Planning 198, 103800.

16. Elliott, L.R., White, M.P., Grellier, J., Rees, S.E., Waters, R.D., Fleming, L.E., 2018. Recreational visits to marine and coastal environments in England: Where, what, who, why, and when? Marine Policy 97, 305-314.

17. Fleming, L.E., Depledge, M., Bouley, T., Britton, E., Dupont, S., Eatock, C., Garside, R., Heymans, J.J., Kellett, P., Lloret, J., Maycock, B., Pahl, S., Philippart, C.J.M., Roberts, B.R., Thiele, T., White, M.P., Wuijts, S., 2021. The Ocean Decade—Opportunities for Oceans and Human Health Programs to Contribute to Public Health. American Journal of Public Health 111, pp.808-811.

18. Foley, R., 2015. Swimming in Ireland: Immersions in therapeutic blue space. Health and Place 35, 218-225.

19. Garrett, J.K., Clitherow, T.J., White, M.P., Wheeler, B.W., Fleming, L.E., 2019. Coastal proximity and mental health among urban adults in England: The moderating effect of household income. Health and Place, 102200.

20. Gascon, M., Zijlema, W., Vert, C., White, M.P., Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J., 2017. Outdoor blue spaces, human health and well-being: A systematic review of quantitative studies. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 220, 1207-1221.

21. Geneshka, M., Coventry, P., Cruz, J., Gilbody, S., 2021. Relationship between Green and Blue Spaces with Mental and Physical Health: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Observational Studies, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.

22. Georgiou, M., Morison, G., Smith, N., Tieges, Z., Chastin, S., 2021. Mechanisms of Impact of Blue Spaces on Human Health: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.

23. Grellier J, White MP, Albin M,. 2017, BlueHealth: a study programme protocol for mapping and quantifying the potential benefits to public health and well-being from Europe's blue spaces, BMJ Open; 7(1), Available via:doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016188

24. Hunter, R.F., Cleland, C., Cleary, A., Droomers, M., Wheeler, B.W., Sinnett, D., Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J., Braubach, M., 2019. Environmental, health, wellbeing, social and equity effects of urban green space interventions: A meta-narrative evidence synthesis. Environ Int 130, 104923.

25. Jellard, S., Bell, S.L., 2021. A fragmented sense of home: Reconfiguring therapeutic coastal encounters in Covid-19 times. Emotion, Space and Society 40, 100818.

26. Langie, K.; Rybak-Niedziółka, K.; Hubaˇcíková, V. 2022 Principles of Designing Water Elements in Urban Public Spaces. Sustainability 2022, 14(1), pp.68-77. Available at: https:// doi.org/10.3390/su14116877

27. Macintyre, S., Macdonald, L., Ellaway, A., 2008. Lack of agreement between measured and self-reported distance from public green parks in Glasgow, Scotland. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 5, 26.

28. Markevych, I., Schoierer, J., Hartig, T., Chudnovsky, A., Hystad, P., Dzhambov, A.M., de Vries, S., Triguero-Mas, M., Brauer, M., Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J., Lupp, G., Richardson, E.A., Astell-Burt, T., Dimitrova, D., Feng, X., Sadeh, M., Standl, M., Heinrich, J., Fuertes, E., 2017. Exploring pathways linking greenspace to health: Theoretical and methodological guidance. Environmental Research 158, 301-317.

29. Marmot, M., Boyce, T., McNeish, D., Grady, M., Geddes, I., 2010. Fair Society, Healthy Lives. The Marmot Review, London, UK.

30. McDougall, C.W., Hanley, N., Quilliam, R.S., Bartie, P.J., Robertson, T., Griffiths, M., Oliver, D.M., 2021. Neighbourhood blue space and mental health: A nationwide ecological study of antidepressant medication prescribed to older adults. Landscape and Urban Planning 214, 104132. Available via: Media_779006_smxx.pdf (gla.ac.uk)

31. Mitchell, G., 2019. The Messy Challenge of Environmental Justice in the UK: Evolution, status and prospects. Natural England Commissioned Reports, Number 273, http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/.

32. Mitchell, R.J., Richardson, E.A., Shortt, N.K., Pearce, J.R., 2015. Neighborhood Environments and Socioeconomic Inequalities in Mental Well-Being. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 49, 80-84.

33. Ngom, R., Pierre, G., Claudia, B., 2016 Reduction of disparities in access to green spaces: Their geographic insertion and recreational functions matter, Applied Geography. 66(1), pp.35–51. Available via: doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.11.008.

34. NHS Scotland, 2022. Walking. https://www.nhsinform.scot/healthy-living/keeping-active/activities/walking. Accessed: Dec 2022

35. Olsen, J.R., Nicholls, N., Panter, J., Burnett, H., Tornow, M., Mitchell, R., 2022. Trends and inequalities in distance to and use of nearest natural space in the context of the 20-min neighbourhood: A 4-wave national repeat cross-sectional study, 2013 to 2019. Environmental Research 213, 113610.

36. Orstad, S.L., McDonough, M.H., Stapleton, S., Altincekic, C., Troped, P.J., 2016. A Systematic Review of Agreement Between Perceived and Objective Neighborhood Environment Measures and Associations With Physical Activity Outcomes. Environment and Behavior 49, 904-932.

37. Papathanasopoulou, E., White, M.P., Hattam, C., Lannin, A., Harvey, A., Spencer, A., 2016. Valuing the health benefits of physical activities in the marine environment and their importance for marine spatial planning. Marine Policy 63, 144-152.

38. Pasanen, T.P., White, M.P., Wheeler, B.W., Garrett, J.K., Elliott, L.R., 2019. Neighbourhood blue space, health and wellbeing: The mediating role of different types of physical activity. Environment International 131, 105016.

39. PHE, 2020. Improving access to greenspace. Public Health England, London.

40. Phoenix, C., Bell, S.L., Hollenbeck, J., 2020. Segregation and the Sea: Toward a Critical Understanding of Race and Coastal Blue Space in Greater Miami. Journal of Sport and Social Issues 45, 115-137.

41. Pouso, S., Borja, Á., Fleming, L.E., Gómez-Baggethun, E., White, M.P., Uyarra, M.C., 2021. Contact with blue-green spaces during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown beneficial for mental health. Science of the Total Environment 756, 143984.

42. Rishbeth, C., Neal, S., French, M., Snaith, B., 2022. Included outside: Engaging people from ethnic minority backgrounds in nature. Evidence Briefing. Natural England Technical Information Note TIN185. Natural England, York.

43. Scholz, Miklas., 2006. Best Management Practice: A Sustainable Urban Drainage System Management Case Study. Water International. 31. 310-319. 10.1080/02508060608691934.

44. Schüle, S.A., Hilz, L.K., Dreger, S., Bolte, G., 2019. Social Inequalities in Environmental Resources of Green and Blue Spaces: A Review of Evidence in the WHO European Region, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.

45. Scott, T., Masselink, G., Stokes, C., Poate, T., Wooler, A., Instance, S., 2022. A 15-year partnership between UK coastal scientists and the international beach lifeguard community. Continental Shelf Research 241, 104732.

46. Scottish Government, 2021. Understanding the Drivers of Participation in Outdoor Recreation in Scotland, Available via: https://www.gov.scot/publications/understanding-drivers-participation-outdoor-recreation-scotland/.

47. Severin, M.I., Vandegehuchte, M.B., Hooyberg, A., Buysse, A., Raes, F., Everaert, G., 2021. Influence of the Belgian Coast on Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic. PSYCHOLOGICA BELGICA 61, 284-295.

48. Smith, N., et al., 2021 Urban blue spaces and human health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative studies, Cities, 119(1), Available via: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103413

49. Stewart, D., Eccleston, J., 2020. Scotland's People and Nature Survey 2019/20 – outdoor recreation, health, and environmental attitudes modules. NatureScot Research Report No. 1227. NatureScot, https://www.nature.scot/doc/naturescot-research-report-1227-scotlands-people-and-nature-survey-201920-outdoor-recreation-health.

50. Stewart, D., Eccleston, J., 2022. Enjoying the Outdoors - Monitoring the impact of Coronavirus and social distancing - Wave 3 survey results (September2021). NatureScot Research Report 876. NatureScot, https://www.nature.scot/doc/naturescot-research-report-1289-enjoying-outdoors-monitoring-impact-coronavirus-and-social.

51. Tardona, D., 2011 Opportunities to explore nature and wellbeing through kayaking for inner-city youth

52. Twohig-Bennett, C., Jones, A., 2018. The health benefits of the great outdoors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of greenspace exposure and health outcomes. Environmental Research 166, 628-637.

53. UK Government, 2009 Marine and Coastal Access Act, p.2009.

54. Vert, C., Gascon, M., Ranzani, O., Márquez, S., Triguero-Mas, M., Carrasco-Turigas, G., Arjona, L., Koch, S., Llopis, M., Donaire-Gonzalez, D., Elliott, L.R., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., 2020 "Physical and mental health effects of repeated short walks in a blue space environment: a randomised crossover study". Environmental Research , Available via: doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109812.

55. Volker, S., Kistemann, T., 2015. Developing the urban blue: Comparative health responses to blue and green urban open spaces in Germany. Health and Place 35, 196-205.

56. Wheeler, B., White, M., Stahl-Timmins, W., Depledge, M., 2012 Does living by the coast improve health and wellbeing?, Health & Place, 18(5) pp.1198-1201, Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.06.015.

57. Wheeler, B.W., White, M., Stahl-Timmins, W., Depledge, M.H., 2012. Does living by the coast improve health and wellbeing? Health and Place 18, 1198-1201.

58. White, M. P. et al. 2013 Coastal proximity, health and well-being: Results from a longitudinal panel survey, Health & Place. Pergamon, 23, pp.97–103. Available via: doi: 10.1016/J.HEALTHPLACE.2013.05.006.

59. White, M.P., Elliott, L.R., Gascon, M., Roberts, B., Fleming, L.E., 2020 Blue space, health and well-being: A narrative overview and synthesis of potential benefits. Environmental Research, 191

60. White, M.P., Wheeler, B.W., Herbert, S., Alcock, I., Depledge, M.H., 2014. Coastal proximity and physical activity: Is the coast an under-appreciated public health resource? Preventive Medicine 69, 135-140.

61. Wu J, Yang S, Zhang X., 2020 Interaction Analysis of Urban Blue-Green Space and Built-Up Area Based on Coupling Model—A Case Study of Wuhan Central City. Water, 12(8), Available via: https://doi.org/10.3390/w12082185 or https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/8/2185

62. Zhang, C.; Zhong, S.; Wang, X.; Shen, L.; Liu, L.; Liu, Y., 2019 Land Use Change in Coastal Cities during the Rapid Urbanization Period from 1990 to 2016: A Case Study in Ningbo City, China. Sustainability, 11(1), Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/7/2122

63. Zhang, H., & Nijhuis, S., & Newton, C., 2022. Freshwater blue space design and human health: A comprehensive research mapping based on scientometric analysis. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 97(1), Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362453917_Freshwater_blue_space_design_and_human_health_A_comprehensive_research_mapping_based_on_scientometric_analysis

How to access background or source data

The data collected for this social research publication:

☐ are available in more detail through Scottish Neighbourhood Statistics

☐ are available via an alternative route

☒ may be made available on request, subject to consideration of legal and ethical factors. marineanalyticalunit@gov.scot

☐ cannot be made available by Scottish Government for further analysis as Scottish Government is not the data controller.