International mechanisms to revalue women's work: research

Footnotes

1 Scottish Government (2019) A Fairer Scotland for Women: A Gender Pay Gap Action Plan. Fair Work, Employability and Skills Directorate. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/fairer-scotland-women-gender-pay-gap-action-plan/ Accessed 30.6.21.

2 The Bilson Report (2004) Pay Equity: A New Approach to a Fundamental Right. Government of Canada: Canada.

3 Scottish Government (2019) Scotland’s Labour Market: People, Places and Regions – Annual Population Survey 2019. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-labour-market-people-places-regions-statistics-annual-population-survey-2019/. Accessed 4.3.21.

4 Ibid.

5 ONS (2020) Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings 2020.

6 Close the Gap (2019) Still Not Visible. Available at:

https://www.closethegap.org.uk/content/resources/1557499847_Still-Not-Visible.pdf

7 Disability pay gaps in the UK - Office for National Statistics (ons.gov.uk)

8 Stonewall (2017) UK survey with YouGov of LGBT workers in Britain. Available at:

https://www.stonewallscotland.org.uk/system/files/lgbt_in_scotland_work_report.pdf

9 Scottish Government (2019) A Fairer Scotland for Women: A Gender Pay Gap Action Plan. Fair Work, Employability and Skills Directorate. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/fairer-scotland-women-gender-pay-gap-action-plan/ Accessed 30.6.21.

10 HR Review (2021) Working Mothers Now Working Fewer Hours or Stopped Working Altogether. 25 May 2021. Available at: https://www.hrreview.co.uk/hr-news/working-mothers-now-doing-fewer-hours-or-stopped-working-research-suggests/135598?fbclid=IwAR0loCw7fCfWbjQJ055nozlMrGKEB-Vm9843iAQRBLq-XY-SLkaeCTxQSds. Accessed 30.6.21.

11 The Fawcett Society, the UK Women’s Budget Group, Engender and Close the Gap (Scotland), Women Equality Network Wales, and Northern Ireland Women’s Budget Group (NIWBG) (2021) Disabled mothers three times more likely to have lost work during the pandemic 17 March 2021 Women’s Budget Group. Available at: https://wbg.org.uk/media/disabled-mothers-three-times-more-likely-to-have-lost-work-during-the-pandemic/. Accessed 30.6.21.

12 Close the Gap (2020) Disproportionate Disruption: The Impact of COVID-19 on Women’s Labour Market Equality. Available at: https://www.closethegap.org.uk/content/resources/Disproportionate-Disruption---The-impact-of-COVID-19-on-womens-labour-market-equality.pdf. Accessed 30.6.21.

13 Women’s Budget Group (2020) BAME Women and Covid19: June 2020. Available at: https://wbg.org.uk/analysis/bame-women-and-covid-19/. Accessed 30.6.21.

14 Scottish Women’s Budget Group (2021) Challenges For 2021 and Beyond:3. https://www.swbg.org.uk/content/publications/SWBG-Challenges-for-2021-and-Beyond.pdf

15 Ibid.

16 Labour Research Department (2021) Scotland’s Collective Bargaining 2021: A report for the STUC. Scottish Trade Union Congress: Scotland.

17 Hayter, S. (2015) Unions and collective bargaining in Berg, J. (ed.). Labour markets, institutions and inequality (Geneva, ILO); Elvira M. and Soporta, I. (2001) How Does Collective Bargaining Affect the Gender Pay Gap? Work and Occupations. 28(4):469-490 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0730888401028004005.

18 EPSU (2021) Closing the Gender Pay Gap in Public Services in the Context of Austerity, January 2021. Available at: https://www.epsu.org/article/closing-gender-pay-gap-public-services-context-austerity

Accessed 30.6.21.

19 Ibid.

20 Ibid.

21 Rubery, J. and Johnson, M. (2019) Closing the Gender Pay Gap: What Role for Trade Unions? International Labour Organisation. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---actrav/documents/publication/wcms_684156.pdf Accessed 30.6.21.

22 ‘Blue collar’ generally refers to manual workers who perform tasks such as cleaning, cooking, shelf-stacking, sales, construction and grounds maintenance work. The concept also generally embraces retail check-out, care and childcare work – although in those instances it arguably fails to acknowledge the emotional and intellectual labour involved.

23 Fair Work Convention (2019) Fair Work in Scotland’s Social Care Sector February 2019. Available at: https://www.fairworkconvention.scot/our-report-on-fair-work-in-social-care/ Accessed 30.6.21.

24 Glasgow City Council v. UNISON and Ors. Court of Session 2019.

25 Audit Scotland (2017) Equal Pay in Scottish Councils. Available at: https://www.audit-scotland.gov.uk/uploads/docs/report/2020/ir_090620_equal_pay_in_councils.pdf Accessed 9.8.21

26 Scottish Government (2021) Scottish Public Finance Manual. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-public-finance-manual/local-government-finance/local-government-finance/. Accessed 30.6.21.

27 COSLA is a cross party organisation that works with councils to ensure they have the resources they need.

28 UNISON Scotland (2009) Delivering Pay Equality in Scottish Local Government Submission to the Scottish Parliament on Single Status. Available at: https://archive.scottish.parliament.uk/s3/committees/lgc/inquiries/EqualPay/UNISON.pdf. Accessed 30.6.21

UNISON Scotland (2017) Delivering Equal Pay in Scottish Local Government: UNISON Scotland Submission to the Accounts Commission. UNISON: Glasgow.

29 Accounts Commission (2020) Equal Pay in Councils – Impact Report. https://www.audit-scotland.gov.uk/uploads/docs/report/2020/ir_090620_equal_pay_in_councils.pdf.

30 Interview with Prospect official, April 2021.

31 GMB/ UNISON/ Unite (2017) Keeping Pay Equal – Trade Union Side Guide to Local Government Pay and Grading Reviews UNISON. Available at: https://www.unison.org.uk/content/uploads/2017/05/24309.pdf

Accessed: 30.6.21.

32 European Parliament (2012) Report to the EU Parliament with Recommendations to the Commission on Application of the Principle of Equal Pay for Male and Female Workers for Equal Work or Work of Equal Value 10/5/2012 (2011/2285(INI)) Edit Bauer Raporteur Committee on Women’s Rights and Gender Equality. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-7-2012-0160_EN.html

Accessed: 30.6.21.

33 Khan, U; Broughton, A; Ledermaier, S; Rickard, C; Speckesser, S and Mallender, J (2013) European added value of applying the principle of Equal Pay for men and women for equal work or work of equal value European Added Value of EU measures on the application of the principle of Equal Pay Annex II. Available at: https://www.employment-studies.co.uk/resource/european-added-value-applying-principle-equal-pay-men-and-women-equal-work-or-work-equal. Accessed 30.6.21.

34 The Scotsman (2020) National Care Service Recommended Solution to Adult Social Care Crisis 3rd February 2021. Available at: https://www.scotsman.com/health/coronavirus/national-care-service-recommended-solution-adult-social-care-crisis-3123041 Accessed 30.6.21.

35 Scottish Government (2021) Independent Review of Adult Social Care in Scotland Chaired by Derek Feeley (Feeley Report). Available at: https://www.gov.scot/groups/independent-review-of-adult-social-care/

Accessed 30.6.21.

36 Ibid. Recommendation 43 Conclusions.

37 Ibid. Recommendation 46 Conclusions.

38 Labour Research Department (2021), Scotland’s Collective Bargaining 2021: A Report for the STUC Scottish Trade Union Congress.

39 Douglas, J and Ravenswood, K (2019) The Value of Care: Understanding the Impact of the 2017 Pay Equity Settlement on the Residential Aged Care, Home and Community Care and Disability Support Sectors Auckland: New Zealand Work Research Institute.

40 Scottish Government (2021) Independent Review of Adult Social Care in Scotland Chaired by Derek Feeley (Feeley Report), Recommendation 36 Conclusions. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/groups/independent-review-of-adult-social-care/

Accessed 30.6.21.

41 Scottish Government (2021) Independent Review of Adult Social Care in Scotland Chaired by Derek Feeley (Feeley Report). Recommendation 40 Conclusions. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/groups/independent-review-of-adult-social-care/ Accessed 30.6.21.

42 Grimshaw, D (2013). Austerity, Privatization and Levelling Down: Public Sector Reforms in the

United Kingdom. Available at: https://ideas.repec.org/h/elg/eechap/15209_15.html Accessed 21.5.21.

Prizzia, R (2005) An International Perspective of Privatization and Women Workers. Journal of International Women's Studies. 7(1): 55-68.

43 Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) (2014) The Invisible Workforce: Employment Practices in the Cleaning Sector. Available at: https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/publication-download/invisible-workforce-employment-practices-cleaning-sector Accessed 30.6.21.

44 Ibid.

45 Focus on Labour Exploitation (2021) ‘If I Could Change Anything About My Work...’ Participatory Research with Cleaners in the UK. Working Paper No. 1. Available at: www.labourexploitation.org. Accessed 30.6.21.

46 Baines, D. and Cunningham, I. (2015) Care Work in the Context of Austerity. Competition and Change 19(3): 183-193 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1024529415580263.

47 Cunningham, I. and James, P. (2014) Public Service Outsourcing and its Employment Implications in an Era of Austerity: The Case of British Social Care. Competition and Change 28(1): 1-19 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1179/1024529413Z.00000000045.

48 Ibid.

49 Cunningham, I; Baluch, A and Cullen A-M (2018) Implementing the Scottish Living Wage in Adult Social Care: An Evaluation of the Experiences of Social Care Partners, and Usefulness of Joint Guidance. Coalition of Care Support Providers Scotland. Available at: https://www.ccpscotland.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Univ-of-Strathclyde-Living-Wage-implementation-research-November-2018.pdf

Accessed 30.6.21.

50 Fair Work Convention (2019) Fair Work in Scotland’s Social Care Sector. February 2019. Available at: https://www.fairworkconvention.scot/our-report-on-fair-work-in-social-care/

Accessed 30.6.21.

51 Key expert testimony.

52 BBC (2019) Cleaners Campaign Starts at Scottish Railway Stations. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-49401062 Accessed 17.3.21.

53 Cunningham, I; Baluch, A and Cullen A-M (2018) Implementing the Scottish Living Wage in Adult Social Care: An Evaluation of the Experiences of Social Care Partners, and Usefulness of Joint Guidance. Coalition of Care Support Providers Scotland. Available at: https://www.ccpscotland.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Univ-of-Strathclyde-Living-Wage-implementation-research-November-2018.pdf Accessed 30.6.21.

54 Commission on Race and Ethnic Disparities (2021) The Report of the Commission on Race and Ethnic Disparities UK Government. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-report-of-the-commission-on-race-and-ethnic-disparities

Accessed 30.6.21.

55 Close the Gap (2019) One Year on and Little Change: An Assessment of Scottish Employer Gender Pay Gap Reporting. Available at: https://www.closethegap.org.uk/content/gap/

Accessed 30.6.21.

56 The Bilson Review (2004) Pay Equity: A New Approach to a Fundamental Right. Government of Canada: Canada.

57 Institute for the Equality of Women and Men (IEWM) (2010) Checklist: Gender neutrality in JE and Classification. Available at: https://igvm-iefh.belgium.be/sites/default/files/downloads/39%20-%20Checklist_ENG.pdf Accessed 30.6.21.

58 EPSU (2021) Closing the GPG in public Services in the Context of Austerity. EU Social Dialogue Project VS/2018/0074. Available at: https://www.epsu.org/sites/default/files/article/files/GPGreport.pdf

Accessed 3.4.21

59 Ibid.

60 Statista (2021) Percentage of People in Employment on a Zero Hours Contract in the United Kingdom 1^st Quarter, by Industry. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/407833/share-zero-hour-contracts-industry/ Accessed 12.7.21

61 Fair Work Convention (2019) Fair Work in Scotland’s Social Care Sector. February 2019. Available at: https://www.fairworkconvention.scot/our-report-on-fair-work-in-social-care/ Accessed 30.6.21.

62 Tomlinson, M. and Walker, R. (2010) Recurrent Poverty: The Impact of Family and Labour Market Changes. February 2010. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/recurrent-poverty-impact-family-and-labour-market-changes Accessed 30.6.21.

63 Smith Commission (2015) Scotland in the United Kingdom: An Enduring Settlement. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/397079/Scotland_EnduringSettlement_acc.pdf Accessed 13.3.21.

64 HM Government (2015) Scotland in the United Kingdom: An Enduring Settlement. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/397079/Scotland_EnduringSettlement_acc.pdf. Accessed 10.5.21.

65 EHRC Scotland (2018) Effectiveness of the Specific PSED Duties in Scotland. Scotland: Coalition of Racial Equality and Rights.

66 SPICe (2015) SPICe Briefing the Smith Commission Report – Overview. Scotland: Scottish Parliament.

67 Scottish Legal News (2020) Plans to Devolve Tribunals Delayed for at Least Two Years. Available at: https://www.scottishlegal.com/article/plans-to-devolve-tribunals-delayed-for-at-least-two-years Accessed 6.3.21.

68 NACWG (2020) #GenerationEqual: First Minister’s National Advisory Council on Women and Girls 2020 Report and Recommendations. Available at: https://onescotland.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/562006_SCT1120576152-002_NACWG.pdf Accessed 10.5.21.

69 Ibid.

70 The Bilson Review (2004:111) Pay Equity: A New Approach to a Fundamental Right. Government of Canada: Canada.

71 Ontario Nurses’ Association v. Participating Nursing Homes; Service Employees International Union Local 1 v. Participating Nursing Homes, 2016 CanLii 2675 (Ont. PEHT).

72 Government of Canada (2020) Regulatory Impact Statement. Canada Gazette Part 1, Volume 154, No. 46 Pay Equity Regulations. Available at: https://canadagazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p1/2020/2020-11-14/html/reg1-eng.html Accessed 30.6.21.

‘Employers in the federally regulated private sector (FRPS) will carry total quantified costs of $1.953B for the 10-year period of 2020–29, expressed in terms of present value, 99.83% of which is a result of pay equity payouts, since all increases in compensation paid in the FRPS are attributable to the proposed Regulations rather than to the Act. The costs are minimal for the public service of Canada (PSC) [i.e. the federal government as employer] and $22,423 for the federal government as regulator. There are no costs for employees in either the FRPS or PSC nor any costs for other Canadian households. Over that same period, the monetised benefits associated with the proposed Regulations are estimated at $30M over 10 years for the FRPS, approximately $2M for the PSC and $1.950B for employees in the FRPS (due to payouts resulting from pay equity increases).Therefore, the total costs associated with the proposed Regulations are $1.953B over 10 years, while the total benefits associated with the proposed Regulations are $1.982B over the same period resulting in a net benefit of $28.7M over 10 years (present value)’.

73 Macdonald, F. and Charlesworth, S. (2013) Equal Pay Under the Fair Work Act 2009: Mainstreamed or Marginalised?’ UNSW Law Journal. 36(2): 563-586.

74 Healy, J. and Kidd, M. (2013) Gender Based Undervaluation and the Equal Remuneration Powers of Fair Work Australia. Journal of Industrial Relations. 55(5): 760-782.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022185613491683

75 Government of California (2020) California Equal Pay Act (Labor Code section 1197.5) and Labor Code section 432.3 California Department of Industrial Relations. Available at: https://www.dir.ca.gov/dlse/california_equal_pay_act.htm Accessed 30.6.21.

76 The Bilson Review (2004) Pay Equity: A New Approach to a Fundamental Human Right. Government of Canada: Canada.

77 OECD (2021) Gender Wage Gap. Available at: https://data.oecd.org/earnwage/gender-wage-gap.htm. Accessed 2.4.21.

78 OECD (2021) Collective Bargaining Coverage. Available at: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=CBC. Accessed 2.4.21.

79 A feminist advocacy and policy group active in New South Wales and federal industrial relations from 1988 to 2011.

80 Australian Municipal, Administrative, Clerical and Services Union and Others, ‘Applicants’ Outline of Contentions’, Submission in SACS Equal Remuneration Case, C2010/3131, 7 June 2010, 16.

81 Healy, J and Kidd, MP (2013) Gender-based Undervaluation and the Equal Remuneration Powers of Fair Work Australia. Journal of Industrial Relations. 55(5): 760-782.

82 Macdonald, F. and Charlesworth, S. (2013) Equal Pay Under the Fair Work Act 2009: Mainstreamed or Marginalised?’ UNSW Law Journal. 36(2): 563-586.

83 Key informant interviews, ASU equal pay expert.

84 Eurostat (2021) GPG 2019 Data. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=File:GPG_2019_data.PNG. Accessed 24.3.21.

85 OECD (2021) Collective Bargaining Coverage. Available at: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=CBC. Accessed 2.4.21.

86 Key informant interviews: General Labour Federation of Belgium.

87 IGVM-IEFH Belgium Government, Eliminating the Gender Pay Gap by Law – Lessons learned from Belgium. Available at: https://igvm-iefh.belgium.be/en/publications/eliminating_the_gender_pay_gap_by_law_lessons_learned_in_belgium Accessed 14.07.2021.

88 OECD (2021) Gender Wage Gap. Available at: https://data.oecd.org/earnwage/gender-wage-gap.htm. Accessed 13.5.21.

89 OECD (2021) Collective Bargaining Coverage. Available at: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=CBC. Accessed 2.4.21.

90 Workers covered by the ‘Social, Community, Home Care and Disability Services Industry’ Award 2010 (SCHCDS Award).

91 Ontario Nurses’ Association v. Participating Nursing Homes; Service Employees International Union Local 1 v. Participating Nursing Homes, 2016 CanLii 2675 (Ont. PEHT).

92 Ontario Nurses’ Association v. Participating Nursing Homes, 2019 ONSC 2168 Divisional Court File No.: 362/16 and 364/16 DATE: 20 19-04-30.

93 Government of Canada (2021) Government of Canada Moves Forward on Pay Equity to Help Address Wage Gaps in Federally Regulated Workplaces. Available at: https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/news/2020/11/pay-equity.html. Accessed 30.6.21.

94 Key informant interviews, Equal Pay experts.

95 OECD (2021) Gender Wage Gap. Available at: https://data.oecd.org/earnwage/gender-wage-gap.htm. Accessed 2.4.21.

96 OECD (2021) Collective Bargaining Coverage. Available at: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=CBC. Accessed 2.4.21.

97 Key informant interview, THEY.

98 Eurostat (2021) GPG 2019 Data. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=File:GPG_2019_data.PNG. Accessed 24.3.21.

99 OECD (2021) Collective Bargaining Coverage. Available at: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=CBC. Accessed 2.4.21.

100 Key informant interview, CGT.

101 Statistics Iceland (2021). Informed Society, Wages. Available at: https://www.statice.is/statistics/society/wages-and-income/wages/. Accessed 15.3.21.

102 OECD (2021) Collective Bargaining Coverage. Available at: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=CBC. Accessed 2.4.21

103 Wagner, I (2020) Equal Pay for Work of Equal Value? Iceland and the Equal Pay Standard. Social Politics, Summer 2020 pp. 1–20.

104 OECD (2021) Gender Wage Gap. Available at: https://data.oecd.org/earnwage/gender-wage-gap.htm. Accessed 2.4.21.

105 OECD (2021) Collective Bargaining Coverage. Available at: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=CBC. Accessed 2.4.21.

106 Statistics Bureau of Japan (2020) Statistical Handbook of Japan. Available at: http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/handbook/index.html. Accessed 20.3.21.

107 World Economic Forum (2020) Global Gender Gap Report 2020. Available at: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2020.pdf. Accessed 19.3.21.

108 Key informant interview, equal pay expert.

109OECD (2021) Gender Wage Gap. Available at: https://data.oecd.org/earnwage/gender-wage-gap.htm. Accessed 2.4.21.

110 OECD (2021) Collective Bargaining Coverage. Available at: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=CBC. Accessed 2.4.21.

111 Martin, S; Davies, K and Ross, A (2019) Driving and Achieving Equal Pay: The PSA's Insights into its First Equal Pay Settlements. Public Services Association. Available at: https://www.psa.org.nz/assets/Uploads/PSA-equal-pay-paper-FINAL-Tuesday-27-November2.pdf. Accessed 14.5.21.

112 Human Rights Commission (2012) Caring Counts: Report of an Inquiry into the Aged Care Workforce Available at: https://www.hrc.co.nz/files/1214/2360/8576/Caring_Counts_Report.pdf. Accessed 14.5.21.

113 Decent Work Good Care (2019) A Promising Policy New Zealand Pay Equity and Career Structure for Aged Care Workers. Available at: https://decentworkgoodcare.com/ Accessed 30.6.21.

114 Douglas, J and Ravenswood, K (2019) The Value of Care: Understanding the Impact of the 2017 Pay Equity Settlement on the Residential Aged Care, Home and Community Care and Disability Support Sectors Auckland: New Zealand Work Research Institute.

115 Ibid.

116 Key informant interview, New Zealand Nurses Organisation.

117 Eurostat (2021) GPG 2019 Data. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=File:GPG_2019_data.PNG. Accessed 24.3.21

118 OECD (2021) Collective Bargaining Coverage. Available at: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=CBC. Accessed 2.4.21

119 Key informant interviews, Kommunal.

120 Eurostat (2021) GPG 2019 Data. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=File:GPG_2019_data.PNG. Accessed 24.3.21.

121 OECD (2021) Collective Bargaining Coverage. Available at: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=CBC. Accessed 2.4.21.

122 Key informant interview, vpod (DE).

123 ONS (2020) Gender Pay Gap in the UK. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/bulletins/genderpaygapintheuk/2020. Accessed 2.4.21.

124 OECD (2021) Collective Bargaining Coverage. Available at: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=CBC. Accessed 2.4.21.

125 Close The Deal, Fill The Gap, EU December 2015, The Single Status Agreement in UK Local Government 1997-2015. Available at: https://www.fillthegap.eu/sites/default/files/attachment/case_study/SSA%20Case%20Study.pdf. Accessed 24.5.21

126 Key informant interviews: UNISON.

127 Audit Scotland (2017) Equal Pay in Scottish Councils. Available at: https://www.audit-scotland.gov.uk/report/equal-pay-in-scottish-councils. Accessed 9.8.21.

^[128]Key informant interviews Prospect.

129 Scottish Government (2019) Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings. Office for National Statistics. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/annual-survey-of-hours-and-earnings-2019/. Accessed 20.3.21.

130 Ibid.

131 Ibid.

132 Ibid.

133 Annual Population Survey, Jan-Dec 2019, ONS

134 Scottish Government (2019) Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings. Office for National Statistics. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/annual-survey-of-hours-and-earnings-2019/. Accessed 20.3.21. UK SIC 2007. Standard Industrial Classification 2007: Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/methodology/classificationsandstandards/ukstandardindustrialclassificationofeconomicactivities/uksic2007. Accessed 30.6.21.

Health and social care – SIC86, 87, 88 (excluding SIC88.91)

Retail – SIC47

Catering – SIC56.1, 56.2

Early learning and childcare – SIC85.1, 88.91

Cleaning – SIC81.21

135 ONS (2020), Trade Union Membership, UK 1995-2019: Statistical Bulletin. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/887740/Trade-union-membership-2019-statistical-bulletin.pdf. Accessed 27.5.21.

136 Grimshaw, D (2013). Austerity, Privatization and Levelling Down: Public Sector Reforms in the

United Kingdom. Available at: https://ideas.repec.org/h/elg/eechap/15209_15.html. Accessed 21.5.21.

Prizzia, R (2005) An International Perspective of Privatization and Women Workers. Journal of International Women's Studies. 7(1): 55-68.

137 Scottish Government (2019) Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings Office for National Statistics. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/annual-survey-of-hours-and-earnings-2019/. Accessed 20.3.21.

138 Median GPG, as % of men’s salaries.

139 Scottish Government (2021) Gender Pay Gap Action Plan: Annual Report. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/gender-pay-gap-action-plan-annual-report/pages/4/#:~:text=In%202020%2C%20the%20gender%20pay,percentage%20points%20over%20the%20year.&text=The%20median%20gender%20pay%20gap,the%20UK%20level%20(15.5%25). Accessed 23.6.21.

140 Scottish Government (2020) Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings: 2020. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/annual-survey-of-hours-and-earnings-2020/. Accessed 15.4.21.

141 TUC (2016) The Motherhood Pay Penalty, London: TUC. Available at: https://www.tuc.org.uk/sites/default/files/MotherhoodPayPenalty.pdf.

142 EPSU (2021) Closing the GPG in Public Services in the Context of Austerity. EU Social Dialogue Project VS/2018/0074. Available at: https://www.epsu.org/sites/default/files/article/files/GPGreport.pdf. Accessed 3.4.21, Op.Cit.

143 Close the Gap (2018) The Gender Penalty: Exploring the Causes and Solutions to Scotland’s Gender Pay Gap Available at: https://www.closethegap.org.uk/content/resources/The-Gender-Penalty-Feb-2018.pdf. Accessed 16.3.21.

144 Close the Gap (2020) Covid Disproportionate Disruption: The impact of COVID-19 on Women’s Labour Market Equality May 2020. Available at: https://www.closethegap.org.uk/content/resources/Disproportionate-Disruption---The-impact-of-COVID-19-on-womens-labour-market-equality.pdf. Accessed 17.4.21.

145 Sex, disability, race, age, religion or belief, marriage and civil partnership, gender reassignment, sexual orientation, pregnancy and maternity.

146 Smith Commission (2015) Scotland in the United Kingdom: An Enduring Settlement. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/397079/Scotland_EnduringSettlement_acc.pdf. Accessed 13.3.21.

147 Scottish Refugee Council (2021) Letter Calls for Devolution of Equality to be Considered. Available at: https://www.scottishrefugeecouncil.org.uk/letter-calls-for-devolution-of-equality-to-be-considered/.

Accessed 10.5.21.

148 Ibid.

149 Macdonald, L (2021) Scottish Government Advisors Recommend Full Devolution of Equality Legislation and Policy. Available at: https://scottishlegal.com/article/scottish-government-advisers-recommend-full-devolution-of-equality-legislation-and-policy. Accessed 10.5.21.

150 NACWG (2020:26) #GenerationEqual: First Minister’s National Advisory Council on Women and Girls 2020 Report and Recommendations. Available at: https://onescotland.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/562006_SCT1120576152-002_NACWG.pdf. Accessed 10.5.21.

151 Ibid.

152 EHRC Scotland (2018) Effectiveness of the Specific PSED Duties in Scotland. Scotland: Coalition of Racial Equality and Rights.

153 Ibid.

154 Scottish Government (2019) Employer Methods for Addressing the Gender Pay Gap. Edinburgh: APS Group Scotland.

155 EHRC (2020) Public Sector Equality Duty in Scotland. Available at: https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/public-sector-equality-duty-scotland Accessed 6.3.21.

156 Cradden, J (2013) Scottish Employment Law: Small but Significant Differences can be a Trap for the Unwary. Available at: https://www.inhouselawyer.co.uk/legal-briefing/scottish-employment-law-small-but-significant-differences-can-be-a-trap-for-the-unwary/. Accessed 19.6.21.

157 Furber, L (2020) Employment Law in the United Kingdom, What Differences Are There? Available at: https://www.crunch.co.uk/knowledge/employment/employment-law-in-the-united-kingdom-what-differences-are-there/. Accessed 6.3.21.

158 SPICe (2015) SPICe Briefing The Smith Commission Report – Overview. Scotland: Scottish Parliament.

159 Scottish Legal News (2020) Plans to Devolve Tribunals Delayed for at Least Two Years.

Available at: https://www.scottishlegal.com/article/plans-to-devolve-tribunals-delayed-for-at-least-two-years. Accessed 6.3.21.

160 Scottish Government (2021). Fair Work Action Plan. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/fair-work-action-plan/. Accessed 17.6.21.

161 ZHCs do not guarantee fixed working hours and thus a regular level of earnings.

162 Scottish Government (2021) Fair Work Action Plan. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/fair-work-action-plan/. Accessed 17.6.21.

163 Fair Work Employer Support Tool (2021) Helping You Progress in Fair Work. Available at: https://fairworktool.scot. Accessed 17.6.21.

164 Scottish Business Pledge (2021) Let’s Work Together to Build Stronger Businesses and a Fairer Scotland. Available at: https://scottishbusinesspledge.scot/. Accessed 17.6.21.

165 Ibid.

166 Scottish Government (2021) Fair Work Action Plan. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/fair-work-action-plan/. Accessed 17.6.21.

167 Scottish Government (2021) National Performance Framework. Available at: https://nationalperformance.gov.scot. Accessed 19.6.21.

168 Fair Work Convention (2019) Fair Work in Scotland’s Social Care Sector. February 2019. Available at: https://www.fairworkconvention.scot/our-report-on-fair-work-in-social-care/. Accessed 30.6.21.

169 Ibid.

170 NJC (2018) Single Status Agreement ‘Green Book’ (2018 version). Available at: https://www.unison.org.uk/content/uploads/2018/07/NJC-Green-Book-18.pdf. Accessed 30.6.21.

171 UNISON-Scotland (2021) Single Status Red Book. Available at: https://unison-scotland.org/service-groups-and-sectors/local-government/single-status-red-book/. Accessed 12.6.21.

172 Audit Scotland (2017) Equal Pay in Scottish Councils. Available at: https://www.audit-scotland.gov.uk/report/equal-pay-in-scottish-councils Accessed 9.8.21.

173 Equalities Watchdog Told Glasgow City Council its Pay Scheme Was Discriminatory in 2010 – But it Fought on. Available at:https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/16318451.equalities-watchdog-told-glasgow-city-council-pay-scheme-discriminatory-2010---fought/ Accessed 11.10.21.

174 Accounts Commission (2020) Equal Pay in Councils – Impact Report. https://www.audit-scotland.gov.uk/uploads/docs/report/2020/ir_090620_equal_pay_in_councils.pdf.

175 https://www.gov.scot/news/pay-rise-for-nhs-scotland-staff/

176 https://www.nhsemployers.org/publications/nhs-job-evaluation-handbook

177 Bacon, N and Samuel, S (2012) Partnership in NHS Scotland 1999-2011. Available at: https://www.staffgovernance.scot.nhs.uk/media/1384/nottingham-report.pdf. Accessed 10.5.21.

178 Scottish Government (2019:14) Scotland’s Labour Market: People, Places and Regions Annual Population Survey 2019. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-labour-market-people-places-regions-statistics-annual-population-survey-2019/. Accessed 30.6.21.

179 NACE 86,87,88.

180 Close the Gap (2018) The Gender Penalty: Exploring the Causes and Solutions to Scotland’s Gender Pay Gap. Available at: https://www.closethegap.org.uk/content/resources/The-Gender-Penalty-Feb-2018.pdf. Accessed 1.12.18.

181 ONS (2021) Gender Pay Gap. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/annualsurveyofhoursandearningsashegenderpaygaptables. Accessed 23.6.21.

182 Ibid.

183 Ibid.

184 Scottish Government (2019) A Fairer Scotland for Women: A Gender Pay Gap Action Plan. Fair Work, Employability and Skills Directorate. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/fairer-scotland-women-gender-pay-gap-action-plan/ Accessed 30.6.21.

185 De Henau, J; Himmelweit, S; Łapniewska, Z and Perrons, D (2016) Investing in the Care Economy: A Gender Analysis of Employment Stimulus in Seven OECD Countries: A Report by the UK Women’s Budget Group Commissioned by the International Trade Union Confederation. Available at: http://oro.open.ac.uk/50547/. Accessed 3.5.21.

186 Baines, D and Cunningham, I (2015) Care Work in the Context of Austerity. Competition and Change. 19(3): 183-193.

187 Ndzi, E (2018) Banning Zero Hours Contracts Would Help Reduce the Gender Pay Gap. Available at: https://theconversation.com/banning-zero-hours-contracts-would-help-reduce-the-gender-pay-gap-98892. Accessed 23.6.21.

188 Moore, S (2017) An Evaluation of UNISON’s Ethical Care Charter. UNISON: London.

189 The Taylor Report quotes the example of McDonald’s similarly offering GHCs to workers and finding the take-up to be only around 20% – it is unclear whether additional hours were expected.

190 Cunningham, I and James, P (2014) Public Service Outsourcing and Its Employment Implications in an Era of Austerity: The Case of British Social Care. Competition and Change. 18(1): 1-19.

191 Baines, D; Cunningham, I; Kgaphola, I and Mthembu, S (2020) Affilia. Journal of Women and Social Work 35(4): 449-465.

192 Scottish Government (2019) Fair Work in Scotland’s Social Care Sector 2019. Available at: https://fairworkconvention.scot/our-report-on-fair-work-in-social-care/. Accessed 19.6.21.

193 Cunningham, I; Baluch, A and Cullen A-M (2018) Implementing the Scottish Living Wage in Adult Social Care: An Evaluation of the Experiences of Social Care Partners, and Usefulness of Joint Guidance. Coalition of Care Support Providers Scotland. Available at: https://www.ccpscotland.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Univ-of-Strathclyde-Living-Wage-implementation-research-November-2018.pdf. Accessed 30.6.21.

194 Esquivel, V and Pereyra, F (2017) Care Workers in Argentina. New Solutions: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy. 27(4): 462–482; Kowalchuk L (2018) Nurses’ Labor Conditions, Gender, and the Value of Care Work in Post-Neoliberal El Salvador. Critical Sociology. 44(4-5): 777–791.

195 Law 24.004 passed in 1991.

196 Esquivel, V and Pereyra, F (2017) Care Workers in Argentina. New Solutions: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy. 27(4): 462–482.

197 Scottish Women’s Budget Group (2021) Challenges For 2021 and Beyond. https://www.swbg.org.uk/content/publications/SWBG-Challenges-for-2021-and-Beyond.pdf.

198 De Henau, J; Himmelweit, S; Łapniewska, Z and Perrons, D (2016) Investing in the Care Economy: A Gender Analysis of Employment Stimulus in Seven OECD Countries: A Report by the UK Women’s Budget Group Commissioned by the International Trade Union Confederation. Available at: http://oro.open.ac.uk/50547/. Accessed 3.5.21.

199 De Henau, J and Himmelweit, S (2020) The Gendered Employment Gains of Investing in Social vs. Physical Infrastructure: Evidence From Simulations Across Seven OECD Countries. IKD Working Paper No. 84, Open University.

200 Dawson, E (2020) The Case for a Care-led Recovery Per Capita Fighting Inequality in Australia. Available at: https://percapita.org.au/our_work/the-case-for-a-care-led-recovery/. Accessed 19.3.21.

201 NOMIS (2021) Labour Market Profile Scotland. Available at: https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/gor/2013265931/report.aspx#tabempocc. Accessed 16.3.21.

202 NOMIS (2021) Employment by Occupation Time Series. Available at: https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/gor/2013265931/subreports/gor_empocc_time_series/report.aspx?. Accessed 16.3.21.

203 ONS (2021) Gender Pay Gap. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/annualsurveyofhoursandearningsashegenderpaygaptables. Accessed 23.6.21.

204 UNISON Scotland (2014) Dishing the Dirt. Scotland: UNISON.

205 EHRC (2014) The Invisible Workforce: Employment Practices in The Cleaning Sector. London: EHRC. Available at: https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/publication-download/invisible-workforce-employment-practices-cleaning-sector Accessed 30.6.21.

206 Ibid.

207 UNISON Scotland. (2014) Dishing the Dirt. Scotland: UNISON.

208 FLEX (2021) If I Could Change Anything About My Work… Participatory Research with Cleaners in the UK. London: FLEX.

209 Ibid.

210 EHRC (2014) The Invisible Workforce: Employment Practices in The Cleaning Sector. London: EHRC. Available at: https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/publication-download/invisible-workforce-employment-practices-cleaning-sector Accessed 30.6.21.

211 Adzuna (2021) Scotland Cleaners Salary Stats. Available at: https://www.adzuna.co.uk/jobs/salaries/scotland/cleaner. Accessed 23.6.21.

212 UNISON Scotland (2014) Dishing the Dirt. Scotland: UNISON.

213 Ibid.

214 EHRC (2014) The Invisible Workforce: Employment Practices in the Cleaning Sector. London: EHRC. Available at: https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/publication-download/invisible-workforce-employment-practices-cleaning-sector Accessed 30.6.21.

215 Ibid.

216 FLEX (2021) If I Could Change Anything About My Work… Participatory Research with Cleaners in the UK. London: FLEX

217 EHRC (2014) The Invisible Workforce: Employment Practices in the Cleaning Sector. London: EHRC. Available at: https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/publication-download/invisible-workforce-employment-practices-cleaning-sector Accessed 30.6.21.

218 Ibid.

219 FLEX (2021) If I Could Change Anything About My Work… Participatory Research with Cleaners in the UK. London: FLEX.

220 BBC (2019) Cleaners Campaign Starts at Scottish Railway Stations. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-49401062. Accessed 17.3.21.

221 UNISON Scotland. (2014) Dishing the Dirt. Scotland: UNISON.

222 EHRC (2014) The Invisible Workforce: Employment Practices in the Cleaning Sector. London: EHRC. Available at: https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/publication-download/invisible-workforce-employment-practices-cleaning-sector Accessed 30.6.21.

223 Ibid.

224 Ibid.

225 Ibid.

226 FLEX (2021) If I Could Change Anything About My Work… Participatory Research with Cleaners in the UK. London: FLEX.

227 Scottish Government (2020) Annual Population Survey 2019. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-labour-market-people-places-regions-statistics-annual-population-survey-2019/pages/4/. Accessed 16.3.21.

228 Ibid.

229 NOMIS (2021) Labour Market Profile Scotland. Available at: https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/gor/2013265931/report.aspx#tabempocc. Accessed 16.3.21.

230 Scottish Government (2020). Annual Population Survey 2019. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-labour-market-people-places-regions-statistics-annual-population-survey-2019/pages/4/. Accessed 16.3.21.

231 Scottish Government (2020) Tourism and Events. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/policies/tourism-and-events/. Accessed 23.6.21.

232 Scottish Government (2020) Annual Population Survey 2019. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-labour-market-people-places-regions-statistics-annual-population-survey-2019/pages/4/. Accessed 16.3.21.

233 Statista (2021) Average Age of Hospitality and Tourism Sector Employees in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2011, by Occupation. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/300271/average-age-of-hospitality-and-tourism-sector-employees-in-the-united-kingdom/. Accessed 5.4.21.

234 Scottish Government (2019) Annual Survey of hours and earnings Office for National Statistics. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/annual-survey-of-hours-and-earnings-2019/. Accessed 20.3.21.

235 UNISON (2017) UNISON School Catering Staff Survey. Available at: https://www.unison.org.uk/content/uploads/2018/01/Schools-Catering-staff-report-1.pdf?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss#:~:text=In%20November%20and%20December%202017,and%20catering%20managers%20(16%25). Accessed 4.4.21.

236 Unite (2015) Good Deal for Catering Staff on Eurostar. Available at: www.restaurantworkers.co.uk/411892324. Accessed 17.3.21.

237 Flores (2013) Union Wins Action for ZSL London Zoo Catering Workers. Available at: https://www.hrreview.co.uk/hr-news/employment-law/union-wins-action-for-zsl-london-zoo-catering-workers/45122. Accessed 17.3.21.

238 Chun J.J. (2016) Organizing Across Divides: Union Challenges to Precarious Work in Vancouver’s Privatized Health Care Sector. Progress in Development Studies. 16(2): 173-188.

239 Scottish Government (2018) Encouraging More Men into Childcare. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/news/encouraging-more-men-into-childcare/. Accessed 18.3.21.

240 Ibid.

241 Care Inspectorate (2021) Early Learning and Childcare Report our Role, Purpose and Learning During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Available at: https://www.careinspectorate.com/images/documents/6030/Early%20Learning%20and%20Childcare%20Report%20Our%20Role,%20Purpose%20and%20Learning%20during%20the%20COVID-19%20pandemic.pdf. Accessed 14.7.21.

242 Ibid.

243 SSSC (2019) The Children’s Services Workforce 2017. January 2019. Available at: https://data.sssc.uk.com/images/WDR/CSW/Childrens_Services_Workforce_2017.pdf 14.7.21.

244 Scottish Government (2021) Early Education and Care. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/policies/early-education-and-care/early-years-workforce/. Accessed 18.3.21.

245 Ibid.

246 Social Mobility Commission (2020) The Stability of the Early Years Workforce in England. Social Mobility Commission: London.

247 Ibid.

248 Scottish Social Services Council (2017) First Call for Evidence for the Independent Review of Early Learning and Childcare Workforce and Out of School Care Workforce. Available at: https://www.sssc.uk.com/knowledgebase/article/KA-01408/en-us. Accessed 18.3.21.

249 Social Mobility Commission (2020) The Stability of the Early Years Workforce in England. Social Mobility Commission: London.

250 Ibid.

251 Ibid.

252 Early Learning and Childcare Careers (2021) Why Work in Early Learning and Childcare. Available at: https://childcarecareersscotland.scot/why-work-early-learning-childcare/. Accessed 14.7.21.

253 Scottish Government (2016) Costs of Early Learning and Childcare Provision in Partner Provider Settings. Available at: https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/27569/1/00506140.pdf. Accessed 14.7.21.

254 Ibid.

255 Bird, P.P. (2012), Establishing a Positive Emotional Climate in an Early Years Setting, PhD thesis, University of Worcester. Available at: http://eprints.worc.ac.uk/2338/1/PP%20Byrd%20PhD%20Thesis%202012%20-%20Establishing%20a%20Positive%20Emotio%20%281%29.pdf. Accessed 18.3.21.

256 NDNA (2019) NDNA 2018/29 Workforce Survey Scotland. NDNA: Scotland.

257 Level three qualified staff have a diploma in Early Years Education and Childcare.

258 NDNA (2019) NDNA 2018/29 Workforce Survey Scotland. NDNA: Scotland.

259 Stewart, R; Findlay, J; Betram, T (2017) Early Learning and Childcare Research Report. Available at: https://unison-scotland.org/wp-content/uploads/EarlyYearsFinalReport-2017.pdf. Accessed 18.3.21.

260 Ibid.

261 Carroll, M; Smith, M; Oliver, G and Sung, S (2009) Recruitment and Retention in Front‐Line Services: The Case of Childcare. Human Resource Management Journal. 19: 59-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2008.00076.x

262 Social Mobility Commission (2020) The Stability of the Early Years Workforce in England. Social Mobility Commission: London.

263 Ibid.

264 Stewart, R; Findlay, J; Betram, T (2017) Early Learning and Childcare Research Report. Available at: https://unison-scotland.org/wp-content/uploads/EarlyYearsFinalReport-2017.pdf. Accessed 18.3.21.

265 Ibid.

266 NDNA (2019) NDNA 2018/29 Workforce Survey Scotland] NDNA: Scotland.

267 Totenhagen, C.J; Hawkins, S.A; Casper, D.M; Bosch, L.A; Hawkey, K.R; and Borden, L.M (2016) Retaining Early Childhood Education Workers: A Review of the Empirical Literature. Journal of Research in Childhood Education. 30(4): 585–599.

268 Stewart, R; Findlay, J; Betram, T (2017) Early Learning and Childcare Research Report. Available at: https://unison-scotland.org/wp-content/uploads/EarlyYearsFinalReport-2017.pdf. Accessed 18.3.21.

269 Scottish Social Services Council (2017) First Call for Evidence for the Independent Review of Early Learning and Childcare Workforce and Out of School Care Workforce. Available at: https://www.sssc.uk.com/knowledgebase/article/KA-01408/en-us. Accessed 18.3.21.

270 Ibid.

271 Stewart, R; Findlay, J; Betram, T (2017) Early Learning and Childcare Research Report. Available at: https://unison-scotland.org/wp-content/uploads/EarlyYearsFinalReport-2017.pdf. Accessed 18.3.21.

272 Siraj, I and Kingston, D (2015) An Independent Review of the Scottish Early Learning and Childcare (ELC) Workforce and Out of School Care (OSC) Workforce. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/independent-review-scottish-early-learning-childcare-elc-workforce-out-school/. Accessed 18.3.21.

273 Bonetti, S (2019) The Early Years Workforce in England. Education Policy Institute: London.

274 Siraj, I and Kingston, D (2015) An Independent Review of the Scottish Early Learning and Childcare (ELC) Workforce and Out of School Care (OSC) Workforce. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/independent-review-scottish-early-learning-childcare-elc-workforce-out-school/. Accessed 18.3.21.

275 Skills Development Scotland (2019) Achieving Diversity in the Scottish Early Learning and Childcare Workforce. Skills Development Scotland: Scotland.

276 Early Years Scotland (2021) Towards a More Diverse Early Years Workforce. Available at: https://earlyyearsscotland.org/blog/towards-a-more-diverse-early-years-workforce. Accessed 4.4.21.

277 Bonetti, S (2019) The Early Years Workforce in England. London: Education Policy Institute.

278 Resolution Foundation (2019) Sorry, We’re Closed: Understanding the Impact of Retail’s Decline on People and Places. London: Resolution Foundation.

279 ONS (2021) Gender Pay Gap. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/annualsurveyofhoursandearningsashegenderpaygaptables. Accessed 23.6.21.

280 https://www.usdaw.org.uk/About-Us/News/2021/Jan/Morrisons-pay-deal-Usdaw-negotiates-a-10-per-hour. Accessed 25.7.21.

281 Ussher, K (2016) Improving Pay, Productivity and Progression in the Retail Sector. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

282 Mosley, P; Winters, G and Wood, S (2012) Wholesale and Retail Sector Skills Assessment 2012. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/306426/briefing-paper-ssa12-wholesale-retail.pdf. Accessed 4.4.21.

283 Tomlinson, M. and Walker, R (2010). Recurrent poverty: The Impact of Family and Labour Market Changes. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

284 Moore, S; Tailby, S; Antunes, B and Newsome, K (2018) Fits and Fancies: the Taylor Review, The Construction of Preference and Labour Market Segmentation. Industrial Relations Journal. 49 (5-6): 403-419.

285 PWC (2018) Gender Pay Gap Reporting – Spotlight on Large Retailers. Available at https://www.pwc.co.uk/services/human-resource-services/gender-pay/spotlight-on-large-retailers.html. Accessed 19.4.21

286 Devins, D; Bickerstaffe, T; Mitchell, B and Halliday, S (2014) Improving Progression in Low-Paid, Low Skilled Jobs in the Retail, Catering and Care Sectors. Project Report. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

287 Asda Stores Ltd (Appellant) v. Brierley and others (Respondents) Judgement given on 26 March 2021 Available at: https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2019-0039-judgment.pdf. Accessed 30.6.21.

288 Financial Times (2020) Retail Job Losses Rise as Virus Shifts UK Shoppers Online. Financial Times 15.12.2020. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/b03a0990-c85c-44e9-8e7e-4f2e82751c1e.

Accessed 23.4.21.

289 This note was written in reference to the UK as a whole, however all content is applicable to Scotland.