What do we know about In-Work Poverty? A summary of the evidence

Summarises what the evidence tells us about the extent and impact of in-work poverty in Scotland, and the key factors that influence in-work poverty.


Footnotes

1. The poverty measure used for the Scottish Government National Indicator 'Reduce the proportion of individual living in poverty' is the proportion of individuals living in private households with an equivalised income of less than 60% of the UK median before housing costs. Income is equivalised (adjusted) to take into account the fact that households of different sizes and compositions require a different level of income to achieve the same standard of living. The definition (and measure) of poverty that is used, and is being targeted, has important implications for the types of interventions likely to be effective in meeting poverty reduction goals. The attraction of having a relatively straightforward definition is that it is easy to monitor progress on a consistent basis. The drawback is that being too wedded to such a measure risks ignoring or not prioritising other interventions which impact on other definitions of poverty but which have limited effect on rates of relative poverty.

2. Household income is under 60% of the average household income (before housing costs)

3. http://www.scotland.gov.uk49b76fdd-f7c3-4cc8-8fd6-2f5012579349

4. http://www.scotland.gov.uk8a176a1b-9dd5-4a5e-a775-a1805b0c558f

5. http://www.scotland.gov.uk49b76fdd-f7c3-4cc8-8fd6-2f5012579349

6. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/344949/0114783.pdf

7. http://www.scotland.gov.ukc2fde6fc-41ec-4945-885c-4c9dc8a161fa

8. http://www.cpag.org.uk/content/cpag-publishes-cost-child-poverty-every-local-authority-and-constituency

9. Poverty statistics use equivalised income. Household income is adjusted to take into account family size and type, acknowledging that fact that different households require different levels of income to achieve the same standard of living. A couple with two children require a higher income than a single adult to achieve the same standard of living.

10. Earning less than 60 per cent of full-time, median hourly pay, excluding overtime

11. http://eurofound.europa.eu/publications/report/2010/other/working-poor-in-europe

12. http://www.ippr.org/assets/media/images/media/files/publication/2011/05/working_out_of_poverty_1616.pdf;
http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/1859352588.pdf

13. http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/poverty-jobs-worklessness-summary.pdf

14. http://www.jrf.org.uk/blog/2014/01/increasing-minimum-wage-only-half-answer-poverty

15. http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/MPSE2013.pdf

16. http://www.gini-research.org/system/uploads/386/original/DP_51_-_Marx_Nolan.pdf?1348044753

17. Households Below Average Income (HBAI) dataset, DWP

18. http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/the-traditional-family-model-does-not-offer-a-guaranteed-route-out-of-poverty/

19. https://smcpcommission.blog.gov.uk/2014/03/18/working-poverty-whats-going-on/

20. http://spruyork.blogspot.co.uk/2014/03/how-many-working-poor-parents-might-be.html

21. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/933/0097339.pdf

22. http://www.ippr.org/assets/media/images/media/files/publication/2011/05/working_out_of_poverty_1616.pdf

23. http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/documents/equalpay/undervaluing_womens_work.pdf

24. Source: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, 2014, ONS.

25. http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/S4_MembersBills/Living_Wage_Consultation_Final.pdf

26. http://www.theworkfoundation.com/DownloadPublication/Report/365_BottomTenMillionFinalPaper.pdf

27. http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/cr/CASEreport60_summary.pdf

28. http://www.smf.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Publication-Making-Progress-Boosting-the-skills-and-wage-prospects-of-the-low-paid.pdf

29. http://www.ippr.org/assets/media/images/media/files/publication/2011/05/nice%20work%20if%20you%20can%20get%20it_1671.pdf

30. Online panel survey, conducted between 4th and 6th June 2014 with 1,003 respondents http://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/The-Changing-Labour-Market-2.pdf

31. http://skills.oecd.org/documents/OECDSkillsStrategyFINALENG.pdf

32. http://www.resolutionfoundation.org/publications/low-pay-britain-2013/

33. http://www.theworkfoundation.com/DownloadPublication/Report/365_BottomTenMillionFinalPaper.pdf

34. Households Below Average Income (HBAI) dataset, DWP

35. http://www.theworkfoundation.com/DownloadPublication/Report/365_BottomTenMillionFinalPaper.pdf

36. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Labour-Market/AnalyticalPapers/ASHESGAnalysis2014

37. Labour Force Survey, Aug-Oct 2014, ONS; http://cdn.budgetresponsibility.independent.gov.uk/December_2014_EFO-web513.pdf;

http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/Pages/inflationreport/2014/ir1404.aspx

38. http://www.ippr.org/assets/media/images/media/files/publication/2011/05/Nice%20work%20exec%20summary_1671.pdf

39. See chapter 4 of Reindustrialising Scotland for the 21st Century, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2014/06/5184

40. http://www.theworkfoundation.com/DownloadPublication/Report/365_BottomTenMillionFinalPaper.pdf

41. http://www.ippr.org/assets/media/images/media/files/publication/2011/05/nice%20work%20if%20you%20can%20get%20it_1671.pdf

42. Analysis of data from the Poverty and Social Exclusion Survey, presented at a conference on 20 August 2014

43. MacInnes, T., Aldridge, H., Bushe, S., Kenway, P. and Tinson, A. (2013) Monitoring poverty and social exclusion 2013 York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation

44. Hurrell, A. (2013) Starting out or getting stuck? An analysis of who gets trapped in low-paid work - and who escapes London: Resolution Foundation

45. http://www.ippr.org/assets/media/images/media/files/publication/2011/05/nice%20work%20if%20you%20can%20get%20it_1671.pdf

46. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0044/00449714.pdf

47. http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/CurrentCommittees/62266.aspx#defining

48. http://www.oecd.org/tax/public-finance/49417273.pdf

49. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2014/06/7760/5

50. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0045/00451893.pdf

51. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0045/00451893.pdf

52. http://www.careinspectorate.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=467&Itemid=100182

53. http://www.scswis.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=1021&Itemid=100175

54. http://www.familyandchildcaretrust.org/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=ac441f45-32fa-468f-b76b-d38579d1af3e

55. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/disaggregation-of-hmrc-tax-receipts

56. http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/poverty-jobs-worklessness-summary.pdf

57. http://www.theworkfoundation.com/DownloadPublication/Report/364_Employment%20pay%20and%20poverty%20.pdf

58. http://policyinpractice.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Universal-Credit-A-Review-by-Policy-in-Practice.pdf

59. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0045/00451893.pdf

60. http://www.resolutionfoundation.org/publications/counting-costs-childcare/

61. http://www.poverty.org.uk/reports/in-work%20poverty.pdf

62. http://www.poverty.org.uk/reports/in-work%20poverty.pdf

Contact

Email: Alison Stout

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