Marine litter issues, impacts and actions

A study that will contribute to developing a marine litter strategy for Scotland’s seas in light of the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010.


References

Allsopp, M., Walters, A., Santillo, D. and Johnston, P. (2006) Plastic debris in the world's oceans. Available from: http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/marinelitter/publications/docs/plastic_ocean_report.pdf

Balazs, G.H. (1985). Impact of ocean debris on marine turtles: Entanglement and ingestion. Pp. 387-429 in Shomura, R.S., and H.O. Yoshida (Eds.), Proceedings of the Workshop on the Fate and Impact of Marine Debris, November 27-29, 1984, Honolulu, HI. NOAA Tech. Mem. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-54. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Washington, DC. .
Ballance, A., Ryan, P.G. and Turpie, J.K. (2000) How much is a clean beach worth? The impact of litter on beach users in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. South Africa Journal of Science 96: 5210 - 5213.
Barnes, D. K. A., Galgani, F., Thompson, R. C. & Barlaz, M. (2009) Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 364, 1985-1998. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0205)
Baxter, J.M., Boyd, I.L., Cox, M., Cunningham, L., Holmes, P., Moffat, C.F., (Editors) (2008) Chapter 2 Physical Characteristics and Modelling of the Marine Environment, Scotland's Seas: Towards Understanding their State. Fisheries Research Services, Aberdeen.
Baxter, J.M, Boyd, I.L, Cox, M., Donald, A.E., Macolm, S.J., Miles, H., Miller, B., Moffat, C.F, (Editors) 2011. Scotland's Marine Atlas: information for the national marine plan. Marine Scotland, Edinburgh
BBC News (2009) UK beach litter 'hits new high'. Available (online): http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7987149.stm
BMF 2007 Economic Benefits of Coastal Marinas UK and Channel Islands: Executive Summary. Available from: http://www.britishmarine.co.uk/upload_pub/2027.pdf
Brown, J., Macfadyen, G., Huntington, T., Magnus, J. and Tumilty, J. (2005). Ghost Fishing by Lost Fishing Gear, Final Report to DG Fisheries and Maritime Affairs of the European Commission. Fish/2004/20. Institute for European Environmental Policy/Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd joint report.
Brown, J. and Macfadyen, G. (2007) Ghost fishing in European waters: Impacts and management responses. Marine Policy 31 (4):488-504
Browne M.A., Dissanayake A., Galloway T.S., Lowe D.M. & Thompson R.C., (2008). Ingested microscopic plastic translocates to the circulatory system of the mussel, Mytilus edulis (L). Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 5026-5031.
Bugoni, L., Krause, L., Petry, M.V. (2001). Marine debris and human impacts on sea turtles in Southern Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42: 13330-1334.

Cheshire, A.C., Adler, E., Barbière, J., Cohen, Y., Evans, S., Jarayabhand, S., Jeft ic, L., Jung, R.T., Kinsey, S., Kusui, E.T., Lavine, I., Manyara, P., Oosterbaan, L., Pereira, M.A.,
Chivers, C.J. and Drew, C. (2005) All 7 Men Alive as Russian Submarine Is Raised. Available from: http://nytimes.com/2005/08/07/international/europe/07russia.html?_r=1
Coe, J.M. and Rodgers, D.B. (eds) (1997) Marine debris: sources, impacts and solutions. Springer-Verlag, New York, 432 pp
Committee on the Effectiveness of International and National Measures to Prevent and Reduce Marine Debris and Its Impacts, National Research Council, Ocean Studies Board and Division on Earth and Life Sciences (2008) Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century. Washington D.C.: The National Academies Press.

Damanpour, F., and Gopalakrishnan, S. (1998) Theories of organizational structure and innovation adoption: the role of environmental change. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, Volume 15 (1): 1-24
Day, R.H., Wehle, D.H.S. and Coleman, F.C. (1985) Ingestion of plastic pollutants by marine birds. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on the Fate and Impact of Marine Debris 26-29 November 1984, Honolulu, Hawaii, R.S. Shomura and H.O. Yoshida, Editors, US Dept. of Comm., NOAA Tech. Mem. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-54, pp. 344-386.
Deloitte 2008 The Economic Case for the Visitor Economy. Final Report. 76pp. Available from: www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom.../UK_THL_VisitorEconomy_Sept08.pdf
Defra (2005a) Charting Progress - an Integrated Assessment of the State of the UK Seas, Marine Environment Monitoring Group
Defra (2005b) Charting Progress - an Integrated Assessment of the State of the UK Seas- Marine Environment Quality,
Defra (2009) Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009. Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/23/pdfs/ukpga_20090023_en.pdf
Defra (2011a) Charting Progress 2 - The state of UK seas, UK Marine Monitoring and Assessment community, ISBN 9780112432937
Defra (2011b) Charting Progress 2 - The state of UK seas, Chapter 7: Common Issues and Regional Perspectives, UK Marine Monitoring and Assessment community, ISBN 9780112432937
Derraik, J.G.B. (2002) The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44: 842-852.

Edwards, R. (1995). Danger from the deep. New Scientist, pp.16-17. 15th November.
ENCAMS (2005) Beach and surrounding area user segmentation. Available from: http://www.keepbritaintidy.org/ImgLibrary/beach_segmentation_2005_637.pdf
Escardó-Boomsma, J., O'Hara, K. & Ribic, C. A. (1995) National Marine Debris Monitoring Program, vols 1-2, Washington, DC: US EPA Office of Water.

Fanshawe, T. and Everard, M. (2002) The Impacts of Marine Litter, Marine Pollution Monitoring Management Group, Report of the Marine Litter Task Team (MaLiTT). Available from: http://www.marlab.ac.uk/Uploads/Documents/Impacts_of_Marine_Litter.pdf
Faris, J., & Hart, K. (1994). Seas of debris: a summary of the third international conference on marine debris. Miami, Florida.

Galgani F., Fleet D., van Franeker J., Katsanevakis S., Maes T., Mouat L., Oosterbaan I. Poitou G., Hanke G., Thompson R., Amato E., Birkun A. & Janssen C., (2010). Marine Strategy Framework Directive Task Group 10 Report. Marine litter. EUR 24340 EN - 2010
Galgani F., Leaute J. P., Moguedet P., Souplet A., Verin Y., Carpentier A., Goraguer H., Latrouite D., Andral B., Cadiou Y., Mahe J. C., Poulard J. C., Nerisson P. (2000). Litter on the Sea Floor Along European Coasts. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40(6):516-527. (doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00234-9)
Galgani, F., Souplet, A., Cadiou, Y. (1996). Accumulation of debris on the deep sea floor of the French Mediterranean coast. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 142, 225-234. (doi:10.3354/meps142225)
GECC - Groupe d'Etude des Cétacés du Cotentin (2002) http://gecc-normandie.org/
Gheskiere, T., Magda, V. Greet, P. and Steven, D. (2006) Are strandline meiofaunal assemblages affected by a once-only mechanical beach cleaning? Experimental findings, Marine Environmental Research 61: 245-264
Gregory, M.R. (2009) Environmental implications of plastic debris in marine settings- entanglement, ingestions, smothering, hangers-on, hitch-hiking and alien invasions, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 364: 2013-2025. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0265

Hall, K (2000) Impacts of marine debris and oil; Economic and social costs to coastal communities. Available (online) http://www.kimointernational.org/WebData/Files/Karensreport.pdf
Hebridean Whale & Dolphin Trust (2008) Rare Species. Available (online): http://www.whaledolphintrust.co.uk/species-rare.asp
Hess, N., Ribic, C., Vining, Y. (1999). Benthic marine debris, with an emphasis on fishery-related items, surrounding Kodiak Island, Alaska, 1994-1996. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 38, 885-890. (doi:10.1016/S0025- 326X(99)00087-9)
Heyerdahl, T. (1970) Conservation around the world, Biological Conservation 2:221-222.
Hiscock, K., Southward, A., Tittley, I. & Hawkins, S., (2004) Effects of changing temperature on benthic marine life, Aquatic Conservation: Marine & Freshwater Ecosystems, 14, 333-363.
Hon, N.S. Photodegradation of Cellulose Acetate Fibers. J. Polym. Sci. A-Polym. Chem. 1977, 15, 725-744.
Howard, C. and Parsons, E.C.M. (2006) Attitudes of Scottish city inhabitants to cetacean Conservation, Biodiversity and Conservation, Vol 15: 4335 - 4356, DOI 10.1007/s10531-005-3740-6
HR Wallingford (1997) Coastal Cells in Scotland. Scottish Natural Heritage Research, Survey and Monitoring, Series No. 56.
Hyrenbach, D. and Kennish, J. (2008) Question 6: How Does Marine Debris Affect Wildlife and the Environment? In: Williams, M., and E. Ammann (eds.) Marine debris in Alaska: Coordinating our efforts. Alaska: Alaska Sea Grant College Program pp 109-120.

ICC (2009) A Rising Tide of Ocean Debris. Available from: http://www.oceanconservancy.org/pdf/ A_Rising_Tide_full_hires.pdf
IMO (2002) Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships. Available from: http://www.imo.org/Environment/mainframe.asp?topic_id=297
IMO (2010) Summary of Status of Conventions. Available from: http://www.imo.org/About/Conventions/StatusOfConventions/Documents/Status%20-%202012.pdf

Jeftic, L., Sheavly, S., Adler, E., (2009) Marine Litter: A Global Challenge, UNEP.
Jentoft, S Chuenpagdee,.R2009 Fisheries and Coastal Governance as a Wicked Problem. Marine Policy 33 (4) 553-560.
Johnson, D. (2008) Environmental indicators: their utility in meeting the OSPAR Convention's regulatory needs. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1387-1391.
Jung, R-T, Sung, H.G., Chun, T-B & Keel, S-I (2010) Practical engineering approaches and infrastructure to address the problem of marine debris in Korea, Marine Pollution Bulletin 60: 1523-1532

Katsanevakis S. (2008). Marine debris, a growing problem: Sources, distribution, composition, and impacts. In: Hofer TN (ed) Marine Pollution: New Research. Nova Science Publishers, New York. pp. 53-100.
Katsanevakis, S. and Katsarou, A. (2004). Influences on the distribution of marine debris on the seafloor of shallow coastal areas in Greece (Eastern Mediterranean). Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 159, 325-337.
KIMO (2008) Fishing for Litter Scotland Final Report 2005-2008, Kommunenes Internasjonale Miljøorganisasjon ( KIMO)
KSB (2007) Public Attitudes to Litter & Littering in Scotland, Research Summary, Keep Scotland Beautiful
KSB (2008) State of the Nation- Littering Report, Keep Scotland Beautiful

Laist, D. W. (1997) Impacts of marine debris: entanglement of marine life in marine debris including a comprehensive list of species with entanglement and ingestion records. In Marine debris, sources, impacts, and solutions (eds J. M. Coe & D. B. Rogers), pp. 99-139. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
Laist, D.W. and Liffmann, M. (2000) Impacts of Debris: Research and Management Needs, Issue Papers of the International Marine Debris Conference, Aug 6-11, 2000. Honolulu, Hawaii.
Lewis, P.N., Riddle, M.J., Smith, S.D.A. (2005) Assisted passage or passive drift: a comparison of alternative transport mechanisms for non-indigenous coastal species into the Southern Ocean, Antarctic Science 17(2): 183-191. DOI: 10.1017/S0954102005002580

MAFF (1995) Shoreline Management Plans: A Guide for Coastal Defence Authorities. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.
Macfadyen, G., Huntington, T. and Cappell, R. (2009) Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 185; FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 523. Rome: UNEP/ FAO.
MCS (2009) Marine Conservation Society Beachwatch Big Weekend 2009, Final Report, Chapter 2: Methods, Marine Conservation Society ( MCS)
Moore, C.J. (2008) Synthetic polymers in the marine environment: a rapidly increasing, long-term threat. Environmental Research 108: 131-139.
Moore, C.J., S.L. Moore, M.K. Leecaster, and S.B. Weisberg. 2001a. A comparison of plastic and plankton in the North Pacific central gyre. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:1297-1300.
Moret-Ferguson, S., Law, K.L., Proskurowski, G., Murphy E.K., Peacock, E.E., Reddy C.M. (2010) The size, mass, and composition of plastic debris in the western North Atlantic Ocean, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60 (10): 1873-1878
Morgan, J. M., M. D. Morgan, and J. H. Wiersma (1986) Introduction to environmental science, Second edition. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, New York, USA.
Mouat, J., Lozano, R.L., Bateson, H. (2010) Economic Impacts of Marine Litter, Kommunenes Internasjonale Miljøorganisasjon ( KIMO)

Naturvårdsverket (2009) What's in the Sea for Me? Ecosystem Services Provided by the Baltic Sea and Skaggerak. Report 5872. Available from: http://www.naturvardsverket.se/Documents/publikationer/978-91-620-5872-2.pdf
NIEA (2011) States of seas report 2011- Chapter 11 Litter, Northern Ireland Environment Agency and Agri-Food Biosciences Institute
Novotny, T.E., Lum, K., Smith, E., Wang, V., Barnes, R. (2009) "Cigarettes Butts and the Case for an Environmental Policy on Hazardous Cigarette Waste." Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 6, no. 5: 1691-1705.

Ocean Conservancy (2008) North Atlantic Right Whale: The Right Time to Take Action. Available from: http://act.oceanconservancy.org/site/DocServer/North_Atlanti%20c_RW_final1.pdf?docID=4541
Ocean Conservancy (2008) 2007 International Coastal Clean-up Results, Washington, DC. 56 pp
Ocean Conservancy (2010) Trash Travels Available online: http://www.oceanconservancy.org/news-room/collateral/2010_icc_report.pdf
Ocean Link (2006) Threats to Biodiversity. Available online: http://oceanlink.island.net/ask/ biodiversity.html (accessed December 18, 2006).
OECD (2005) Oslo Manual-Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data. Third Edition. Available online http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/free/9205111e.pdf
Olin, R., Carlsson, B. & Stahre, B. (1995). The West Coast of Sweden - the rubbish tip of the North Sea. In: Earll, R.C. (Ed.), Proceedings of Workshop on Coastal and Riverine Litter: Problems and Effective Solutions. Marine Environmental Management and Training, Kempley, Gloucestershire. p12-14.
O'Riordan, R.M., Culloty, S., Davenport, J., McAllen, R. (2009) Increases in the abundance of the invasive barnacle Austrominius modestus on the Isle of Cumbrae, Scotland, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK ( JABA2- Biodiversity Records, published online).
OSB (2008) Tackling Marine Debris in the 21 st Century, Committee on the Effectiveness of International and National Measures to Prevent and Reduce Marine Debris and Its Impacts, Ocean Studies Board, National Research Council of the National Academies, The National Academies Press Washington D.C. ISBN-10: 0-309-12697-5
OSPAR (1995) Summary Record of the Oslo and Paris Conventions for the Prevention of Marine Pollution Working Group on Impacts on the Marine Environment ( IMPACT) Group, IMPACT 95/14/1-E.
OSPAR (2000) Quality Status Report 2000, Publication No. 111/2000. ISBN 0 946956 52 9.
OSPAR (2008) Background Document on the EcoQO on Plastic Particles in Seabirds' Stomachs, Publication No. 355/2008. ISBN 978-1-905859-94-8.
OSPAR (2009) Marine litter in the North-East Atlantic Region: Assessment and priorities for response, London: United Kingdom.
OSPAR (2010) Quality Status Report 2010. OSPAR Commission. London. 176 pp.

Pauly, J. L., A. B. Mepani, J. D. Lesses, K. M. Cummings, and R. J. Streck. (2002) Cigarettes with defective filters marketed for 40 years: What Philip Morris never told smokers. Tobacco Control, 11 (Suppl I):i51-i61.
Pawson, M.G (2003) The catching capacity of lost static fishing gears: introduction. Fisheries Research, 64 (2-3): 101-105
Penrose, R.S. and Gander, L.R. (2010) British Isles & Republic of Ireland Marine Turtle Strandings & Sightings Annual Report 2009, Marine Environmental Monitoring
Phillip, R. (1993). Community neeedlestick accident data and trends in environmental quality. Public Health, 107, p363-369.
Pugh, D..2008 Socio-economic Indicators of Marine-related Activities in the UK economy. The Crown Estate, 68 pages.

Rees, G. & Pond, K. (1994) Impacts: Aesthetics, Health and Physical Appearance. In: Earll, R.C. (Ed.), Proceedings of Workshop on Coastal and Riverine Litter: Problems and Effective Solutions. Marine Environmental Management and Training, Kempley, Gloucestershire. p5-7.
Rees, G. & Pond, K. (1995). Marine Litter Monitoring Programmes - A review of methods with special reference to national surveys. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 30, No.2, p103-108.
Rees, E.I.S. and Southward, A.J., 2008. Plastic flotsam as an agent for dispersal of Perforatus perforatus (Cirripedia: Balanidae). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK ( JABA2- Biodiversity Records, published online).
Ryan, P.G., Moore, C.J., van Franeker, J.A. and Moloney, C.L. (2009) Monitoring the abundance of plastic debris in the marine environment, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 364: 1999-2012. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0207

Santos, I.R., Friedrich, A.C., Wallner-Kersanach, M., Fillmann, G. (2005) Influence of socio-economic characteristics of beach users on litter generation, Ocean & Coastal Management, 48: 742-752
Saunders, J., Tinch, R., and Hull, S. 2010. Valuing the Marine Estate and UK Seas:
An Ecosystem Services Framework. The Crown Estate, 54 pages, March 2010. ISBN: 978-1-906410-15-5.
Scottish Enterprise 2010. Sailing Tourism in Scotland. Produced by Tourism Resources Company, EKOS, and British Marine Federation. 131p.
Scottish Executive (2001) Review of the Environmental Effects of the Landfill Tax in Scotland, Environment Group Research Programme Research Findings No. 10. Available (Online): http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2007/08/landfill/landfill
Scottish Executive (2003) Wildlife, Key Scottish Environment Statistics 2003. ISBN 0-7559-0847-3
Scottish Executive (2006) Code of Practice on Litter and Refuse issued under section 89 of the Environmental Protection Act 1990: Code of Practice on Litter and Refuse (Scotland) 2006, SE/2006/164. ISBN: 0-7559-6286-0
Scottish Government 2009. Technical Report: Economic Impact of Recreational Sea Angling in Scotland. 263pp.
Scottish Government 2010. Research providing a current assessment of the economic impact of wildlife tourism in Scotland and an insight into the key trends affecting Scotland's wildlife tourism industry. Report by the International Centre for Tourism and Hospitality Research Bournemouth University. Available from: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2010/05/12164456/0
Scottish Flytipping Forum (2010) Flytipping in Scotland: A Guide to Prevention and Enforcement. Available (online): http://www.dumbdumpers.org/Documents/FlytippingScotland-PreventionGuide.pdf
Sheavly, S.B. (2005) Marine Debris - an Overview of a Critical Issue for Our Oceans. Presentation at Sixth Meeting of the UN Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea. Available from: http://www.un.org/Depts/los/consultative_process/documents/6_sheavly.pdf
Sheavly, S., Tkalin, A., Varadarajan, S., Wenneker, B. and Westphalen, G. (2009) UNEP/ IOC Guidelines on Survey and Monitoring of Marine Litter. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies, No. 186; IOC Technical Series No. 83.
Sheavly, S.B and Register, K.M. (2007) Marine Debris & Plastics: Environmental Concerns, Sources, Impacts and Solutions, J Polym Environ, 15: 301-305
Stanley, K.; Stabenau, E.; Landry, A. Debris ingestion by sea turtles along the Texas coast. In Eighth Annual Workshop on Sea Turtle Conservation and Biology. Schroeder, B.A., Ed. NOAA Technical Memorandum: Fort Fisher, NC, USA, 1988, pp. 119-121.
Stefatos, M., Charalampakis, M., Papatheodorou, G. , Ferentinos, G. (1999). Marine debris on the seafloor of the Mediterranean Sea: examples from two enclosed gulfs in Western Greece. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 36, 389-393.
Storrier, K.L. (2004) The Forth Coastal Litter Campaign: Working Towards a Litter-free Forth. Forth Estuary Forum, Rosyth, Scotland, 72pp. ISBN: 0-9529692-1-1
Storrier, K.L. and McGlashan D.J. (2006) Development and management of a coastal litter campaign: The voluntary coastal partnership approach, Marine Policy 30: 189-196

Ten Brink, P., Lutchman, I., Bassi, S., Speck, S., Sheavly, S., Register, K., and Woolaway, C. (2009) Guidelines on the Use of Market-based Instruments to Address the Problem of Marine Litter. Institute for European Environmental Policy ( IEEP), Brussels, Belgium, and Sheavly Consultants, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA. 60 pp.
Thompson, R.C., Moore, C.J., vom Saal, F.S. & Swan, S.H. (2009) Plastics, the environment and human health: current consensus and future trends, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 364: 2153-2166
Thompson R.C., Olsen Y., Mitchell R.P., Davis A., Rowland S.J., John A.W.G., McGonigle D. and Russell A.E., (2004). Lost at sea: where is all the plastic? Science, 304, 838.
Tödtling, F and Trippl, M. (2005) One size fits all?: Towards a differentiated regional innovation policy approach. Research Policy, Vol 34 ( 8): 1203-1219
Tomas, J., Guitart, R., Mateo, R., Raga, J.A. (2002). Marine debris ingestion in loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, from the Western Mediterranean. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44: 211-216.

United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP) (2005b) Marine Litter and abandoned Fishing Gear, Report to the Division of Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Office of Legal Affairs, UNHQ, A report by UNEP Regional Seas Coordinating Office, UNEP, Nairobi
United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP) (2005) Marine Litter: An analytical overview. http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/marinelitter/publications/docs/anl_oview.pdf
U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy (2004) An Ocean Blueprint for the 21 st Century: Final Report, Chapter 18: Reducing Marine Debris, Washington, DC. ISBN: 0-9759462-0-X
VanFraneker, J.A. (2010) Using Fulmars to measure North Sea plastics pollution, Birdguides webpage. Available (online): http://www.birdguides.com/webzine/article.asp?a=2196

Van Franeker, J.A., Heubeck, M., Fairclough, K., Turner, D.M., Grantham, M., Stienen, E.W.M., Guse, N., Pedersen, J., Olsen, K.O., Andersson, P.J., & Olsen, B. (2005) 'Save the North Sea' Fulmar study 2002-2004: A regional pilot project for the Fulmar-Litter-EcoQo in the OSPAR area. Alterra rapport 1162, Alterra, Wageningen. Available (online): www.zeevogelgroep.nl
Van Franeker, J.A. and S.N.S. Fulmar Study Group (2008) Fulmar Litter EcoQO Monitoring in the North Sea - results to 2006 Wageningen IMARES Report No. C033/08, IMARESTexel, 53 pp
Velander, K.A. and Mocogni M. (1998) Maritime Litter and Sewage Contamination at Cramond Beach Edinburgh - a Comparative Study, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 36(5): 385-389

Wallace, N. (1985) Debris entanglement in the marine environment, a review. In: R. S. Shomura, H. O. Yoshida (eds.) Proceedings of the Workshop on the Fate and Impact of Marine Debris. NOAA Technical Memorandum. NMFS, NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-54.
Widmer, W.M. and Reis, R.A. (2010) An Experimental Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Beach Ashtrays in Preventing Marine Contamination, BRAZILIAN ARCHIVES OFBIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY, Vol.53, n. 5: pp. 1205-1216, September-October 2010
Williams, A. T., Simmons, S. L. and Fricker, A. (1993) Off-shore sinks of marine litter: a new problem. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 26, 7, 404-405.
Williams, A.T., Gregory, M. and Tudor, D.T. (2005) Marine Debris - onshore, off shore, seafloor litter. In: M.L. Schwartz (ed.) Encyclopedia of Coastal Science. The Netherlands: Springer, pp 623-628.
Williams, A.T. and Simmons, S.L. (1997) Estuarine litter at the river/beach interface in the Bristol Channel, United Kingdom, Journal of Coastal Research 13(4): 1159-1165
Williams, A.T., Tudor, D.T. & Randerson, P. (2002) Beach littering sourcing in the Bristol Channel and Wales, U.K., Water, Air & Soil Pollution Vol. 143 (1-2): 387-408; DOI: 10. 1023/A: 1022808908500

Contact

Back to top