32 The Water Framework Directive (WFD) relates to ecological status; the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) relates to environmental status. We therefore refer to both in this report.

33 https://www.gov.scot/publications/towards-litter-free-scotland-strategic-approach-higher-quality-local-environments/

34 https://www.gov.scot/publications/towards-litter-free-scotland-strategic-approach-higher-quality-local-environments/

35 https://www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/media/1566897/leq-2020-report-final-041220.pdf)

36 https://www.gov.scot/publications/towards-litter-free-scotland-strategic-approach-higher-quality-local-environments/

37 Zero Waste Scotland – based on flytipping tonnages for 2013 reported in National Litter and Flytipping SEA Scoping Report (2021)

38 Data up to 2019 comprised of information downloaded directly from WasteDataFlow (https://www.wastedataflow.org/) combined with environmental events/flytipping data reported to SEPA. Data for 2020 is solely made up of information from WasteDataFlow

39 https://kenniswijzerzwerfafval.nl/sites/default/files/KplusV%20-%20i.o.v.%20MWE%20-%20Inventory%20of%20costs%2C%20amounts%20and%20assessments.pdf

40 https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/sites/default/files/Scotland%27s%20Litter%20Problem%20-%20Full%20Final%20Report.pdf

41 https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2017-09/Guidance%20-%20Strategic%20Environmental%20Assessment%20-%20Biodiversity%20and%20Geodiversity%20Considerations%2005%20Aug%202013.pdf

42 https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2017-09/Guidance%20-%20Strategic%20Environmental%20Assessment%20-%20Biodiversity%20and%20Geodiversity%20Considerations%2005%20Aug%202013.pdf

43 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-biodiversity-strategy-post-2020-statement-intent/pages/1/

44 https://beta.gov.scot/publications/key-scottish-environment-statistics-2016-9781786525505/pages/11/

45 https://beta.gov.scot/publications/key-scottish-environment-statistics-2016-9781786525505/pages/11/

46 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-4

47 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-23

48 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-1388

49 https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/protected-areas-and-species/protected-areas/national-designations/sites-special-scientific-interest-sssis

50 Scottish Natural Heritage - Site of Special Scientific Interested (2021)

51 Scottish Natural Heritage - Official Statistics for Protected Sites (2021)

52 Scottish Natural Heritage - Official Statistics for Protected Sites (2021)

53 http://www.onegreenplanet.org/.

54 https://marine.gov.scot/sma/assessment/beach-litter

55 https://marine.gov.scot/sma/assessment/beach-litter

56 Marine Conservation Society (2020) Response to Scottish government consultation on introducing market restrictions on single use plastic items.

57 Marine Conservation Society (2021): Beachwatch dataset http://www.mcsuk.org/beachwatch/

58 Marine Conservation Society (2019). Great British Beach Clean Report for 2018. https://ntpurbeckcoast.files.wordpress.com/2019/01/gbbc-2018-report.pdf

59https://media.mcsuk.org/documents/MCS_Scottish_Government_single_use_plastics_consultation_response_Dec_2020.pdf

60 Scottish Government - Clean and Safe: Marine Litter: Sea Floor Litter (2020)

61 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.14020 (

62 Figure reproduced from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.14020

63 https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/litter-flytipping/impacts (undated)

64 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1475401/

65https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351919842_Public_Perception_of_Biodiversity_A_Literature_Review_of_Its_Role_in_Urban_Green_Spaces

66 Zero Waste Scotland - National Litter Strategy Partner Guide Part One: Enforcement (undated)

67 Zero Waste Scotland - Rapid Evidence Review of Littering Behaviour and Anti-Litter Policies (2013).

68 Scottish Public Health Network - An Overview of Local Authority Powers Relating to Public Health (2019)

69 This action would build on work that is already being carried out by SEPA to target individuals looking to dispose of household waste and businesses offering waste collections.

70 Zero Waste Scotland - Evidence Review of Flytipping Behaviour (2017).

71 Scottish Public Health Network - An Overview of Local Authority Powers Relating to Public Health (2019)

72 House of Commons Library - Fly-tipping: the illegal dumping of waste. Commons Library Research Briefing (2021).

73 Department for Environment & Rural Affairs - Fly-tipping statistics for England, 2019/20 (2021).

74 Data up to 2019 comprised of information downloaded directly from WasteDataFlow (https://www.wastedataflow.org/) combined with environmental events/flytipping data reported to SEPA. Data for 2020 is solely made up of information from WasteDataFlow

75 Almer, C. and Goeschl, T. - The sopranos redux: The empirical economics of waste crime, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network (2010b)

76 Lynch, M.J., Barrett, K.L., Stretesky, P.B., Long, M.A. - The Weak Probability of Punishment for Environmental Offenses and Deterrence of Environmental Offenders: A Discussion Based on USEPA Criminal Cases, 1983–2013, Deviant Behaviour, 37(10), 1095-1109 (2016).

77 Scottish Government - The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) (2018)

78 Physical Activity Task Force - Let’s make Scotland more active A Strategy for Physical Activity (2003)

79 Scottish Government - Cycling Action Plan for Scotland More people cycling more often (2010)

80 Carnegie - Pride in Place: Tackling Incivilities (2013)

81 Carnegie - Pride in Place: Tackling Incivilities (2013)

82 Curry - Neighborhood Disorder and Depression: Multi-level Relationships at Three Levels of Aggregation. Digital Commons Network (2004)

83 Perez, L. G., Arredondo, E. M., Mckenzie, T. L., Holguin, M., Elder, J. P., & Ayala, G. X. - Neighbourhood Social Cohesion and Depressive Symptoms among Latinos: Does Use of Community Resources for Physical Activity Matter? Journal of Physical Activity and Health (2015)

84 Wyles, K. J., Pahl, S., Thomas, K., & Thompson, R. C. - Factors That Can Undermine the Psychological Benefits of Coastal Environments. Environment and Behaviour (2016)

85 Journal of Litter and Environmental Quality - Beacons of litter: A social experiment to understand how the presence of certain littered items influences rates of littering (2017)

86 Reagan, R., Converse, J., Sams, E., Hudgens, E., Dufour, A., Ryu, H., Santo-Domingo, J., Kelty, C., Shanks, O., Siefring, S., Haugland, R. and Wade, T. - “Dramatic improvements in beach water quality following gull removal”, Environmental Science and Technology, 46(18): 10,206–10,213 (2012)

87 S. Hann, C. Sherrington, O. Jamieson, M. Hickman, P. Kershaw, A. Bapasola, G. Cole, Investigating Options for Reducing Releases in the Aquatic Environment of Microplastics Emitted by (but Not Intentionally Added in) Products, Eunomia (2018)

88 Journal of Litter and Environmental Quality - Beacons of litter: A social experiment to understand how the presence of certain littered items influences rates of littering (2017)

89 Acorn Analytical Services - Asbestos fly tipping and the threat to public health (undated)

90 Glasgow Times - Asbestos-ridden flytipping dump used by Glasgow gangs is cleared (2021)

91 South Lanarkshire Review - Reckless fly tipping could have led to serious accident (2021)

92 Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs - Fly-tipping statistics for England, 2019/20 (2021)

93 Scottish Government - Mental health and depression (2020)

94 World Health Organisation Microplastics in drinking-water (2019)

95 This action would build on work that is already being carried out by SEPA to target individuals looking to dispose of household waste and businesses offering waste collections.

96 https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/litter-flytipping/impacts

97 Scottish Government. Scotland’s National Marine Plan (2015)

98 SEPA - The river basin management plan for the Scotland river basin district: 2015–2027.

99 Scottish Government - Water services - charging principles: 2021 to 2027 and Scottish Water: directions 2020 (2020)

100 UNEP - Marine Litter and Plastic Pollution (undated)

101 UNEP - Marine Litter and Plastic Pollution (undated)

102 Scottish Environment Protection Agency - Bathing Waters (2018)

103 Scottish Government - Seafloor litter (2020)

104 Scottish Government - Seafloor litter (2020)

105 Scottish Government - Microplastics in surface water (2020)

106 Marine Conservation Society - Great British Beach Clean Report 2015 (2017)

107 Marine Conservation Society, (2020). Great British Beach Clean 2020 results (2020)

108 Scottish Government - Marine Litter Issues, Impacts and Actions (2011)

109 Marine Conservation Society- Save Scottish Seas (2020)

110 Keep Scotland Beautiful - UpstreamBattle® (2021)

111 The Countryside Charity - Litter Law England and Wales (2020)

112 SEPA. Watercourses in the Community - A guide to sustainable watercourse management in the urban environment (2000)

113 This action would build on work that is already being carried out by SEPA to target individuals looking to dispose of household waste and businesses offering waste collections.

114 Zero Waste Scotland - Evidence Review of Flytipping Behaviour (2017)

115 Zero Waste Scotland (2015) The Carbon Impacts of the Circular Economy Technical Report

116 Scottish Government - Policy Note: The Deposit And Return Scheme For Scotland Regulations 2020 (2020)

117 Zero Waste Scotland - The Carbon Impacts of the Circular Economy (2015)

118 Scottish Government - Scottish Greenhouse Gas statistics: 1990-2019 (2021).

119 Zero Waste Scotland - Scotland's Litter Problem: Quantifying the scale and cost of litter and flytipping (2013)

120 Zero Waste Scotland - Carbon Factors Overview 2018, ZWS Carbon Metric Factors 2011-2018 V01.00.xlsx. (2018)

121 Zero Waste Scotland - Carbon Factors Overview 2018, ZWS Carbon Metric Factors 2011-2018 V01.00.xlsx. (2018)

122 Zero Waste Scotland – based on flytipping tonnages for 2013 reported in National Litter and Flytipping SEA Scoping Report (2021)

123 Zero Waste Scotland - Carbon Factors Overview 2018, ZWS Carbon Metric Factors 2011-2018 V01.00.xlsx. (2018)

124 Zero Waste Scotland - Carbon Factors Overview 2018, ZWS Carbon Metric Factors 2011-2018 V01.00.xlsx. (2018)

125 UK Government - UK Climate Change Risk Assessment 2017 (CCRA) (2017)

126 IPCC - Fifth Assessment Report: Climate Change (2014)

127 Zero Waste Scotland - Carbon Factors Overview 2018, ZWS Carbon Metric Factors 2011-2018 V01.00.xlsx. (2018)

128 Met Office - UKCP18 projects greater chance of hotter, drier summers and warmer, wetter winters (2018)

129 Scottish Government - The Climate Change (Emissions Reduction Targets) (Scotland) Act 2019.

130 The Scottish Government - Climate Change Plan: The Third Report on Proposals and Policies 2018 – 2013 (2018)

131 Zero Waste Scotland - Scotland's Litter Problem: Quantifying the scale and cost of litter and flytipping (2013)

132 Scottish Government - Climate Change Plan: The Third Report on Proposals and Policies 2018 – 2013 (2018)

133 Scottish Government - Draft Environmental Protection (Single-use Plastic Products and Oxo-degradable Plastic Products) (Scotland) Regulations 2021: discussion paper (2021)

134 Scottish government - A Marine Litter Strategy for Scotland (2014)

135 The Scottish Government - Litter strategy - five years on: review (2021)

136 Scottish Government - Policy Note: The Deposit And Return Scheme For Scotland Regulations 2020 (2020)

137 Zero Waste Scotland - Scotland's Litter Problem: Quantifying the scale and cost of litter and flytipping (2013)

138 Keep Scotland Beautiful - Time for a new approach to tackling litter (2020)

139 Keep Scotland Beautiful - Time for a new approach to tackling litter (2020)

140 Keep Scotland Beautiful - Local Environmental Audit and Management System (LEAMS) (2020).

141 Keep Scotland Beautiful - Time for a new approach to tackling litter (2020)

142 Keep Scotland Beautiful - Time for a new approach to tackling litter (2020)

143 Keep Scotland Beautiful - Time for a new approach to tackling litter (2020)

144 Keep Scotland Beautiful - Local Environmental Audit and Management System (LEAMS) (2020).

145 Marine Conservation Society - Great British Beach Clean 2020 results (2020)

146 Marine Conservation Society - Great British Beach Clean 2020 results (2020)

147 Marine Conservation Society - ANNUAL IMPACT REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2019–20 (2020)

148 Scottish Government - A Deposit Return Scheme for Scotland Full Business Case Stage 1 (2019)

149 Keep Scotland Beautiful - Time for a new approach to tackling litter (2020)

150 Zero Waste Scotland - Scotland's Litter Problem: Quantifying the scale and cost of litter and flytipping (2013)

151 Zero Waste Scotland - Evidence Review of Flytipping Behaviour (2017)

152 Data up to 2019 comprised of information downloaded directly from WasteDataFlow (https://www.wastedataflow.org/) combined with environmental events/flytipping data reported to SEPA. Data for 2020 is solely made up of information from WasteDataFlow

153 Zero Waste Scotland - Evidence Review of Flytipping Behaviour (2017)

154 Data provided by FlyMapper

155 Data provided by FlyMapper

156 Scottish Government - Litter strategy - five years on: review (2021)

157 Scottish Government - Update to the Climate Change Plan 2018 - 2032: Securing a Green Recovery on a Path to Net Zero (2020)

158 Scottish Government - Managing waste (undated)

159 Zero Waste Scotland - Recycle on the Go (undated)

160 Zero Waste Scotland - Litter (2016)

161 Scottish Government - Managing waste (undated)

162 Scottish Government - Managing waste (undated)

163 Scottish Government - Managing waste (undated)

164 Scottish Government - Litter strategy - five years on: review (2021)

165 Scottish Government - Fly-tipping, reports and prosecutions recorded by year and local authority: FOI release (2019)

166 Scottish Public Health Network - An Overview of Local Authority Powers Relating to Public Health (2019)

167 Scottish Public Health Network - An Overview of Local Authority Powers Relating to Public Health (2019)

168 Keep Scotland Beautiful - Time for a new approach to tackling litter (2020)

169 Keep Scotland Beautiful - Time for a new approach to tackling litter (2020)

170 This action would build on work that is already being carried out by SEPA to target individuals looking to dispose of household waste and businesses offering waste collections.

171 The Scottish Environment Protection Agency (2011) The Scottish Strategic Environmental Assessment Review.

172 Scottish Government - Litter strategy - five years on: review (2021)

173 Keep Scotland Beautiful - Time for a new approach to tackling litter (2020)

174 Keep Scotland Beautiful - Time for a new approach to tackling litter (2020)

175 https://www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/media/1566897/leq-2020-report-final-041220.pdf

176 This action would build on work that is already being carried out by SEPA to target individuals looking to dispose of household waste and businesses offering waste collections.

177 National Fly-tipping Prevention Group - Fly-tipping responsibilities guide (undated) and Harborough District Council - Successful fly-tipping campaign up for national award (2020)

178 BBC News - Who owns Scotland? The changing face of Scotland's landowners (2019)

179 Zero Waste Scotland - Evidence Review of Flytipping Behaviour (2017)

180 https://kenniswijzerzwerfafval.nl/sites/default/files/KplusV%20-%20i.o.v.%20MWE%20-%20Inventory%20of%20costs%2C%20amounts%20and%20assessments.pdf

181 https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/DumbDumpers

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