Footnotes
1. It should be noted that these have not been evaluated.
2. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/21/fewer-young-adults-sticking-uk-lockdown-rules-study-coronavirus
3. As recently seen in Northern Ireland
4. Rising to the policing challenge of COVID-19: Looking beyond the crisis - https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/industries/government-public-services/public-sector-research-centre/policing-challenge-of-covid-19.html
5. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/jill-dando-institute/sites/jill-dando-institute/files/policing-the-lockdown.pdf
6. Although evidence from a range of reliable sources will be required to corroborate this.
7. Comment provided by Susan Kemp, Independent Advisory Group
8. In this paper 'Minority Ethnic communities' is used instead of 'BME' or 'BAME' to include all racial and ethnic groups protected under the Equality Act 2010. We acknowledge there is some debate around the terminology used.
9. And replaced it with a requirement to have a 'reasonable excuse' to stay overnight somewhere other than your home.
10. The body responsible for professional standards in English and Welsh policing
11. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ministry-of-defence-police-covid-19-response
12. https://policinginsight.com/features/opinion/trickiest-issues-isle-of-man-police-chief-shares-the-lessons-from-policing-the-easing-of-lockdown-restrictions/
13. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8875/
14. Correspondence with Dr Peter Neyroud
15. https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/news-analysis/coronavirus-uk-lockdown-easing-rules-police-a9543246.html
16. The Telegraph, 27 April 2020, 'Police warn lockdown rules becoming unenforceable as people start returning to work
17. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/05/08/police-warn-increased-community-tension-lockdown-mixed-messages/
18. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8875/
19. The latest regulations do not give police the authority to remove people who are contravening the requirement to stay overnight in their home from where they are staying. They cannot use force to break up a prohibited gathering taking place in private. However, they can still issue directions to people breaking both rules which it would be an offence to disobey. They can also use force, when necessary, to break up prohibited public gatherings and return those in them to their homes - https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8875/
20. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-52618005
21. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/05/08/police-warn-increased-community-tension-lockdown-mixed-messages/
22. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/05/08/police-warn-increased-community-tension-lockdown-mixed-messages/
23. https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/coronavirus-uk-ppe-shortages-police-policing-covid-19-postcode-lottery-a9519816.html
24. https://www.itv.com/news/2020-05-07/he-spat-at-me-and-said-have-some-of-my-corona-policing-britain-during-the-coronavirus-lockdown/
25. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/jill-dando-institute/sites/jill-dando-institute/files/policing-the-lockdown.pdf
26. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/jun/09/katy-bourne-police-crime-commissioner-solidarity-protesting-racism-black-lives-matter
27. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jun/09/neville-lawrence-black-people-still-second-class-citizens-in-britain
28. https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/jun/09/police-must-view-legitimate-anger-with-care-we-need-to-listen-to-our-communities
29. https://www.college.police.uk/What-we-do/COVID-19/understanding-the-law/Documents/Health-Protection-Regulations-Amendments-England-changes-130520.pdf
30. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/may/10/doctors-warn-of-second-coronavirus-wave-as-uk-lockdown-weakens#maincontent
31. https://www.polfed.org/hants/advice-guidance/coronavirus/
32. https://www.polfed.org/news-media/latest-news/2020/lockdown-law-guidelines-for-officers-launched/
33. https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/coronavirus-uk-ppe-shortages-police-policing-covid-19-postcode-lottery-a9519816.html
34. https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/coronavirus-uk-ppe-shortages-police-policing-covid-19-postcode-lottery-a9519816.html
35. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-52772337
36. https://www.itv.com/news/2020-05-07/he-spat-at-me-and-said-have-some-of-my-corona-policing-britain-during-the-coronavirus-lockdown/
37. https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/coronavirus-uk-ppe-shortages-police-policing-covid-19-postcode-lottery-a9519816.html
38. Although caution is urged when comparing one month's data from one force - recording will have been carried out much more carefully this year.
39. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/jun/09/katy-bourne-police-crime-commissioner-solidarity-protesting-racism-black-lives-matter
40. https://oscarkilo.org.uk/
41. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/05/08/police-warn-increased-community-tension-lockdown-mixed-messages/
42. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/covid19/2020/05/01/what-makes-britons-trust-police-to-enforce-the-lockdown-fairly/#comments
43. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/lockdown-compliance-may/
44. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/05/08/police-warn-increased-community-tension-lockdown-mixed-messages/
45. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/may/16/uk-police-fear-explosion-of-violent-as-lockdown-eases
46. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/lockdown-might-easing-cant-relax-grip-domestic-abuse/
47. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/jill-dando-institute/sites/jill-dando-institute/files/policing_lockdown_domestic_abuse_and_vulnerability.pdf
48. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/jill-dando-institute/sites/jill-dando-institute/files/policing_lockdown_domestic_abuse_and_vulnerability.pdf
49. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/lockdown-might-easing-cant-relax-grip-domestic-abuse/
50. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/jill-dando-institute/sites/jill-dando-institute/files/policing_lockdown_domestic_abuse_and_vulnerability.pdf
51. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/lockdown-might-easing-cant-relax-grip-domestic-abuse/
52. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/05/08/police-warn-increased-community-tension-lockdown-mixed-messages/
53. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/07/anti-racism-mass-protests-take-place-in-cities-across-the-uk
54. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/07/anti-racism-mass-protests-take-place-in-cities-across-the-uk
55. https://www.cornwalllive.com/news/cornwall-news/police-fire-warning-over-inconsiderate-4139268
56. https://www.sussex.police.uk/news/sussex/news/force-news/sussex-police-maintain-focus-on-domestic-abuse/
57. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/jun/09/katy-bourne-police-crime-commissioner-solidarity-protesting-racism-black-lives-matter
58. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-52650696
59. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-52650696
60. respectful, open and accountable, explaining decisions and listening to people, making unbiased decisions, and conveying trustworthy motives
61. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/jill-dando-institute/sites/jill-dando-institute/files/policing-the-lockdown.pdf
62. https://oscarkilo.org.uk/blog-cleveland-police-using-a-wellbeing-van-during-the-covid-19-crisis/
63. https://policinginsight.com/features/opinion/trickiest-issues-isle-of-man-police-chief-shares-the-lessons-from-policing-the-easing-of-lockdown-restrictions/
64. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/jill-dando-institute/sites/jill-dando-institute/files/policing_lockdown_domestic_abuse_and_vulnerability.pdf
65. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/jill-dando-institute/sites/jill-dando-institute/files/policing_lockdown_domestic_abuse_and_vulnerability.pdf
66. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/industries/government-public-services/public-sector-research-centre/policing-challenge-of-covid-19.html
67. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/industries/government-public-services/public-sector-research-centre/policing-challenge-of-covid-19.html
68. https://bscpolicingnetwork.com/2020/04/29/the-rise-of-technologically-mediated-police-contact-the-potential-consequences-of-socially-distanced-policing/
69. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/may/16/uk-police-fear-explosion-of-violent-as-lockdown-eases
70. https://post.parliament.uk/horizon-scanning/crime-justice-policing-and-covid-19-what-are-experts-concerned-about/
71. https://post.parliament.uk/horizon-scanning/crime-justice-policing-and-covid-19-what-are-experts-concerned-about/
72. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/coronavirus-fine-police-uk-postcode-lottery-lockdown-latest-a9519251.html
73. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8875/
74. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/coronavirus-fine-police-uk-postcode-lottery-lockdown-latest-a9519251.html
75. https://post.parliament.uk/horizon-scanning/crime-justice-policing-and-covid-19-what-are-experts-concerned-about/
76. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8875/
77. Making it difficult to accurately assess the proportion of FPNs issued by ethnicity
78. from when the law came into force on 27 March to 14 May and prior to the latest easing of lockdown rules
79. http://news.met.police.uk/news/metropolitan-police-release-detailed-analysis-of-covid-19-related-enforcement-403705
80. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/police-fine-arrest-black-people-coronavirus-lockdown-london-a9546181.html
81. http://news.met.police.uk/news/metropolitan-police-release-detailed-analysis-of-covid-19-related-enforcement-403705
82. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/coronavirus-police-powers-race-human-rights-a9539651.html
83. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/coronavirus-fine-police-uk-postcode-lottery-lockdown-latest-a9519251.html
84. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/coronavirus-fine-police-uk-postcode-lottery-lockdown-latest-a9519251.html
85. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/05/08/police-warn-increased-community-tension-lockdown-mixed-messages/
86. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8875/
87. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/coronavirus-fine-police-uk-postcode-lottery-lockdown-latest-a9519251.html
88. https://post.parliament.uk/horizon-scanning/crime-justice-policing-and-covid-19-what-are-experts-concerned-about/
89. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/coronavirus-mental-health-crime-unemployment-lockdown-end-police-a9471316.html
90. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/four-nation-exit-strategy-coronavirus.pdf
91. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-52925516
92. https://www.bihr.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=5d1e441f-43b3-469e-b5d8-f520e72aaa09
93. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-52962266
94. https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/northern-ireland-domestic-violence-all-time-high-funding-urgently-needed-frontline
95. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-52963039
96. https://www.psni.police.uk/news/Latest-News/060620-planned-protests-in-belfast-and-derrylondonderry-have-ended/
97. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-52963039
98. https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/northern-ireland-fines-imposed-peaceful-black-lives-matter-protestors-deeply
99. https://caj.org.uk/2020/06/16/amnesty-and-caj-raise-concerns-over-laws-restricting-protest-ahead-of-assembly-debate/
100. https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/police-ombudsman-to-probe-difference-in-psni-approach-to-black-lives-matter-rallies-and-belfast-cenotaph-protest-39293099.html
101. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-52861828
102. https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/health/coronavirus/coronavirus-call-for-travel-restrictions-to-halt-scenes-like-this-as-young-people-in-northern-ireland-urged-act-responsibly-during-lockdown-39255476.html
103. Comments by Dr John Topping
104. https://www.psni.police.uk/news/Latest-News/080620-children-at-increased-risk-of-sexual-abuse-during-lockdown---warning-from-police-and-charity/
105. https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/belfast-news/covid-19-shop-workers-having-18221283
106. https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/human-rights-review-launched-into-police-response-to-covid-19-pandemic-in-northern-ireland-39213275.html
107. https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/police-chiefs-in-ni-and-republic-approve-review-into-pandemic-policing-39193132.html
108. Comment by John Topping
109. Advised that indoor visits last no longer than one hour.
110. Emergency regulations introduced in March afforded Gardaí the power to arrest and charge anyone breaching previous movement restrictions
111. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/covid-19-garda%C3%AD-lose-enforcement-powers-over-movement-restrictions-1.4273899
112. https://www.policingauthority.ie/assets/uploads/documents/Policing_Performance_by_the_Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na_in_relation_to_Covid-19_Regulations_20200604.pdf
113. https://www.policingauthority.ie/assets/uploads/documents/Policing_Performance_by_the_Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na_in_relation_to_Covid-19_Regulations_20200604.pdf
114. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/protesters-gather-outside-us-embassy-in-dublin-over-george-floyd-death-1.4272826
115. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/why-is-there-a-criminal-investigation-into-the-black-lives-matter-dublin-protest-1.4270112
116. https://www.gov.ie/en/news/7e0924-latest-updates-on-covid-19-coronavirus/#latest-regulations
117. https://www.policingauthority.ie/assets/uploads/documents/Policing_Performance_by_the_Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na_in_relation_to_Covid-19_Regulations_20200604.pdf
118. https://www.policingauthority.ie/assets/uploads/documents/Report_on_the_Policing_Performance_by_the_Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na_in_relation_to_Covid-19_regulations_20_May_2020.pdf
119. https://www.policingauthority.ie/assets/uploads/documents/Policing_Performance_by_the_Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na_in_relation_to_Covid-19_Regulations_20200604.pdf
120. https://www.gov.ie/en/campaigns/065724-policing-reform/#:~:text=The%20Commission%20on%20the%20Future,policing%2C%20security%20and%20community%20safety.&text=This%20four%2Dyear%20plan%20is%20ambitious%2C%20but%20realistic.
121. http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/Report_on_Policing_Performance_by_the_Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na_in_relation_to_COVID-19_Regulations_(8_May_2020).pdf/Files/Report_on_Policing_Performance_by_the_Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na_in_relation_to_COVID-19_Regulations_(8_May_2020).pdf
122. https://www.iccl.ie/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/ICCL-letter-to-Garda-Commissioner-re-spit-hoods.pdf
123. https://www.garda.ie/en/about-us/our-departments/office-of-corporate-communications/press-releases/2020/june/an-garda-siochana-continues-to-observe-public-co-operation-with-covid-19-regulations.html
124. https://www.policingauthority.ie/assets/uploads/documents/Policing_Performance_by_the_Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na_in_relation_to_Covid-19_Regulations_20200604.pdf
125. https://www.policingauthority.ie/assets/uploads/documents/Policing_Performance_by_the_Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na_in_relation_to_Covid-19_Regulations_20200604.pdf
126. https://www.policingauthority.ie/assets/uploads/documents/Policing_Performance_by_the_Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na_in_relation_to_Covid-19_Regulations_20200604.pdf
127. https://www.government.nl/topics/coronavirus-covid-19/tackling-new-coronavirus-in-the-netherlands
128. https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/netherlands-report-covid-19-april-2020_en.pdf
129. https://blog.petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2020/05/26/netherlands-global-responses-covid19/
130. https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-netherlands/dutch-to-begin-easing-lockdown-measures-next-week-government-says-idUKKBN22I2PL
131. https://www.government.nl/topics/coronavirus-covid-19/tackling-new-coronavirus-in-the-netherlands/faqs-about-approach-to-tackling-coronavirus
132. https://blog.petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2020/05/26/netherlands-global-responses-covid19/
133. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3598215
134. https://nltimes.nl/2020/04/07/police-issue-1400-fines-violating-covid-19-rules-date
135. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3598215
136. https://news.trust.org/item/20200603164356-lvhiw
137. https://nltimes.nl/2020/03/19/police-impressed-dutch-sticking-coronavirus-rules-prepared-enforce-lock
138. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3598215
139. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3598215
140. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3598215
141. https://dutchreview.com/coronavirus/coronavirus-fines-will-appear-on-adults-criminal-records-is-that-fair/
142. https://blog.petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2020/05/26/netherlands-global-responses-covid19/
143. https://www.gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr/Zooms/Deconfinement-phase-2
144. https://www.gouvernement.fr/en/coronavirus-covid-19
145. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/may/09/france-hollande-french-president-app-anti-domestic-violence
146. https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/limite-de-100-km-200-000-controles-effectues-en-france-950-amendes-distribuees-19-05-2020-8319693.php
147. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/12/france-bans-drinking-by-the-seine-following-coronavirus-lockdown-ease
148. https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/entry/paris-invalides-deconfinement-coronavirus_fr_5ec58339c5b60a1fa4e45b2c
149. https://www.connexionfrance.com/French-news/French-police-crackdown-on-crowds-at-beaches-and-parks-after-lack-of-physical-distancing-in-deconfinement
150. https://www.thelocal.fr/20200519/french-police-carry-out-200000-road-stops-to-check-100km-permission-forms
151. https://www.ouest-france.fr/societe/police/deconfinement-les-100-km-un-defi-pour-les-policiers-6834204
152. https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/hauts-de-france/coronavirus-lille-arras-policiers-positifs-au-covid-19-milliers-tests-vont-etre-effectues-1831158.html
153. https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/faits-divers-justice/coronavirus-8-cas-de-covid-19-a-la-gendarmerie-de-sarreguemines-1589915887
154. https://www.leparisien.fr/val-d-oise-95/roissy-plaine-de-france-denis-de-masure-chef-de-la-police-municipale-est-decede-du-covid-19-14-05-2020-8317212.php
155. http://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20200603-20-000-rally-paris-black-man-adama-traor%C3%A9-died-police-bruality-george-floyd-us-covid-19
156. https://english.elpais.com/society/2020-06-01/deescalation-gets-even-more-complex-in-town-split-between-spain-and-france.html
157. https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/entry/deconfinement-soutenir-et-non-punir-le-defi-que-relevent-les-gendarmes_fr_5eb3dd3ac5b652c564733cfd
158. https://www.gendinfo.fr/actualites/2020/operation-hygie-comment-les-gendarmes-prennent-ils-soin-de-ceux-qui-nous-soignent
159. https://www.gendinfo.fr/actualites/2020/repondre-present-pendant-la-crise
160. Similar to what in the UK is known as 'stop and search'
161. https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2020/06/04/le-defenseur-des-droits-appelle-a-une-tracabilite-des-controles-d-identite_6041728_3224.html
162. https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/24551/in-lockdown-migrants-in-france-up-against-pandemic-police-abuse
163. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-05-18/paris-police-drones-banned-from-spying-on-virus-violators
164. Similar to what in the UK is known as 'stop and search'
165. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/15/france-end-discriminatory-police-checks-and-fines
166. https://amnestyfr.cdn.prismic.io/amnestyfr/10799550-b926-4e77-b95c-12bfab03bd74_Usage+ill%C3%A9gal+de+la+force+et+pratiques+discriminatoires_+analyse+de+pratiques+polici%C3%A8res+pendant+le+confinement.pdf
167. https://no.ambafrance.org/Informations-Coronavirus-Covid-19
168. https://www.lifeinnorway.net/coronavirus-in-norway/
169. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-52853556
170. Changes in crime and policing resulting from COVID-19 'lockdowns': First takes from nine countries. Ben Bradford, Institute for Global City Policing, 13th April 2020
171. https://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/korona-tiltakene-har-gitt-rom-for-flere-lovbrudd-drastisk-okning-i-forerkortbeslag/3423963654.html
172. https://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/slar-alarm-om-gjengkrig-i-oslo-gatene-politiet-kommer-med-innrommelse/3423959789.html
173. https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidnikel/2020/06/06/norway-fears-coronavirus-return-as-anti-racism-protest-fills-oslo-streets/#35856125504c
174. https://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/debatt/i/wPaPy5/det-er-ikke-politiet-som-gir-tillatelse-til-demonstrasjoner-det-er-grunnloven-politiadvokat-kai-spurkland
175. Changes in crime and policing resulting from COVID-19 'lockdowns': First takes from nine countries. Ben Bradford, Institute for Global City Policing, 13th April 2020
176. https://www.ht.no/nyheter/2020/06/10/Politiet-advarer-bedrifter-mot-korona-utnyttelse-%E2%80%93-og-varsler-kontroller-22038568.ece
177. Comment by Randi Helene Kittang Solhjell
178. https://www.politiforum.no/artikler/koronaens-pris-store-etterspill-for-politiet/491330
179. https://pf.no/aktuelt/samfunnsansvar/bad-om-fortgang-i-yrkesskadesaken-og-faste-stillinger
180. Planned for 22 June.
181. https://uniteforrecovery.govt.nz/covid-19/covid-19-alert-system/alert-level-1/
182. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12329263
183. https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/415753/police-commissioner-on-enforcing-lockdown-i-m-confident-that-we-acted-lawfully
184. https://www.odt.co.nz/news/national/police-officers-were-uneasy-about-enforcing-lockdown
185. This power has been exercised once, to break up a party in a private house
186. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12331547
187. https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/416766/covid-19-developments-in-new-zealand-on-15-may
188. https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/sc/make-a-submission/document/52SCFE_SCF_INQ_97823/inquiry-into-the-operation-of-the-covid-19-public-health
189. The Act is in force for renewable periods of 90 days and expires after two years.
190. Epidemic Response Committee, 30 April 2020
191. Epidemic Response Committee, 30 April 2020
192. Epidemic Response Committee, 30 April 2020
193. https://theconversation.com/are-new-zealands-new-covid-19-laws-and-powers-really-a-step-towards-a-police-state-138114
194. https://www.police.govt.nz/news/release/no-parties-%E2%80%93-no-excuses?ref=/news&search=level%203&cmin=&cmax=
195. https://www.police.govt.nz/about-us/publications-statistics/data-and-statistics/policedatanz
196. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/11/new-zealand-domestic-violence-services-to-get-200m-as-lockdown-takes-toll
197. https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/415553/domestic-violence-calls-to-police-increase-in-lockdown
198. Family harm non-crime: 6,679 Level 3, 10,426 Level 4. Family harm crime: 190 Level 3, 332 Level 4. https://www.police.govt.nz/about-us/publications-statistics/data-and-statistics/policedatanz
199. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/18/new-zealand-braces-for-spike-in-child-abuse-reports-as-covid-19-lockdown-eases
200. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12336737
201. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12336356&ref=art_readmore
202. Opinion of Robert Mark Evans OBE
203. Epidemic Response Committee, 2 April 2020
204. Epidemic Response Committee, 30 April 2020
205. https://www.hrc.co.nz/files/6615/8819/4763/Human_Rights_and_Te_Tiriti_o_Waitangi-_COVID-19_and_Alert_Level_4_FINAL.pdf
206. Epidemic Response Committee, 30 April 2020
207. https://www.police.govt.nz/about-us/publications-statistics/data-and-statistics/policedatanz
208. Figure consists of prevention activities and pandemic response prevention.
209. https://www.police.govt.nz/news/release/police-continue-target-organised-crime-across-country-during-alert-levels-3-and-4?ref=/news/national&search=gangs&cmin=&cmax=
210. https://www.police.govt.nz/news/release/distance-and-isolation-new-zealand-police-team-wellington-paranormal?ref=/news&search=wellington&cmin=&cmax=
211. Epidemic Response Committee, 30 April 2020
212. https://www.police.govt.nz/about-us/publications-statistics/data-and-statistics/policedatanz
213. https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/new-zealands-population-reflects-growing-diversity
214. https://www.stats.govt.nz/topics/population
215. Epidemic Response Committee, 30 April 2020
216. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12329263
217. https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2020/05/todd-muller-calls-for-innovative-plan-to-reopen-new-zealand-s-borders-post-covid-19.html
218. https://policyexchange.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Policing-a-Pandemic.pdf
219. https://policyexchange.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Policing-a-Pandemic.pdf
220. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/industries/government-public-services/public-sector-research-centre/policing-challenge-of-covid-19.html
221. https://post.parliament.uk/horizon-scanning/crime-justice-policing-and-covid-19-what-are-experts-concerned-about/
222. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/industries/government-public-services/public-sector-research-centre/policing-challenge-of-covid-19.html
223. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/coronavirus-fine-police-uk-postcode-lottery-lockdown-latest-a9519251.html
224. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/industries/government-public-services/public-sector-research-centre/policing-challenge-of-covid-19.html
225. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/industries/government-public-services/public-sector-research-centre/policing-challenge-of-covid-19.html
226. https://policyexchange.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Policing-a-Pandemic.pdf
227. (currently unpublished)
228. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/jill-dando-institute/sites/jill-dando-institute/files/policing_lockdown_domestic_abuse_and_vulnerability.pdf
229. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/coronavirus-domestic-abuse-lockdown-refuge-a9543011.html
230. Referrals to the Veritas Stalking Advocacy Service in Sussex increased by 26% and the national stalking charity Paladin has seen a 40% rise in requests for support.
231. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/jun/09/katy-bourne-police-crime-commissioner-solidarity-protesting-racism-black-lives-matter
232. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m000jmtt
233. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/coronavirus-mental-health-crime-unemployment-lockdown-end-police-a9471316.html
234. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/may/07/drug-dealers-posing-joggers-nhs-staff-covid-19-lockdown
235. https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/news/cyber-experts-shine-light-on-online-scams
236. https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/news/covid-19-exploited-by-cyber-actors-advisory
237. Note that the graph does not include separate UK nations' figures
238. From: Policing the coronavirus lockdown. Brown, J. House of Commons Library Briefing Paper. Number 8875, 1 May 2020. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8875/
