Paternal perinatal mental health: evidence review

Conclusions

Mental health problems and needs during the perinatal period are recognised as a public health concern which can have a significant and lasting impact on the whole family. The perinatal period constitutes a time of heightened risk of adverse mental health for fathers, which is an important issue that remains under-researched. The perinatal period is a time of significant psychological adjustment for men, which can lead to changes in their lifestyle and identity, and relationships with partners and peers. There is an elevated risk of fathers developing symptoms associated with depression and anxiety during the perinatal period, which can have consequences for the wellbeing of fathers, as well as their ability to support their partners and bond with their children. Paternal perinatal mental health conditions can be associated with maternal perinatal depression and anxiety but are seen to have varying symptoms and experiences.

This review explored some of the key factors which influence the mental health of men during the transition to parenthood, including changes to lifestyles and relationships with partners, increased stress and lack of sleep and pervasive gender stereotypes about the role and expectations of fathers. These factors can also influence men’s abilities to reach out for support from partners, peers, family and healthcare services. There are also varying levels of awareness and ability to recognise mental health concerns amongst men, which can act as a barrier to accessing support.

There is a particular lack of research into the mental health risks during the perinatal periods for fathers who are part of different equalities groups, including a lack of evidence relating to fathers from minority ethnic backgrounds, and a lack of clear findings relating to fathers of different ages. This makes it challenging to draw conclusions about the mental health needs and required approaches to provide support. This review did not include evidence relating to fathers and partners from LGBTI groups or non-biological fathers, who may also have specific mental health needs during this period.

Research also highlights varied experiences with accessing mental health support through healthcare services. While some positive experiences are reported, research highlights that healthcare services are not always inclusive of fathers’ mental health needs, and there may be a lack of information available. Healthcare staff report lack of training, awareness and confidence to provide required support. There is some evidence of potential approaches which may be valuable to men during the perinatal period, such as more standardised screening of fathers for mental health conditions, as well as father-inclusive peer and professional support and training and increased informational services.