Publication - Statistics

Pesticide Usage in Scotland: Outdoor Vegetable Crops 2017

Published: 3 October 2018
Topic: Farming and rural
ISBN: 9781787812338

This publication presents information from a survey of pesticide use on outdoor vegetable crops grown in Scotland during 2017.

Supporting documents

Appendix 1 – Estimated application tables

Table 1 Percentage of each crop treated with pesticides and mean number of spray applications - 2017

Crop	Fungicides		Herbicides		Insecticides		Molluscicide		Sulphur		Physical control		Any pesticide exc. STs		Seed treatments	Any pesticideinc. STs
	%	spray apps	%	spray apps	%	spray apps	%	spray apps	%	spray apps	%	spray apps	%	spray apps	%	%
Vining peas	70	1.0	96	1.4	75	1.1	0	0.0	18	1.0	0	0.0	98	2.3	100	100
Broad beans	99	2.7	90	1.4	90	2.1	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	99	4.3	99	99
Cabbage	81	3.3	89	1.9	0	0.0	81	1.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	89	5.9	0	89
Calabrese	92	2.6	92	2.0	92	1.7	12	3.0	41	1.0	0	0.0	94	6.0	<0.5	94
Other brassicas	88	5.7	88	2.6	97	4.3	76	6.3	5	2.0	0	0.0	97	12.6	<0.5	97
Carrots	76	6.4	76	3.1	76	3.6	0	0.0	0	0.0	8	1.0	76	10.1	63	76
Turnips & swedes	85	1.7	99	2.0	83	2.0	36	1.3	0	0.0	0	0.0	99	4.1	96	99
Other vegetable crops	57	3.2	60	2.4	37	2.9	16	1.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	60	5.9	26	60
All vegetable crops	79	3.0	90	1.9	79	2.2	13	4.2	12	1.0	2	1.0	92	5.4	70	93

Note: STs = seed treatments

The average number of spray applications is calculated only on the areas receiving each pesticide group and therefore the minimum number of applications is always one (see appendix 3 – definitions and notes for details)

Table 2 Peas and beans seed treatment formulations - 2017

Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Seed treatment	Broad beans		Vining peas		Total 2017	Total 2017	2015	2015
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Cymoxanil/fludioxonil/metalaxyl-M	0	0	7,807	100	7,807	917	7,790	838
Thiram	1,767	99	0	0	1,767	250	1,469	217
All seed treatments	1,767	99	7,807	100	9,574	1,167	9,259	1,055
No seed treatment	12	1	0	0	12	N/A	7	N/A
Area grown	1,779		7,807		9,586		8,504

N/A = not applicable

Table 3 Peas and beans insecticide formulations - 2017

Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Insecticides	Broad beans		Vining peas		Total 2017	Total 2017	2015 ⁽¹⁾	2015 ⁽¹⁾
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Deltamethrin	524	29	0	0	524	4	0	0
Lambda-cyhalothrin	2,171	61	767	10	2,938	22	2,937	18
Pirimicarb	623	35	5,516	71	6,139	801	8,765	1,052
All insecticides	3,318	90	6,284	75	9,601	827	12,464	1,082
Area grown	1,779		7,807		9,586		8,504

(1) For full list of formulations recorded in 2015 please refer to the 2015 report ⁽³⁾

Table 4 Peas and beans fungicide and sulphur formulations - 2017

Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Fungicides	Broad beans		Vining peas		Total 2017	Total 2017	2015	2015
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Azoxystrobin	1,271	58	2,764	35	4,034	873	4,578	791
Boscalid/pyraclostrobin	1,601	90	2,687	34	4,288	1,173	4,602	1,228
Chlorothalonil/metalaxyl-M	1,252	70	0	0	1,252	1,204	2,176	1,930
Cyprodinil/fludioxonil	1,193	61	146	2	1,339	753	1,956	1,093
Tebuconazole	2,007	70	0	0	2,007	320	3,399	476
All fungicides	7,323	99	5,597	70	12,920	4,324	16,711	5,518
Sulphur	0	0	1,432	18	1,432	5,727	1,069	4,277
Area grown	1,779		7,807		9,586		8,504

Table 5 Peas and beans herbicide formulations - 2017

Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Herbicides	Broad beans		Vining peas		Total 2017	Total 2017	2015	2015
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Bentazone	292	16	1,300	17	1,593	1,111	2,389	1,650
Clomazone/linuron	0	0	859	11	859	507	729	430
Glyphosate	406	23	795	10	1,202	997	1,702	1,418
Imazamox/pendimethalin	1,601	90	6,114	78	7,715	7,187	7,768	7,069
MCPB	0	0	1,384	18	1,384	2,425	0	0
All herbicides	2,299	90	10,452	96	12,751	12,226	12,589	11,757
Area grown	1,779		7,807		9,586		8,504

Table 6 Leaf brassica seed treatment formulations - 2017

Area (ha), weight (kg), percentage of crop treated and percentage of crop grown from transplants

Seed treatments	Cabbages		Calabrese		Other brassicas ⁽¹⁾		Total 2017	Total 2017	2015	2015
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Iprodione	0	0	1	<0.5	2	<0.5	3	<0.5	79	<0.5
Metalaxyl-M	0	0	1	<0.5	2	<0.5	3	<0.5	79	<0.5
Thiram	0	0	1	<0.5	2	<0.5	3	<0.5	79	<0.5
All seed treatments	0	0	2	<0.5	6	<0.5	8	<0.5	236	<0.5
No seed treatment	12	4	0	0	12	<1	23	N/A	13	N/A
Crop grown from transplant	301	96	1,995	>99	1,782	>99	4,078	N/A	2,934	N/A
Area grown	313		1,995		1,796		4,104		3,025

(1) Other brassicas include broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower and kale

N/A = not applicable

Table 7 Leaf brassica insecticide and molluscicide formulations - 2017

Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Insecticides	Cabbages		Calabrese		Other brassicas ⁽¹⁾		Total 2017	Total 2017	2015 ⁽²⁾	2015 ⁽²⁾
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Deltamethrin	0	0	0	0	2,136	60	2,136	16	1,589	12
Indoxacarb	0	0	1,335	67	2,508	82	3,843	98	2,331	60
Lambda-cyhalothrin	0	0	2,467	90	3,850	82	6,317	34	5,518	33
Pymetrozine	0	0	0	0	1,982	52	1,982	396	692	138
Spinosad	0	0	36	2	0	0	36	3	0	0
Spirotetramat	0	0	0	0	2,084	64	2,084	156	1,265	95
Thiacloprid	0	0	461	12	1,278	61	1,739	167	1,087	104
All insecticides	0	0	4,299	92	13,839	97	18,137	871	14,560	840
Molluscicides
Ferric phosphate	0	0	0	0	4,837	58	4,837	738	1,936	332
Metaldehyde	254	81	691	12	3,817	76	4,762	765	3,403	501
All molluscicides	254	81	691	12	8,654	76	9,599	1,504	5,742	893
Area grown	313		1,995		1,796		4,104		3,025

(1) Other brassicas include broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower and kale

(2) For full list of formulations recorded in 2015 please refer to the 2015 report ⁽³⁾

Table 8 Leaf brassica fungicide and sulphur formulations - 2017

Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Fungicides	Cabbages		Calabrese		Other brassicas ⁽¹⁾		Total 2017	Total 2017	2015	2015
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Azoxystrobin	508	81	1,809	91	776	28	3,093	742	1,559	390
Azoxystrobin/difenoconazole	0	0	0	0	927	52	927	301	714	232
Boscalid/pyraclostrobin	341	55	1,207	61	1,159	57	2,708	861	1,221	385
Chlorothalonil/metalaxyl-M	0	0	0	0	799	44	799	429	21	17
Copper oxychloride	0	0	2,279	61	698	30	2,976	1,466	5,258	1,980
Difenoconazole	0	0	0	0	927	52	927	70	464	35
Fluopicolide/propamocarb hydrochloride	0	0	230	12	59	3	290	318	376	414
Iprodione	0	0	0	0	1,588	44	1,588	715	822	389
Mancozeb/metalaxyl-M	171	55	0	0	0	0	171	174	0	0
Prothioconazole	0	0	0	0	2,757	58	2,757	529	1,356	260
Tebuconazole/trifloxystrobin	0	0	0	0	1,967	58	1,967	531	1,985	562
All fungicides	1,020	81	5,526	92	11,656	88	18,202	6,136	13,776	4,664
Sulphur	0	0	812	41	185	5	997	1,448	1,276	1,215
Area grown	313		1,995		1,796		4,104		3,025

(1) Other brassicas include broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower and kale

Table 9 Leaf brassica herbicide formulations - 2017

Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Herbicides	Cabbages		Calabrese		Other brassicas ⁽¹⁾		Total 2017	Total 2017	2015 ⁽²⁾	2015 ⁽²⁾
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Clomazone	254	81	1	<0.5	1,044	58	1,300	93	1,035	62
Cycloxydim	0	0	0	0	799	44	799	160	0	0
Dimethenamid-P/pendimethalin	0	0	0	0	111	6	111	205	0	0
Glyphosate	254	81	1,822	80	365	20	2,441	2,828	2,497	2,446
Metazachlor	278	89	1,838	92	1,822	88	3,937	2,906	2,504	1,832
Pendimethalin	254	81	490	25	1,170	65	1,914	2,146	1,526	1,791
All herbicides	1,040	89	4,151	92	5,310	88	10,501	8,338	7,938	6,170
Area grown	313		1,995		1,796		4,104		3,025

(1) Other brassicas include broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower and kale

(2) For full list of formulations recorded in 2015 please refer to the 2015 report ⁽³⁾

Table 10 Vegetables (excluding legumes and leaf brassicas) seed treatment formulations – 2017

Area (ha), weight (kg), percentage of crop treated and percentage of crop grown from transplants

Seed treatments	Carrots		Turnips & swedes		Other vegetable crops ⁽¹⁾		Total 2017	Total 2017	2015 ⁽²⁾	2015 ⁽²⁾
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Cymoxanil/fludioxonil/metalaxyl-M	2,394	63	0	0	0	0	2,394	7	2,745	6
Tefluthrin	1,755	46	0	0	3	1	1,758	106	1,474	72
Thiamethoxam	0	0	361	25	0	0	361	10	724	66
Thiram	0	0	1,340	93	117	26	1,457	3	1,356	4
All seed treatments	4,149	63	1,701	96	120	26	5,970	126	6,878	148
Crops grown from transplant	0	0	0	0	195	43	195	N/A	141	N/A
No seed treatment	902	24	35	2	67	15	1,004	N/A	252	N/A
No information seed treatment ⁽³⁾	489	13	20	1	0	0	509	N/A	0	N/A
Area grown	3,785		1,434		451		5,669

(1) In 2017 other vegetable crops included beetroot, leeks, lettuce, parsnips, podded peas, pumpkin, rhubarb, sweetcorn and squash

(2) For full list of formulations recorded in 2015 please refer to the 2015 report ⁽³⁾

(3) No information seed treatment refers to occasions where the grower was unable to confirm whether the seed had received a treatment

N/A = not applicable

Table 11 Vegetables (excluding legumes & leaf brassicas) insecticide, molluscicide and physical control formulations

Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Insecticides/nematicides	Carrots		Turnips & swedes		Other vegetable crops ⁽¹⁾		Total 2017	Total 2017	2015 ⁽²⁾	2015 ⁽²⁾
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Deltamethrin	696	18	1,261	62	262	35	2,219	9	3,498	24
Indoxacarb	0	0	0	0	55	12	55	1	0	0
Lambda-cyhalothrin	7,417	76	1,016	21	177	23	8,609	94	10,166	115
Oxamyl	862	23	0	0	0	0	862	1,600	1,001	1,764
Pirimicarb	409	11	36	3	0	0	446	65	2,148	344
Pymetrozine	0	0	300	21	0	0	300	45	295	44
Spirotetramat	0	0	264	18	0	0	264	12	0	0
Thiacloprid	965	22	264	18	0	0	1,228	118	240	23
All insecticides/nematicides	10,349	76	3,141	83	494	37	13,984	1,943	17,445	2,317
Molluscicides
Ferric phosphate	0	0	159	11	0	0	159	33	0	0
Metaldehyde	0	0	679	36	74	16	753	118	847	188
All molluscicides	0	0	838	36	74	16	912	150	847	188
Physical control
Garlic	314	8	0	0	0	0	314	2,117	0	0
Area grown	3,785		1,434		451		5,669		5,142

(1) In 2017 other vegetable crops included beetroot, leeks, lettuce, parsnips, podded peas, pumpkin, rhubarb, sweetcorn and squash

(2) For full list of formulations recorded in 2015 please refer to the 2015 report ⁽³⁾

Table 12 Vegetables (excluding legumes and leaf brassicas) fungicide formulations - 2017

Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Fungicides	Carrots		Turnips & swedes		Other vegetable crops ⁽¹⁾		Total 2017	Total 2017	2015 ⁽²⁾	2015 ⁽²⁾
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Azoxystrobin	0	0	1,547	85	162	25	1,709	427	3,851	874
Azoxystrobin/difenoconazole	469	12	0	0	137	15	606	197	2,083	608
Boscalid/pyraclostrobin	2,810	74	525	24	131	29	3,465	1,147	3,705	1,253
Cyprodinil/fludioxonil	2,024	53	0	0	47	11	2,072	1,025	2,271	1,134
Dimethomorph/mancozeb	0	0	0	0	137	15	137	203	233	346
Epoxiconazole/pyraclostrobin	0	0	0	0	83	19	83	5	0	0
Fenpropimorph	2,682	47	0	0	0	0	2,682	2,012	3,140	1,984
Fluopicolide/propamocarb hydrochloride	0	0	0	0	13	3	13	15	0	0
Isopyrazam	4,109	62	0	0	0	0	4,109	508	0	0
Mancozeb/metalaxyl-M	0	0	0	0	72	13	72	93	60	77
Mandipropamid	0	0	0	0	77	15	77	11	81	12
Metalaxyl-M	2,136	56	0	0	0	0	2,136	1,135	2,245	1,183
Prothioconazole	3,604	52	988	30	205	15	4,798	915	6,017	1,154
Tebuconazole/trifloxystrobin	897	20	0	0	0	0	897	202	1,149	265
All fungicides	18,731	76	3,060	85	1,064	57	22,856	7,896	28,215	10,248
Area grown	3,785		1,434		451		5,669		5,142

(1) In 2017 other vegetable crops included beetroot, leeks, lettuce, parsnips, podded peas, pumpkin, rhubarb, sweetcorn and squash

(2) For full list of formulations recorded in 2015 please refer to the 2015 report ⁽³⁾

Table 13 Vegetables (excluding legumes and leaf brassicas) herbicide formulations - 2017

Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Herbicides	Carrots		Turnips & swedes		Other vegetable crops ⁽¹⁾		Total 2017	Total 2017	2015 ⁽²⁾	2015 ⁽²⁾
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Clethodim	540	14	0	0	0	0	540	95	0	0
Clomazone	2,713	72	1,403	98	0	0	4,116	252	4,039	290
Clopyralid	0	0	550	20	0	0	550	57	512	85
Cycloxydim	0	0	324	23	0	0	324	73	132	33
Dimethenamid-P/metazachlor	0	0	1,057	74	0	0	1,057	630	0	0
Dimethenamid-P/pendimethalin	0	0	0	0	68	15	68	59	125	82
Diquat	35	1	0	0	17	4	52	14	403	78
Ethofumesate	0	0	0	0	83	19	83	17	21	21
Fluazifop-P-butyl	59	2	0	0	0	0	59	15	0	0
Glyphosate	570	13	264	18	35	8	869	894	66	35
Linuron	5,966	63	0	0	135	15	6,101	1,577	8,771	2,404
Metamitron	0	0	0	0	167	19	167	161	330	692
Metazachlor	0	0	56	4	0	0	56	38	1,352	995
Metribuzin	3,101	42	0	0	0	0	3,101	471	2,623	423
Pendimethalin	3,609	76	0	0	116	26	3,725	4,965	3,718	5,113

Cont…

Table 13 Vegetables (excluding legumes and leaf brassicas) herbicide formulations continued

Area (ha), weight (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Herbicides	Carrots		Turnips & swedes		Other vegetable crops ⁽¹⁾		Total 2017	Total 2017	2015 ⁽²⁾	2015 ⁽²⁾
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	%	ha	kg	ha	kg
Phenmedipham	0	0	0	0	83	19	83	13	0	0
Propaquizafop	1,221	32	0	0	0	0	1,221	171	1,134	169
Propyzamide	0	0	0	0	74	16	74	104	81	61
Prosulfocarb	422	11	0	0	67	7	489	752	2,511	4,367
S-metolachlor	0	0	300	21	66	12	366	416	378	508
All herbicides	18,237	76	3,954	99	914	60	23,105	10,775	28,745	15,586
Area grown	3,785		1,434		451		5,669		5,142

1) In 2017 other vegetable crops included beetroot, leeks, lettuce, parsnips, podded peas, pumpkin, rhubarb, sweetcorn and squash

2) For full list of formulations recorded in 2015 please refer to the 2015 report ⁽³⁾

Table 14 Compounds encountered in the vegetable survey for the first time in 2017

Active substance	Type ⁽¹⁾	Area (ha)	Weight (kg)
Isopyrazam	F	4,109	508
Clethodim	H	540	95
Epoxiconazole	F	83	1

(1) Pesticide type = F: Fungicide and H: Herbicide

Table 15 Mode of action/chemical group of insecticide & nematicide active substances - 2017

Area (ha) and weight (kg) of active substances for all crops

Mode of Action	Active Substance	Chemical Group	IRAC Group	Total Vegetables	Total Vegetables
				ha	kg
Acetylcholinesterase ( AChE) inhibitors	Oxamyl	Carbamate	1A	862	1,600
	Pirimicarb	Carbamate	1A	6,585	866
All AChE inhibitors				7,447	2,465
Sodium channel modulators	Deltamethrin	Pyrethroid	3A	4,879	29
	Lambda-cyhalothrin	Pyrethroid	3A	17,865	150
All sodium channel modulators				22,744	178
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ( nAChR) competitive modulators	Thiacloprid	Neonicotinoid	4A	2,968	285
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ( nAChR) allosteric modulators	Spinosad	Spinosyns	5	36	3
Chordotonal organ TRPV channel modulators	Pymetrozine	Pyridine azomethine derivative	9B	2,282	441
Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers	Indoxacarb	Oxadiazine	22A	3,898	99
Inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase	Spirotetramat	Tetramic acid	23	2,347	168
All other modes of action				11,531	997
All insecticides				41,722	3,641
Area grown ⁽¹⁾				19,359

(1) includes multi-cropping

Note: Active substances have been grouped by their mode of action. Full details on mode of action classification can be found on the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee ( IRAC) webpage ⁽⁷⁾

Table 16 Mode of action/chemical group of fungicide active substances - 2017

Area (ha) and weight (kg) of active substances for all crops

Mode of Action	Active Substance	Group Name	Chemical Group	FRAC Group	Total Vegetables	Total Vegetables
					ha	kg
Amino acids & protein synthesis	Cyprodinil	Anilino-pyrimidine	Anilino-pyrimidine	9	3,411	1,067
All amino acids & protein synthesis					3,411	1,067
Cell wall biosynthesis	Dimethomorph	Carboxylic acid amide	Morpholine	40	137	21
	Mandipropamid	Carboxylic acid amide	Mandelic acid amide	40	77	11
All cell wall biosynthesis					214	32
Cytoskeleton and motor proteins	Fluopicolide	Benzamide	pyridinylmethyl-benzamide	43	303	30
All cytoskeleton and motor proteins					303	30
Lipid synthesis and membrane integrity	Propamocarb hydrochloride	Carbamate	Carbamate	28	303	303
All lipid synthesis & membrane integrity					303	303
Multi-site contact activity	Copper oxychloride	Inorganic	Inorganic	M01	2,976	1,466
	Mancozeb	Dithiocarbamate	Dithiocarbamate	M03	379	434
	Chlorothalonil	Chloronitrile	Chloronitrile	M05	2,050	1,520
All multi-site contact activity					5,406	3,420
Nucleic acid synthesis	Metalaxyl-M	Phenylamide	Acylalanines	4	4,429	1,264
All nucleic acid synthesis					4,429	1,264

Cont…

Table 16 Mode of action/chemical group of fungicide active substances continued

Area (ha) and weight (kg) of active substances for all crops

Mode of Action	Active Substance	Group Name	Chemical Group	FRAC Group	Total Vegetables	Total Vegetables
					ha	kg
Respiration	Boscalid	SDHI	pyridine-carboxamides	7	10,461	2,543
	Isopyrazam	SDHI	pyrazole-4-carboxamides	7	4,109	508
	Azoxystrobin	Qo inhibitor	Strobilurin	11	10,368	2,348
	Pyraclostrobin	Qo inhibitor	Strobilurin	11	10,545	642
	Trifloxystrobin	Qo inhibitor	Strobilurin	11	2,864	244
All respiration					38,347	6,285
Signal transduction	Iprodione	Dicarboximide	Dicarboximide	2	1,588	715
	Fludioxonil	Phenylpyrroles	Phenylpyrroles	12	3,411	711
All signal transduction					4,999	1,426
Sterol biosynthesis in membranes	Difenoconazole	Demethylation inhibitor	Triazole	3	2,459	261
	Epoxiconazole	Demethylation inhibitor	Triazole	3	83	1
	Prothioconazole	Demethylation inhibitor	Triazolinthione	3	7,554	1,444
	Tebuconazole	Demethylation inhibitor	Triazole	3	4,870	809
	Fenpropimorph	Morpholine	Morpholine	5	2,682	2,012
All sterol biosynthesis in membranes					17,650	4,528
All fungicides					75,061	18,356
Multi-site contact activity	Sulphur	Inorganic	Inorganic	M02	2,429	7,174
Area grown ⁽¹⁾					19,359

(1) Includes multi-cropping. Note: Active substances have been grouped by their mode of action. Full details on mode of action classification can be found on the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee ( FRAC) webpage ⁽⁸⁾

Table 17 Mode of action/chemical group of herbicide active substances - 2017

Area (ha) and weight (kg) of active substances for all crops

Mode of Action	Active substance	Chemical Group	HRAC Group	Total Vegetables	Total Vegetables
				ha	kg
Inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase	Clethodim	Cyclohexanedione	A	540	95
	Cycloxydim	Cyclohexanedione	A	1,123	232
	Fluazifop-P-butyl	Aryloxyphenoxy-propionate ' FOPs'	A	59	15
	Propaquizafop	Aryloxyphenoxy-propionate ' FOPs'	A	1,221	171
All Inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase				2,943	514
Inhibition of acetolactate synthase ALS	Imazamox	Imidazolinone	B	7,715	450
All inhibition of acetolactate synthase ALS				7,715	450
Inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem II	Metamitron	Triazinone	C1	167	161
	Metribuzin	Triazinone	C1	3,101	471
	Phenmedipham	Phenyl-carbamate	C1	83	13
	Linuron	Urea	C2	6,960	2,007
	Bentazone	Benzothiadiazinone	C3	1,593	1,111
All inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem II				11,904	3,763
Photosystem-I-electron diversion	Diquat	Bipyridylium	D	52	14
All photosystem-I-electron diversion				52	14
Bleaching: DOXP inhibitors	Clomazone	Isoxazolidinone	F4	6,275	423
All bleaching: DOXP inhibitors				6,275	423
Inhibition of EPSP synthase	Glyphosate	Glycine	G	4,511	4,719
All inhibition of EPSP synthase				4,511	4,719

Cont…

Table 17 Mode of action/chemical group of herbicide active substances continued

Area (ha) and weight (kg) of active substances for all crops

Mode of Action	Active substance	Chemical Group	HRAC Group	Total Vegetables	Total Vegetables
				ha	kg
Microtubule assembly inhibition	Pendimethalin	Dinitroaniline	K1	13,533	13,991
	Propyzamide	Benzamide	K1	74	104
All microtubule assembly inhibition				13,608	14,095
Inhibition of VLCFAs	Dimethenamid-P	Chloroacetamide	K3	1,236	436
	Metazachlor	Chloroacetamide	K3	5,050	3,259
	S-metolachlor	Chloroacetamide	K3	366	416
All Inhibition of VLCFAs				6,652	4,112
Inhibition of lipid synthesis	Ethofumesate	Benzofuran	N	83	17
	Prosulfocarb	Thiocarbamate	N	489	752
All inhibition of lipid synthesis				573	768
Action like indole acetic acid	Clopyralid	Pyridine carboxylic acid	O	550	57
	MCPB	Pyridine carboxylic acid	O	1,384	2,425
All action like indole acetic acid				1,934	2,483
All herbicides				56,166	31,340
Area grown ⁽¹⁾				19,359

(1) includes multi-cropping

Note: Active substances have been grouped by their mode of action. Full details on mode of action classification can be found on the Herbicide Resistance Action Committee ( HRAC) webpage ⁽⁹⁾

Table 18 Principal active substances by area treated

Area treated (ha) of the 20 most used active substances on all vegetable crops surveyed

	Active substance	Type ⁽¹⁾	2017	2015	% change
1	Lambda-cyhalothrin	I	17,865	18,622	-4
2	Metalaxyl-M	F/S	14,633	15,433	-5
3	Fludioxonil	F/S	13,612	14,762	-8
4	Pendimethalin	H	13,533	13,138	3
5	Pyraclostrobin	F	10,545	9,528	11
6	Boscalid	F	10,461	9,528	10
7	Azoxystrobin	F	10,368	12,786	-19
8	Cymoxanil	S	10,201	10,535	-3
9	Imazamox	H	7,715	7,768	-1
10	Prothioconazole	F	7,554	7,373	2
11	Linuron	H	6,960	9,500	-27
12	Pirimicarb	I	6,585	12,990	-49
13	Clomazone	H	6,275	5,804	8
14	Metaldehyde	M	5,516	4,250	30
15	Metazachlor	H	5,050	3,856	31
16	Ferric Phosphate	M	4,996	1,936	158
17	Deltamethrin	I	4,879	5,086	-4
18	Tebuconazole	F	4,870	8,694	-44
19	Glyphosate	H	4,511	4,265	6
20	Isopyrazam	F	4,109	0

Table 19 Principal active substances by weight

Weight (kg) of the 20 most used active substances on all vegetable crops surveyed

	Active substance	Type ⁽¹⁾	2017	2015	% change
1	Pendimethalin	H	13,991	13,574	3
2	Sulphur	SU	7,174	6,335	13
3	Glyphosate	H	4,719	3,900	21
4	Metazachlor	H	3,259	2,826	15
5	Boscalid	F	2,543	2,291	11
6	MCPB	H	2,425	1,190	104
7	Azoxystrobin	F	2,348	2,571	-9
8	Garlic	P	2,117	0
9	Fenpropimorph	F	2,012	1,984	1
10	Linuron	H	2,007	2,769	-28
11	Metalaxyl-M	F/S	1,762	1,778	-1
12	Oxamyl	I/N	1,600	1,764	-9
13	Chlorothalonil	F	1,520	1,812	-16
14	Copper oxychloride	F	1,466	2,047	-28
15	Prothioconazole	F	1,444	1,414	2
16	Bentazone	H	1,111	1,661	-33
17	Cyprodinil	F	1,067	1,336	-20
18	Metaldehyde	M	883	689	28
19	Pirimicarb	I	866	1,793	-52
20	Fludioxonil	F/S	854	1,020	-16

(1) Pesticide type = F: Fungicide, H: Herbicide, I: Insecticide, M: Molluscicide, N: Nematicide S: Seed treatment, SU: Sulphur

Table 20 Total vegetable crop, comparison with previous years

Pesticide usage in 2013, 2015 and 2017, area treated with formulations and active substances (a.s.) and the weight (kg) applied

2013 2015 2017

	Formulations	a.s.	Weight	Formulations	a.s.	Weight	Formulations	a.s.	Weight
	ha	ha	kg	ha	ha	kg	ha	ha	kg
Insecticides	41,273	41,273	3,992	44,468	44,468	4,240	41,722	41,722	3,641
Molluscicides	7,589	7,589	1,313	6,589	6,589	1,081	10,512	10,512	1,654
Biological agents ⁽¹⁾	154	154	N/A	0	0	0	0	0	0
Biopesticides	0	0	0	82	82	2	0	0	0
Fungicides	42,753	58,228	13,796	58,702	81,890	20,429	53,977	75,061	18,356
Sulphur	1,495	1,495	5,341	2,556	2,556	6,335	2,429	2,429	7,174
Herbicides	41,424	48,880	26,379	50,079	58,701	33,513	46,357	56,166	31,340
Growth regulators	0	0	0	104	104	500	0	0	0
Physical control	312	312	1,048	0	0	0	314	314	2,117
Seed treatments ⁽¹⁾	14,622	33,141	1,153	16,373	37,444	1,203	15,552	36,464	1,293
All pesticides	149,623	191,073	53,022	178,953	231,834	67,303	170,863	222,668	65,575
Area grown	15,968 ⁽²⁾			16,672 ⁽³⁾			19,359 ⁽⁴⁾

(1) No weights can be calculated for biological control agents and biological seed treatments

(2) Includes 66 hectares of multi-cropping

(3) No multi-cropping was encountered in 2015

(4) Includes 23 hectares of multi-cropping

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Appendix 1 – Estimated application tables

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