Pesticide usage in Scotland 2016: soft fruit crops – revised 2020

Appendix 1 – Estimated application tables

Table 1 Percentage of each crop treated with pesticides and mean number of spray applications - 2016

	All Strawberry		All Raspberry		All Blackcurrant		All other soft fruit		All soft fruit
	%	sp apps	%	sp apps	%	sp apps	%	sp apps	%	sp apps
Insecticides/acaricides	92	3.0	81	1.6	92	2.4	81	2.5	88	2.6
Molluscicides	20	1.3	<0.5	1.0	0	0.0	9	1.9	12	1.3
Biologicals(1)	43	2.7	16	1.5	0	0.0	34	2.9	30	2.6
Fungicides	94	7.2	87	4.0	87	5.3	51	3.1	86	6.0
Sulphur	18	1.9	10	1.0	68	2.0	1	2.0	23	1.8
Herbicides	52	2.2	72	1.8	91	1.6	53	1.4	62	1.9
Physical control	1	2.1	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	1	2.1
Any pesticide	96	11.3	92	6.4	99	8.1	84	5.8	94	9.3

Cont…

Table 1 Percentage of each crop treated with pesticides and mean number of spray applications - 2016 continued

	Non-protected strawberry		Protected Strawberry		Non-protected raspberry		Protected raspberry		Non-protected other soft fruit		Protected other soft fruit
	%	sp apps	%	sp apps	%	sp apps	%	sp apps	%	sp apps	%	sp apps
Insecticides/acaricides	2	1.0	99	3.0	52	1.1	>99	1.7	31	1.4	>99	2.6
Molluscicides	2	2.0	21	1.3	0	0.0	<0.5	1.0	0	0.0	12	1.9
Biologicals(1)	0	0.0	47	2.7	0	0.0	26	1.5	0	0.0	46	2.9
Fungicides	38	2.6	99	7.3	69	4.2	99	3.9	37	3.9	56	2.9
Sulphur	0	0.0	20	1.9	26	1.0	0	0.0	2	2.0	1	2.0
Herbicides	25	2.9	54	2.2	81	2.1	67	1.5	36	1.6	59	1.3
Physical control	0	0.0	1	2.1	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Any pesticide	41	4.3	>99	11.6	81	6.0	>99	6.6	41	4.9	100	6.0

Note: (1) Biologicals include biopesticides and biological control agents

The average number of spray applications is calculated only on the areas using each pesticide group and therefore the minimum number of applications is always going to be one (see appendix 3 – definitions and notes for details)

Table 2 Strawberry insecticide and acaricide formulations - 2016

Area (ha) and percentage of crop treated

Insecticides/acaricides	Non-protected strawberry		Protected Strawberry		All Strawberry		2014(1)
	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)
Abamectin	0	0	858	59	858	55	959
Chlorpyrifos	0	0	159	17	159	16	738
Clofentezine	0	0	595	35	595	32	704
Deltamethrin	0	0	165	18	165	17	188
Etoxazole	0	0	162	18	162	16	287
Fenpyroximate	0	0	2	<0.5	2	<0.5	101
Lambda-cyhalothrin	2	2	884	81	886	75	496
Pirimicarb	0	0	88	10	88	9	947
Pymetrozine	0	0	284	29	284	27	416
Pyrethrins	0	0	60	6	60	6	371
Spinosad	0	0	51	6	51	5	70
Spirodiclofen	0	0	37	4	37	4	174
Spiromesifen	0	0	5	1	5	<0.5	64
Tebufenpyrad	0	0	72	8	72	7	32
Thiacloprid	0	0	433	34	433	32	291
All insecticides	2	2	3,856	99	3,858	92	6,186
Area grown	75		920		995		972

(1) For full list of formulations recorded in 2014 please refer to the 2014 report⁽³⁾

Table 3 Strawberry biological, molluscicide and physical control formulations - 2016

Area (ha) and percentage of crop treated

Biological control agents	Non-protected Strawberry		Protected Strawberry		All Strawberry		2014(2)
	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora	0	0	113	7	113	6	53
Neoseiulus californicus	0	0	9	<0.5	9	<0.5	0
Neoseiulus cucumeris	0	0	70	3	70	3	138
Phytoseiulus persimilis	0	0	68	7	68	7	29
Steinernema kraussei	0	0	114	12	114	11	125
All biological control agents	0		374		374		379
Biopesticides
Bacillus subtilis	0	0	767	40	767	37	1,509
Beauveria bassiana ATCC - 74040	0	0	6	1	6	1	85
Beauveria bassiana GHA	0	0	7	1	7	1	0
All biopesticides	0		780		780		1,749
All biologicals(1)	0	0	1,154	47	1,154	43	2128
Molluscicides
Ferric phosphate	3	2	56	4	59	4	67
Metaldehyde	0	0	194	17	194	16	260
All molluscicides	3	2	250	21	253	20	395
Physical control
Carbonic acid diamide/urea	0	0	24	1	24	1	325
Area grown	75		920		995		972

(1) All biologicals includes biopesticides and biological control agents

(2) For full list of formulations recorded in 2014 please refer to the 2014 report⁽³⁾

Table 4 Strawberry fungicide and sulphur formulations - 2016

Area (ha) and percentage of crop treated

Fungicides	Non-protected Strawberry		Protected Strawberry		All Strawberry		2014(1)
	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)
Azoxystrobin	0	0	1,109	82	1,109	76	1,237
Boscalid/pyraclostrobin	5	7	782	64	788	59	514
Bupirimate	5	7	852	73	857	68	1,181
Chlorothalonil	16	7	0	0	16	1	36
Cyflufenamid	0	0	70	7	70	6	0
Cyprodinil/fludioxonil	2	2	1,199	95	1,201	88	1,191
Dimethomorph	0	0	104	11	104	10	178
Fenamidone/fosetyl-aluminium	5	7	150	16	155	15	91
Fenhexamid	45	38	1,182	84	1,227	81	1,593
Fenpropimorph	12	9	334	19	346	19	536
Iprodione	5	7	1,073	82	1,078	76	1,390
Kresoxim-methyl	0	0	242	21	242	20	699
Mepanipyrim	0	0	54	6	54	5	347
Meptyldinocap	0	0	250	21	250	19	392
Myclobutanil	5	7	1,603	88	1,608	82	2,201
Penconazole	0	0	177	14	177	13	40
Potassium hydrogen carbonate	0	0	217	13	217	12	1,438
Pyrimethanil	8	9	319	32	327	30	539
Quinoxyfen	0	0	768	64	768	60	731
All fungicides	109	38	10,483	99	10,593	94	15,655
Sulphur	0	0	339	20	339	18	1,307
Area grown	75		920		995		972

(1) For full list of formulations recorded in 2014 please refer to the 2014 report⁽³⁾

Table 5 Strawberry herbicide formulations - 2016

Area (ha) and percentage of crop treated

Herbicides	Non-protected Strawberry		Protected Strawberry		All Strawberry		2014(1)
	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)
Carfentrazone-ethyl	0	0	103	11	103	10	0
Clopyralid	10	7	23	3	34	3	0
Cycloxydim	5	7	0	0	5	1	1
Diquat	1	1	828	40	828	37	1,507
Glufosinate-ammonium	0	0	73	6	73	6	686
Glyphosate	0	0	85	8	85	7	56
Isoxaben	17	22	324	33	341	32	88
Lenacil	2	2	0	0	2	<0.5	43
Metamitron	5	7	23	3	29	3	60
Napropamide	17	22	383	39	400	38	163
Pendimethalin	2	2	0	0	2	<0.5	21
Phenmedipham	5	2	0	0	5	<0.5	5
Propyzamide	5	7	90	9	96	9	37
All herbicides	68	25	1,933	54	2,001	52	2,671
Area grown	75		920		995		972

(1) For full list of formulations recorded in 2014 please refer to the 2014 report⁽³⁾

Table 6 Raspberry insecticide and acaricide formulations - 2016

Area (ha) and percentage of crop treated

Insecticides/acaricides	Non-protected raspberry		Protected raspberry		All raspberry		2014(1)
	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)
Abamectin	0	0	152	73	152	44	280
Chlorpyrifos	3	2	33	16	36	11	281
Clofentezine	0	0	6	3	6	2	251
Deltamethrin	67	50	27	14	94	28	12
Lambda-cyhalothrin	3	2	28	14	31	10	32
Pyrethrins	0	0	5	2	5	1	18
Tebufenpyrad	0	0	6	3	6	2	0
Thiacloprid	3	2	113	53	116	33	94
All insecticides/acaricides	77	52	370	>99	446	81	1,184
Area grown	131		199		329		314

(1) For full list of formulations recorded in 2014 please refer to the 2014 report⁽³⁾

Table 7 Raspberry biological and molluscicide formulations - 2016

Area (ha) and percentage of crop treated

Biological control agents	Non-protected raspberry		Protected raspberry		All raspberry		2014(2)
	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)
Neoseiulus californicus	0	0	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5	0
Phytoseiulus persimilis	0	0	3	1	3	1	0
Steinernema kraussei	0	0	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5	29
All biological agents	0		3		3		45
Biopesticides
Bacillus subtilis	0	0	64	24	64	15	0
Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki	0	0	7	4	7	2	0
All biopesticides	0		72		72		8
All biologicals(1)	0	0	75	26	75	16	53
Molluscicides
Ferric phosphate	0	0	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5	0
All molluscicides	0	0	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5	12
Area grown	131		199		329		314

(1) All biologicals includes biopesticides and biological control agents

(2) For full list of formulations recorded in 2014 please refer to the 2014 report⁽³⁾

Table 8 Raspberry fungicide and sulphur formulations - 2016

Area (ha) and percentage of crop treated

Fungicides	Non-protected raspberry		Protected raspberry		All raspberry		2014(1)
	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)
Azoxystrobin	6	2	51	24	57	15	146
Boscalid/pyraclostrobin	26	19	152	77	179	54	20
Bupirimate	29	22	0	0	29	9	15
Cyprodinil/fludioxonil	78	43	158	75	236	62	195
Dimethomorph	63	48	61	31	124	38	36
Fenhexamid	161	51	189	77	351	66	320
Fenpropimorph	0	0	7	4	7	2	24
Fluazinam	0	0	33	16	33	10	6
Iprodione	40	28	69	24	109	26	15
Myclobutanil	34	26	35	18	69	21	0
Pyrimethanil	34	26	46	22	80	24	62
Tebuconazole	35	25	13	4	48	12	17
All fungicides	507	69	815	99	1,322	87	856
Sulphur	34	26	0	0	34	10
Area grown	131		199		329		314

(1) For full list of formulations recorded in 2014 please refer to the 2014 report⁽³⁾

Table 9 Raspberry herbicide formulations - 2016

Area (ha) and percentage of crop treated

Herbicides	Non-protected raspberry		Protected raspberry		All raspberry		2014(1)
	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)
Carfentrazone-ethyl	37	28	78	39	115	35	105
Diquat	122	81	79	40	201	56	128
Fluazifop-P-butyl	34	26	0	0	34	10	12
Glyphosate	0	0	15	8	15	5	29
Isoxaben	79	61	33	16	112	34	52
Lenacil	1	1	4	2	5	2	1
Napropamide	29	22	64	32	94	28	26
Pendimethalin	68	52	0	0	68	21	39
Propyzamide	44	34	32	16	76	23	3
All herbicides	414	81	305	67	719	72	434
Area grown	131		199		329		314

(1) For full list of formulations recorded in 2014 please refer to the 2014 report⁽³⁾

Table 10 Blackcurrant insecticide and acaricide formulations - 2016

Area (ha) and percentage of crop treated

Insecticides/acaricides	Blackcurrants		2014(1)
	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)
Deltamethrin	1	<0.5	0
Lambda-cyhalothrin	387	68	435
Spinosad	57	19	0
Spirotetramat	153	27	67
Thiacloprid	345	72	279
All insecticides/acaricides	943	92	1,656
Area grown	304		341

(1) For full list of formulations recorded in 2014 please refer to the 2014 report⁽³⁾

Note: no biologicals were recorded on blackcurrants

Table 11 Blackcurrant fungicide and sulphur formulations - 2016

Area (ha) and percentage of crop treated

Fungicides	Blackcurrants		2014(1)
	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)
Boscalid/pyraclostrobin	200	66	485
Chlorothalonil	<0.5	<0.5	47
Copper oxychloride	2	<0.5	0
Cyprodinil/fludioxonil	198	65	355
Dodine	1	<0.5	0
Fenhexamid	84	28	188
Fenpropimorph	3	<0.5	5
Kresoxim-methyl	397	67	84
Myclobutanil	518	87	387
Penconazole	3	<0.5	0
Pyrimethanil	53	17	105
All fungicides	1,459	87	1,667
Sulphur	402	68	633
Area grown	304		341

(1) For full list of formulations recorded in 2014 please refer to the 2014 report⁽³⁾

Table 12 Blackcurrant herbicide formulations - 2016

Area (ha) and percentage of crop treated

Herbicides	Blackcurrants		2014(1)
	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)
Diquat	268	63	304
Flufenacet/metribuzin	191	63	301
Glyphosate	107	34	42
Isoxaben	143	47	2
Napropamide	1	<0.5	1
Pendimethalin	256	84	303
Propyzamide	1	<0.5	5
All herbicides	968	91	982
Area grown	304		341

(1) For full list of formulations recorded in 2014 please refer to the 2014 report⁽³⁾

Table 13 Other soft fruit insecticide, molluscicide and biological formulations - 2016

Area (ha) and percentage of crop treated

Insecticides/acaricides	Non-protected other soft fruit		Protected other soft fruit		All other soft fruit crops		2014(1)
	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)
Abamectin	0	0	25	14	25	10	7
Deltamethrin	13	9	0	0	13	3	1
Lambda-cyhalothrin	5	5	52	29	57	22	57
Pyrethrins	0	0	125	39	125	28	109
Spinosad	0	0	7	4	7	3	0
Thiacloprid	11	17	257	93	268	72	155
All insecticides/acaricides	29	31	465	>99	494	81	410
Molluscicides
Ferric phosphate	0	0	40	12	40	9	1
All molluscicides	0	0	40	12	40	9	4
Biological control agents
Aphidoletes aphidimyza	0	0	23	12	23	9	0
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora	0	0	136	39	136	29	0
Parasitic wasps	0	0	25	7	25	5	0
Steinernema kraussei	0	0	61	19	61	14	42
All biological agents	0	0	245	46	245	34	42
Area grown	68		180		248		172

(1) For full list of formulations recorded in 2014 please refer to the 2014 report⁽³⁾

Table 14 Other soft fruit fungicide and sulphur formulations - 2016

Area (ha) and percentage of crop treated

Fungicides	Non-protected other soft fruit		Protected other soft fruit		All other soft fruit crops		2014(1)
	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)
Azoxystrobin	0	0	28	15	28	11	12
Boscalid/pyraclostrobin	14	11	29	15	42	14	6
Bupirimate	4	6	0	0	4	2	28
Copper oxychloride	2	2	4	1	6	1	4
Cyprodinil/fludioxonil	4	6	151	56	155	42	137
Fenhexamid	15	22	28	15	42	17	50
Fenpropimorph	23	16	0	0	23	4	27
Myclobutanil	26	23	0	0	26	6	42
Penconazole	14	10	0	0	14	3	0
Pyrimethanil	14	10	50	28	64	23	4
Quinoxyfen	9	6	0	0	9	2	13
All fungicides	125	37	289	56	414	51	327
Sulphur	2	2	4	1	6	1	4
Area grown	68		180		248		172

(1) For full list of formulations recorded in 2014 please refer to the 2014 report⁽³⁾

Table 15 Other soft fruit herbicide formulations - 2016

Area (ha) and percentage of crop treated

Herbicides	Non-protected other soft fruit		Protected other soft fruit		All other soft fruit crops		2014(1)
	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)	(%)	(Ha)
Diquat	22	32	85	47	107	43	63
Flufenacet/metribuzin	13	19	2	1	15	6	2
Glyphosate	0	0	55	12	55	9	9
Isoxaben	11	17	2	1	13	5	3
Napropamide	8	12	52	29	60	24	45
Pendimethalin	10	15	0	0	10	4	1
Propyzamide	9	13	2	1	10	4	17
All herbicides	72	36	197	59	270	53	158
Area grown	68		180		248		172

(1) For full list of formulations recorded in 2014 please refer to the 2014 report⁽³⁾

Table 16 Strawberry insecticide and acaricide active substances - 2016

Area (ha), Quantity (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Insecticides/acaricides	Non-protected strawberry			Protected strawberry			All strawberry
	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)
Abamectin	0	0	0	858	59	6	858	55	6
Chlorpyrifos	0	0	0	159	17	75	159	16	75
Clofentezine	0	0	0	595	35	76	595	32	76
Deltamethrin	0	0	0	165	18	1	165	17	1
Etoxazole	0	0	0	162	18	5	162	16	5
Fenpyroximate	0	0	0	2	<0.5	<0.5	2	<0.5	<0.5
Lambda-cyhalothrin	2	2	<0.5	884	81	8	886	75	8
Pirimicarb	0	0	0	88	10	25	88	9	25
Pymetrozine	0	0	0	284	29	57	284	27	57
Pyrethrins	0	0	0	60	6	3	60	6	3
Spinosad	0	0	0	51	6	4	51	5	4
Spirodiclofen	0	0	0	37	4	1	37	4	1
Spiromesifen	0	0	0	5	1	1	5	<0.5	1
Tebufenpyrad	0	0	0	72	8	9	72	7	9
Thiacloprid	0	0	0	433	34	52	433	32	52
All insecticides/acaricides	2	2	<0.5	3,856	99	322	3,858	92	322
Area grown	75			920			995

Table 17 Strawberry biological, molluscicide and physical control active substances - 2016

Area (ha), Quantity (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Biological control agents	Non-protected strawberry			Protected strawberry			All strawberry
	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora	0	0	NA	113	7	NA	113	6	NA
Neoseiulus californicus	0	0	NA	9	<0.5	NA	9	<0.5	NA
Neoseiulus cucumeris	0	0	NA	70	3	NA	70	3	NA
Phytoseiulus persimilis	0	0	NA	68	7	NA	68	7	NA
Steinernema kraussei	0	0	NA	114	12	NA	114	11	NA
All biological agents	0		NA	374		NA	374		NA
Biopesticides
Bacillus subtilis	0	0	0	767	40	62	767	37	62
Beauveria bassiana ATCC - 74040	0	0	0	6	1	1	6	1	1
Beauveria bassiana GHA	0	0	0	7	1	1	7	1	1
All biopesticides	0		0	780		64	780		64
All biologicals(1)	0	0	0	1,154	47	421	1,154	43	421
Molluscicides
Ferric phosphate	3	2	1	56	4	12	59	4	12
Metaldehyde	0	0	0	194	17	47	194	16	47
All molluscicides	3	2	1	250	21	59	253	20	59
Physical control
Carbonic acid diamide/urea	0	0	0	24	1	47	24	1	47
Area grown	75			920			995

(1) All biologicals includes biopesticides and biological control agents. NA = not applicable

Note: invertebrate biological control agents are applied by number of organisms rather than weight therefore data are not presented

Table 18 Strawberry fungicide and sulphur active substances - 2016

Area (ha), Quantity (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Fungicides	Non-protected strawberry			Protected strawberry			All strawberry
	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)
Azoxystrobin	0	0	0	1,109	82	276	1,109	76	276
Boscalid	5	7	2	782	64	264	788	59	266
Bupirimate	5	7	2	852	73	295	857	68	297
Chlorothalonil	16	7	16	0	0	0	16	1	16
Cyflufenamid	0	0	0	70	7	1	70	6	1
Cyprodinil	2	2	<0.5	1,199	95	448	1,201	88	448
Dimethomorph	0	0	0	104	11	155	104	10	155
Fenamidone	5	7	<0.5	150	16	36	155	15	36
Fenhexamid	45	38	27	1,182	84	864	1,227	81	891
Fenpropimorph	12	9	8	334	19	242	346	19	251
Fludioxonil	2	2	<0.5	1,199	95	299	1,201	88	299
Fosetyl-aluminium	5	7	5	150	16	358	155	15	363
Iprodione	5	7	4	1,073	82	791	1,078	76	795
Kresoxim-methyl	0	0	0	242	21	36	242	20	36
Mepanipyrim	0	0	0	54	6	22	54	5	22
Meptyldinocap	0	0	0	250	21	52	250	19	52
Myclobutanil	5	7	<0.5	1,603	88	133	1,608	82	133

Cont…

Table 18 Strawberry fungicide and sulphur active substances - 2016 continued

Area (ha), Quantity (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Fungicides	Non-protected strawberry			Protected strawberry			All strawberry
	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)
Penconazole	0	0	0	177	14	8	177	13	8
Potassium hydrogen carbonate	0	0	0	217	13	935	217	12	935
Pyraclostrobin	5	7	1	782	64	66	788	59	67
Pyrimethanil	8	9	6	319	32	232	327	30	238
Quinoxyfen	0	0	0	768	64	96	768	60	96
All fungicides	122	38	72	12,615	99	5,611	12,736	94	5,682
Sulphur	0	0	0	339	20	185	339	18	185
Area grown	75			920			995

Table 19 Strawberry herbicide active substances - 2016

Area (ha), Quantity (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Herbicides	Non-protected strawberry			Protected strawberry			All strawberry
	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)
Carfentrazone-ethyl	0	0	0	103	11	2	103	10	2
Clopyralid	10	7	2	23	3	2	34	3	4
Cycloxydim	5	7	2	0	0	0	5	1	2
Diquat	1	1	<0.5	828	40	244	828	37	244
Glufosinate-ammonium	0	0	0	73	6	45	73	6	45
Glyphosate	0	0	0	85	8	110	85	7	110
Isoxaben	17	22	1	324	33	17	341	32	18
Lenacil	2	2	2	0	0	0	2	<0.5	2
Metamitron	5	7	18	23	3	24	29	3	43
Napropamide	17	22	21	383	39	431	400	38	452
Pendimethalin	2	2	1	0	0	0	2	<0.5	1
Phenmedipham	5	2	2	0	0	0	5	<0.5	2
Propyzamide	5	7	4	90	9	72	96	9	76
All herbicides	68	25	54	1,933	54	946	2,001	52	1,000
Area grown	75			920			995

Table 20 Raspberry insecticide and acaricide active substances - 2016

Area (ha), Quantity (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Insecticides/acaricides	Non-protected raspberry			Protected raspberry			All raspberry
	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)
Abamectin	0	0	0	152	73	1	152	44	1
Chlorpyrifos	3	2	2	33	16	16	36	11	18
Clofentezine	0	0	0	6	3	1	6	2	1
Deltamethrin	67	50	1	27	14	<0.5	94	28	1
Lambda-cyhalothrin	3	2	<0.5	28	14	<0.5	31	10	<0.5
Pyrethrins	0	0	0	5	2	<0.5	5	1	<0.5
Tebufenpyrad	0	0	0	6	3	<0.5	6	2	<0.5
Thiacloprid	3	2	<0.5	113	53	14	116	33	14
All insecticides/acaricides	77	52	3	370	>99	33	446	81	36
Area grown	131			199			329

Table 21 Raspberry biological and molluscicide active substances - 2016

Area (ha), Quantity (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Biological control agents	Non-protected raspberry			Protected raspberry			All raspberry
	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)
Neoseiulus californicus	0	0	NA	<0.5	<0.5	NA	<0.5	<0.5	NA
Phytoseiulus persimilis	0	0	NA	3	1	NA	3	1	NA
Steinernema kraussei	0	0	NA	<0.5	<0.5	NA	<0.5	<0.5	NA
All biological agents	0		NA	3		NA	3		NA
Biopesticides
Bacillus subtilis	0	0	0	64	24	7	64	15	7
Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki	0	0	0	7	4	0	7	2	<0.5
All biopesticides	0		0	72		7	72		7
All biologicals(1)	0	0		75	26		75	16
Molluscicides
Ferric phosphate	0	0	0	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5
Area grown	131			199			329

(1) All biologicals includes biopesticides and biological control agents

Note: invertebrate biological control agents are applied by number of organisms rather than weight therefore data are not presented

NA = not applicable

Table 22 Raspberry fungicide and sulphur active substances - 2016

Area (ha), Quantity (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Fungicides	Non-protected raspberry			Protected raspberry			All raspberry
	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)
Azoxystrobin	6	2	2	51	24	13	57	15	14
Boscalid	26	19	10	152	77	51	179	54	61
Bupirimate	29	22	7	0	0	0	29	9	7
Cyprodinil	78	43	23	158	75	59	236	62	82
Dimethomorph	63	48	65	61	31	92	124	38	157
Fenhexamid	161	51	90	189	77	138	351	66	228
Fenpropimorph	0	0	0	7	4	5	7	2	5
Fluazinam	0	0	0	33	16	25	33	10	25
Fludioxonil	78	43	15	158	75	39	236	62	55
Iprodione	40	28	30	69	24	51	109	26	81
Myclobutanil	34	26	3	35	18	2	69	21	5
Pyraclostrobin	26	19	2	152	77	13	179	54	15
Pyrimethanil	34	26	14	46	22	15	80	24	28
Tebuconazole	35	25	6	13	4	3	48	12	8
All fungicides	612	69	267	1,125	99	505	1,737	87	772
Sulphur	34	26	270	0	0	0	34	10	270
Area grown	131			199			329

Table 23 Raspberry herbicide active substances - 2016

Area (ha), Quantity (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Herbicides	Non-protected raspberry			Protected raspberry			All raspberry
	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)
Carfentrazone-ethyl	37	28	<0.5	78	39	1	115	35	2
Diquat	122	81	30	79	40	13	201	56	42
Fluazifop-P-butyl	34	26	4	0	0	0	34	10	4
Glyphosate	0	0	0	15	8	19	15	5	19
Isoxaben	79	61	11	33	16	1	112	34	12
Lenacil	1	1	1	4	2	5	5	2	6
Napropamide	29	22	33	64	32	85	94	28	118
Pendimethalin	68	52	62	0	0	0	68	21	62
Propyzamide	44	34	20	32	16	15	76	23	35
All herbicides	414	81	161	305	67	140	719	72	301
Area grown	131			199			329

Table 24 Blackcurrant insecticide active substances - 2016

Area (ha), Quantity (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Insecticides/acaricides	Blackcurrants
	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)
Deltamethrin	1	<0.5	<0.5
Lambda-cyhalothrin	387	68	4
Spinosad	57	19	5
Spirotetramat	153	27	11
Thiacloprid	345	72	41
All insecticides/acaricides	943	92	62
Area grown	304

Table 25 Blackcurrant fungicide and sulphur active substances - 2016

Area (ha), Quantity (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Fungicides	Blackcurrants
	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)
Boscalid	200	66	80
Chlorothalonil	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5
Copper oxychloride	2	<0.5	2
Cyprodinil	198	65	74
Dodine	1	<0.5	1
Fenhexamid	84	28	62
Fenpropimorph	3	<0.5	2
Fludioxonil	198	65	49
Kresoxim-methyl	397	67	40
Myclobutanil	518	87	40
Penconazole	3	<0.5	<0.5
Pyraclostrobin	200	66	20
Pyrimethanil	53	17	41
All fungicides	1,856	87	412
Sulphur(1)	402	68	3,207
Area grown	304

(1) Sulphur can be used on blackcurrants as an insecticide to control big bud mite. Sulphur can also be used as a fungicide or as a foliar fertiliser

Table 26 Blackcurrant herbicide active substances - 2016

Area (ha), Quantity (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Herbicides	Blackcurrants
	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)
Diquat	268	63	46
Flufenacet	191	63	47
Glyphosate	107	34	93
Isoxaben	143	47	16
Metribuzin	191	63	34
Napropamide	1	<0.5	1
Pendimethalin	256	84	137
Propyzamide	1	<0.5	1
All herbicides	1,159	91	375
Area grown	304

Table 27 Other soft fruit insecticide, molluscicide and biological active substances - 2016

Area (ha), Quantity (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Insecticides/acaricides	Non-protected other soft fruit			Protected other soft fruit			All other soft fruit
	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)
Abamectin	0	0	0	25	14	<0.5	25	10	<0.5
Deltamethrin	13	9	<0.5	0	0	0	13	3	<0.5
Lambda-cyhalothrin	5	5	<0.5	52	29	<0.5	57	22	<0.5
Pyrethrins	0	0	0	125	39	8	125	28	8
Spinosad	0	0	0	7	4	1	7	3	1
Thiacloprid	11	17	1	257	93	31	268	72	32
All insecticides/acaricides	29	31	2	465	<100	40	494	81	42
Molluscicides
Ferric phosphate	0	0	0	40	12	8	40	9	8
Biological control agents
Aphidoletes aphidimyza	0	0	NA	23	12	NA	23	9	NA
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora	0	0	NA	136	39	NA	136	29	NA
Parasitic wasps	0	0	NA	25	7	NA	25	5	NA
Steinernema kraussei	0	0	NA	61	19	NA	61	14	NA
All biological agents	0		NA	245		NA	245		NA
Area grown	68			180			248

Note: invertebrate biological control agents are applied by number of organisms rather than weight therefore data are not presented

NA = not applicable

Table 28 Other soft fruit fungicide and sulphur active substances - 2016

Area (ha), Quantity (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Fungicides	Non-protected other soft fruit			Protected other soft fruit			All other soft fruit
	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)
Azoxystrobin	0	0	0	28	15	7	28	11	7
Boscalid	14	11	3	29	15	10	42	14	13
Bupirimate	4	6	2	0	0	0	4	2	2
Copper oxychloride	2	2	2	4	1	4	6	1	6
Cyprodinil	4	6	2	151	56	40	155	42	42
Fenhexamid	15	22	8	28	15	21	42	17	29
Fenpropimorph	23	16	14	0	0	0	23	4	14
Fludioxonil	4	6	1	151	56	27	155	42	28
Myclobutanil	26	23	1	0	0	0	26	6	1
Penconazole	14	10	<0.5	0	0	0	14	3	<0.5
Pyraclostrobin	14	11	1	29	15	2	42	14	3
Pyrimethanil	14	10	3	50	28	40	64	23	43
Quinoxyfen	9	6	1	0	0	0	9	2	1
All fungicides	143	37	41	468	56	150	611	51	189
Sulphur	2	2	9	4	1	15	6	1	25
Area grown	68			180			248

Table 29 Other soft fruit herbicide active substances - 2016

Area (ha), Quantity (kg) and percentage of crop treated

Herbicides	Non-protected other soft fruit			Protected other soft fruit			All other soft fruit
	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)	(Ha)	(%)	(Kg)
Diquat	22	32	5	85	47	13	107	43	19
Flufenacet	13	19	5	2	1	<0.5	15	6	5
Glyphosate	0	0	0	55	12	55	55	9	55
Isoxaben	11	17	2	2	1	<0.5	13	5	2
Metribuzin	13	19	3	2	1	<0.5	15	6	4
Napropamide	8	12	8	52	29	60	60	24	68
Pendimethalin	10	15	5	0	0	0	10	4	5
Propyzamide	9	13	4	2	1	1	10	4	4
All herbicides	85	36	32	199	59	130	284	53	162
Area grown	68			180			248

Table 30 Mode of action/chemical group of insecticide active substances - 2016

Area (ha) and quantity (kg) of active substances for all crops

Mode of Action	Active substances	Chemical Group	IRAC Group	Total Soft Fruit
				(Ha)	(Kg)
Acetylcholinesterase (Ache) inhibitors	Pirimicarb	Carbamate	1A	88	25
	Chlorpyrifos	Organophosphate	1B	195	92
All Ache inhibitors				283	117
Sodium channel modulators	Deltamethrin	Pyrethroid	3A	273	2
	Lambda-Cyhalothrin	Pyrethroid	3A	1,360	13
	Pyrethrins	Pyrethrin	3A	190	12
All sodium channel modulators				1,823	26
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (naAChR) competitive modulators	Thiacloprid	Neonicotinoid	4A	1,163	140
All naAChR competitive modulators				1,163	140
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (naAChR) allosteric modulators	Spinosad	Spinosyns	5	115	10
All naAChR allosteric modulators				115	10
Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulators	Abamectin	Avermectins	6	1,035	7
All GluCl allosteric modulators				1,035	7
Chordotonal organ TRPV channel modulators	Pymetrozine	Pyridine azomethine derivatives	9B	284	57
All chordotonal organ TRPV channel modulators				284	57

Cont …

Table 30 Mode of action/chemical group of insecticide active substances - 2016 continued

Area (ha) and quantity (kg) of active substances for all crops

Mode of Action	Active substances	Chemical Group	IRAC Group	Total Soft Fruit
				(Ha)	(Kg)
Mite growth inhibitors	Clofentezine	Tetrazine	10A	601	77
	Etoxazole	Etoxazole	10B	162	5
All mite growth inhibitors				763	82
Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors	Fenpyroximate	METI acaricides/insecticides	21A	2	0
	Tebufenpyrad	METI acaricides/insecticides	21A	78	9
All mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors				80	9
Inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase	Spirotetramat	Tetramic acid	23	153	11
	Spirodiclofen	Tetronic acid	23	37	1
	Spiromesifen	Tetronic acid	23	5	1
All Inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase				195	13
All insecticides				5,741	461
Area grown				1,876

Note: Active substances have been grouped by their mode of action. Full details on mode of action classification can be found on the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) webpage⁽⁷⁾.

Table 31 Mode of action/chemical group of fungicide active substances - 2016

Area (ha) and quantity (kg) of active substances for all crops

Mode of action	Active substance	Group name	Chemical Group	FRAC Group	Total Soft Fruit
					(Ha)	(Kg)
Amino acids and protein synthesis	Cyprodinil	Anilino - pyrimidine	Anilino - pyrimidine	9	1,789	646
	Mepanipyrim	Anilino - pyrimidine	Anilino - pyrimidine	9	54	22
	Pyrimethanil	Anilino - pyrimidine	Anilino - pyrimidine	9	524	350
All amino acids and protein synthesis					2,368	1,018
Cell wall biosynthesis	Dimethomorph	Carboxylic acid amide	Morpholine/cinamic acid amides	40	228	312
All cell wall biosynthesis					228	312
Multi-site contact activity	Chlorothalonil	Chloronitriles	Chloronitriles	M5	16	16
	Copper oxychloride	Inorganic	Inorganic	M1	8	8
All multi-site contact activity					25	24
Not classified	Potassium hydrogen carbonate	Diverse	Diverse	NC	217	935
All not classified					217	935
Nucleic acids synthesis	Bupirimate	Hydroxy-(2-amino-) pyrimidines	Hydroxy-(2-amino-) pyrimidines	8	891	306
All nucleic acids synthesis					891	306
	Boscalid	SDHI	Pyridine-carboxamides	7	1,208	419
	Azoxystrobin	Qo inhibitor	Methoxy-acrylates	11	1,194	297
	Fenamidone	Qo inhibitor	Imidazolinones	11	155	36
	Kresoxim-methyl	Qo inhibitor	Oximino-acetates	11	639	76

Cont…

Table 31 Mode of action/chemical group of fungicide active substances - 2016 continued

Area (ha) and quantity (kg) of active substances for all crops

Mode of action	Active substance	Group name	Chemical Group	FRAC Group	Total Soft Fruit
					(Ha)	(Kg)
Respiration	Pyraclostrobin	Qo inhibitor	Methoxy-carbamates	11	1,208	105
	Fluazinam		2,6-dinitro-anilines	29	33	25
	Meptyldinocap		Dinitrophenyl crotonates	29	250	52
All respiration					4,687	1,011
Signal transduction	Iprodione	Dicarboximide	Dicarboximide	2	1,187	876
	Fludioxonil	Phenylpyrroles	Phenylpyrroles	12	1,789	431
	Quinoxyfen	Azanaphthalenes	Aryloxyquinoline	13	777	97
All signal transduction					3,753	1,404
Sterol biosynthesis in membranes	Myclobutanil	DeMethylation inhibitor	Triazole	3	2,221	180
	Penconazole	DeMethylation inhibitor	Triazole	3	193	9
	Tebuconazole	DeMethylation inhibitor	Triazole	3	48	8
	Fenpropimorph	Morpholine	Morpholine	5	379	273
	Fenhexamid	(SBI: Class III)	Hydroxyanilides	17	1,704	1,211
All sterol biosynthesis in membranes					4,547	1,681
Unknown mode of action	Cyflufenamid	Phenyl-acetamide	Phenyl-acetamide	U6	70	1
	Dodine	Guanidines	Guanidines	U12	1	1
	Fosetyl-aluminium	Phosphonates	Ethyl phosphonates	33	155	363
All unknown mode of action					226	365
All fungicides					16,940	7,055
Sulphur					781	3,687
Area grown					1,876

Note: Active substances have been grouped by their mode of action. Full details on mode of action classification can be found on the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) webpage⁽⁸⁾.

Table 32 Mode of action/chemical group of herbicide active substances - 2016

Area (ha) and quantity (kg) of active substances for all crops

Mode of Action	Active substances	Chemical Group	HRAC Group	Total Soft Fruit
				(Ha)	(Kg)
Inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase	Cycloxydim	Cyclohexanedione	A	5	2
	Fluazifop-P-Butyl	Aryloxyphenoxy-propionate	A	34	4
All inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase				39	7
Inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem II	Lenacil	Uracil	C1	7	7
	Metamitron	Triazinone	C1	29	43
	Metribuzin	Triazinone	C1	205	38
	Phenmedipham	Phenyl-carbamate	C1	5	2
All inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem II				245	90
Photosystem-I-electron diversion	Diquat	Bibyridylium	D	1,404	351
All photosystem-I-electron diversion				1,404	351
Inhibition of protoporphyrinogen oxidase	Carfentrazone-Ethyl	Triazolinone	E	218	4
All Inhibition of protoporphyrinogen oxidase				218	4
Inhibition of EPSP synthase	Glyphosate	Glycine	G	262	277
All inhibition of EPSP synthase				262	277
Inhibition of glutamine synthetase	Glufosinate-Ammonium	Phosphinic acid	H	73	45
All inhibition of glutamine synthetase				73	45
Microtubule assembly inhibition	Pendimethalin	Dinitroaniline	K1	336	206
	Propyzamide	Benzamide	K1	183	115
All microtubule assembly inhibition				519	321

Cont…

Table 32 Mode of action/chemical group of herbicide active substances - 2016 continued

Area (ha) and quantity (kg) of active substances for all crops

Mode of Action	Active substances	Chemical Group	HRAC Group	Total Soft Fruit
				(Ha)	(Kg)
Inhibition of VLCFAs	Flufenacet	Oxyacetamide	K3	205	52
	Napropamide	Acetamide	K3	555	640
All inhibition of VLCFAs				760	692
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis	Isoxaben	Benzamide	L	609	47
All inhibition of cell wall synthesis				609	47
Action like indole acetic acid	Clopyralid	Pyridine carboxylic acid	O	34	4
All action like indole acetic acid				34	4
All herbicides				4,163	1,837
Area grown				1,876

Note: Active substances have been grouped by their mode of action. Full details on mode of action classification can be found on the Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC) webpage⁽⁹⁾.

Table 33 Principal active substance by area - 2016

Area (ha) treated with the 20 most used active substances on all soft fruit crops surveyed

	Active substance	Type(1)	2016	2014	% change
1	Myclobutanil	F	2,221	2,630	-16
2	Fludioxonil	F	1,789	1,878	-5
3	Cyprodinil	F	1,789	1,878	-5
4	Fenhexamid	F	1,704	2,151	-21
5	Diquat	H	1,404	2,001	-30
6	Lambda-cyhalothrin	I	1,360	1,020	33
7	Pyraclostrobin	F	1,208	1,024	18
8	Boscalid	F	1,208	1,024	18
9	Azoxystrobin	F	1,194	1,395	-14
10	Iprodione	F	1,187	1,405	-16
11	Thiacloprid	I	1,163	820	42
12	Abamectin	I	1,035	1,246	-17
13	Bupirimate	F	891	1,235	-28
14	Bacillus subtilis	BP	831	1,509	-45
15	Sulphur	SU	781	1,964	-60
16	Quinoxyfen	F	777	746	4
17	Kresoxim-methyl	F	639	783	-18
18	Isoxaben	H	609	145	319
19	Clofentezine	I	601	956	-37
20	Napropamide	H	555	235	136

(1) Pesticide type = BP: Biopesticide, F: Fungicide, H: Herbicide, I: Insecticide/acaricide,

SU: Sulphur

Table 34 Principal active substance by weight - 2016

Quantity (kg) of the 20 most used active substances on all soft fruit crops surveyed

	Active substance	Type(1)	2016	2014	% change
1	Sulphur	SU	3,687	5,913	-38
2	Fenhexamid	F	1,211	1,446	-16
3	Potassium Hydrogen Carbonate	F	935	4,511	-79
4	Iprodione	F	876	1,051	-17
5	Cyprodinil	F	646	688	-6
6	Napropamide	H	640	293	119
7	Fludioxonil	F	431	459	-6
8	Boscalid	F	419	385	9
9	Fosetyl-Aluminium	F	363	215	69
10	Diquat	H	351	751	-53
11	Pyrimethanil	F	350	496	-29
12	Dimethomorph	F	312	266	17
13	Bupirimate	F	306	408	-25
14	Azoxystrobin	F	297	344	-14
15	Glyphosate	H	277	158	75
16	Fenpropimorph	F	273	365	-25
17	Pendimethalin	H	206	291	-29
18	Myclobutanil	F	180	220	-18
19	Thiacloprid	I	140	100	40
20	Propyzamide	H	115	37	213

(1) Pesticide type = F: Fungicide, H: Herbicide, I: Insecticide, SU: Sulphur

Table 35 Pesticides encountered in the soft fruit survey for the first time in 2016

Active substance	Type(1)	Area treated (ha)	Amount used (kg)
Cyflufenamid	F	70	1
Aphidoletes aphidimyza	B	23	N/A
Neoseiulus californicus	B	10	N/A
Beauveria bassiana GHA	BP	7	1

(1) Pesticide type = B: Biological control agent, BP: Biopesticide, F: Fungicide

N/A = arthropod biological control agents are applied by number of organisms

rather than weight therefore data are not presented

Table 36 Total soft fruit crop, comparison with previous years

Pesticide usage 2016, 2014 & 2011/12⁽¹⁾, total pesticide treated area (ha) of formulations, active substances (a.s.) and quantities used (kg)

	2011/12(1)			2014			2016
	Formulations (ha)	a.s. (ha)	kg	Formulations (ha)	a.s. (ha)	kg	Formulations (ha)	a.s. (ha)	kg
Insecticides/acaracides	7,744	7,744	1,340	9,435	9,435	1,480	5,741	5,741	461
Molluscicides	747	747	193	412	412	109	293	293	68
Fungicides	19,007	22,071	14,240	18,505	21,498	13,392	13,788	16,940	7,055
Sulphur	1,131	1,131	3,171	1,964	1,964	5,913	781	781	3,687
Herbicides	3,309	3,386	1,949	4,246	4,549	2,187	3,958	4,163	1,837
Biological control agents	426	426	N/A	466	466	N/A	622	622	N/A
Biopesticides	1,787	1,787	153	1,759	1,759	136	852	852	70
Physical control	347	347	289	42	325	447	6	24	47
All pesticides	34,498	37,639	21,183	36,828	40,407	23,663	26,041	29,416	13,225
Area grown (ha)(2)	1,662			1,800			1,876

(1) Note: 2014 was the first soft fruit report to contain both non-protected and protected soft fruit which makes data comparison with previous surveys difficult. Non-protected and semi-protected data from the 2012 Soft Fruit Crop survey have been amalgamated with protected data from the 2011 Protected Edible report to allow some comparison. Data users should be aware that there have been minor differences in crop range, crop areas and methods used for estimating pesticide use between surveys. Please see appendix 4 – survey methodology for changes in method between years. (2) Area grown includes multi-cropping. N/A = not applicable.