Climate loss and damage: practical action

Footnotes

1. In this report we use Loss and Damage (upper case) to refer to UNFCCC decisions and processes; loss and damage (lower case) as the proper noun for the wider phenomenon; and losses and damages (pluralised) for what has been experienced and is happening in terms of observed impacts and projected risks from climate change.

2. IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, https://www.ipcc.ch/assessment-report/ar6/

3. https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1127611

4. COP27_AUV_2 (unfccc.int)

5. https://unfccc.int/documents/624440

6. Referred to from here on as the 'Conference'.

7. https://www.mrfcj.org/principles-of-climate-justice/respect-and-protect-human-rights/

8. https://www.e3g.org/publications/roadmap-for-progressing-on-loss-and-damage/

9. https://www.gov.scot/publications/addressing-loss-damage-practical-action-summary-report-scottish-governments-conference-loss-damage/

10. IPCC Sixth Assessment Report: https://www.ipcc.ch/assessment-report/ar6/

11. Mace and Verheyen, 2016

12. https://www.lossanddamagecollaboration.org/stories-op/how-does-loss-and-damage-intersect-with-climate-change-adaptation-drr-and-humanitarian-assistance

13. The adaptation gap is the difference between actually implemented adaptation and a goal set by society, determined largely by preferences related to climate change impacts, and reflecting resource limitations and competing priorities https://wasp-adaptation.org/collaborative-partnerships/adaptation-gap-report

14. Wallimann-Helmer, et al (2018) show that policy priorities vary. The "beyond adaptation" approach is where different impacts can be avoided or will be avoided by appropriate measures without any assessment by those facing potential loss and damage; and the "risk tolerance" approach, is where fostering collective decision-making and capacity building to assess climate risks is prioritised.

15. https://www.climatenepal.org.np/resources/national-framework-climate-change-induced-loss-and-damage-ld

16. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-08/Vanuatu%20NDC%20Revised%20and%20Enhanced.pdf

17. Countries that have ratified the UNFCCC.

18. Sharm el-Sheikh Implementation Plan | UNFCCC

19. https://www.g77.org/

20. "Sharm el-Sheikh Implementation Plan" https://unfccc.int/documents/624444

21. "What Happened At COP27 And What Comes Next" https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/605869242b205050a0579e87/ 6388a7def333e344ab5f98c3_L%26DC_WHAT%20HAPPENED_AT_COP_27_%26_WHAT_NEXT.pdf

22. https://unfccc.int/NCQG

23. Despite loss and damage being included in the second technical dialogue on the Global Stocktake, how it will be included in the final assessment of collective progress towards achieving the global goals of the Paris Agreement is not decided.

24. E3G, 2022, "Roadmap for progressing on loss and damage" https://www.e3g.org/publications/roadmap-for-progressing-on-loss-and-damage/

25. Achampong, 2023

26. OECD DAC Rio climate markers do not include loss and damage measures but do include "contributions to reduce the vulnerability of human or natural systems to the current and expected impacts of climate change, including climate variability, by maintaining or increasing resilience, through increased ability to adapt to, or absorb, climate change stresses, shocks and variability and/or by helping reduce exposure to them", see: https://www.oecd.org/dac/environment-development/Revised climate marker handbook_FINAL.pdf

27. Arab News, 2022, "Pakistan signs $475 million flood loan deal with Asian Development Bank" https://www.arabnews.pk/node/2216571/pakistan

28. Achampong, 2023

29. Eurodad, 2020, A tale of two emergencies – the interplay of sovereign debt and climate crises in the global south.
A tale of two emergencies – the interplay of sovereign debt and climate crises in the global south – Eurodad

30. World Bank, 2022, Investing in Climate Disaster: World Bank Finance for Fossil Fuels https://bigshiftglobal.org/Investing_In_Climate_Disaster

31. IMF Resilience and Sustainability Trust, https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/Resilience-and-Sustainability-Trust

32. World Bank Group Statement on Capital Adequacy Frameworks, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/statement/2022/10/
06/world-bank-group-statement-on-capital-adequacy-frameworks

33. https://assets.nationbuilder.com/eurodad/pages/1945/attachments/original/1610462143/debt-and-climate-briefing-final.pdf?1610462143

34. https://climateactiontracker.org/climate-target-update-tracker-2022/

35. https://unfccc.int/documents/578782

36. https://unctad.org/news/covid-19-matter-life-and-debt-global-deal-needed

37. https://www.v-20.org/

38. https://sdg.iisd.org/news/v20-g7-launch-initiative-to-address-climate-risks-in-vulnerable-countries/#:~:text=The%2058%20members%20of%20the%20V20%20are%20Afghanistan%2C,Tunisia%2C%20Tuvalu%2C%20Uganda%2C%20Vanuatu%2C%20Viet%20Nam%2C%20and%20Yemen

39. https://www.bmz.de/en/issues/climate-change-and-development/global-shield-against-climate-risks

40. Shawoo, et al., 2021; Shawoo and Bakhtaoui, 2022

41. https://www.arc.int/

42. https://www.ccrif.org/

43. Footing the bill: fair finance for loss and damage in an era of escalating climate impacts | Oxfam International

44. https://www.stampoutpoverty.org/the-climate-damages-tax-a-guide-to-what-it-is-and-how-it-works/

45. https://wwfeu.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/making_eu_ets_revenues_work_for_people_and_climate_summary_report_june_2021__2_.pdf

46. https://policy-practice.oxfam.org/resources/inequality-kills-the-unparalleled-action-needed-to-combat-unprecedented-inequal-621341/

47. https://us.boell.org/en/2022/05/31/loss-and-damage-finance-facility-why-and-how

48. https://www.ldc-climate.org/resource/the-international-air-passenger-adaptation-levy-opportunity-or-risk-for-least-developed-countries/

49. https://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/students/envs-geog_3022/roberts_2017.pdf

50. https://ldyouth.org/2022/12/21/the-loss-and-damage-grantmaking-council-announces-the-winners-of-the-loss-and-damage-grant/#:~:text=In%20August%202022%2C%20The%20Loss%20and%20Damage%20Youth,damage%20by%20allowing%20youth%20to%20be%20active%20stakeholders.

53. https://www.financialprotectionforum.org/publication/kenya-livestock-insurance-program-klip

54. Linnerooth-Bayer et al., 2019

55. https://ibli.ilri.org/category/countries/ethiopia/

56. http://www.icco-cooperation.org/en/blogs/mitigating-effects-of-climate-change-through-crop-insurance-in-rwanda/

57. https://unfccc.int/topics/adaptation-and-resilience/resources/S-N/CCRIF

58. https://www.climatechangenews.com/2022/10/21/hurricane-ian-could-push-insurers-out-of-florida/

59. Bharadwaj et al., 2023

60. https://www.undp.org/publications/data-and-digital-maturity-disaster-risk-reduction-informing-next-generation-disaster-loss-and-damage-databases

61. https://dibi.bnpb.go.id/

62. http://camdi.ncdm.gov.kh/

63. https://www.rcrc-resilience-southeastasia.org/disaster-risk-reduction/community-based-disaster-risk-reduction/vulnerability-and-capacity-assessment-vca-and-other-assessment-tools/#:~:text=Vulnerability%20and%20capacity%20assessment%20%28VCA%29%20is%20a%20process,capacity%20to%20cope%20and%20recover%20from%20a%20disaster

64. Thiault et al., 2021

65. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/post-disaster-needs-assessment-pdna-lessons-decade-experience-2018

66. https://humanimpact.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/HIA-Guide-for-Practice.pdf

67. https://floodresilience.net/resources/item/the-perc-manual/

68. Antigua & Barbuda, Costa Rica, Sierra Leone, Angola, Germany, Mozambique, Liechtenstein, Samoa, Federated States of Micronesia, Bangladesh, Morocco, Singapore, Uganda, New Zealand, Vietnam, Romania and Portugal

69. https://www.pisfcc.org/news/vanuatu-launches-the-icjao-campaign

70. https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/press_releases_english/PR_327_EN.pdf

71. Diagram by Julie-Anne Richards, https://www.lossanddamagecollaboration.org/stories-op/how-does-loss-and-damage-intersect-with-climate-change-adaptation-drr-and-humanitarian-assistance

72. Gomes, 2021

73. https://www.displacementsolutions.org/peninsula-principles

74. More info on the selected project can be find here: https://ldyouth.org/2022/12/21/the-loss-and-damage-grantmaking-council-announces-the-winners-of-the-loss-and-damage-grant/

75. https://www.iied.org/money-where-it-matters-local-finance-implement-sustainable-development-goals-paris-agreement

76. Pill, 2021

77. Westoby, 2021 and https://www.icccad.net/blog/values-based-understanding-loss-and-damage/

78. http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2013/tp/02.pdf

79. https://odi.org/en/insights/climate-induced-non-economic-loss-and-damage-fundamental-but-long-neglected/

80. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/199466

81. Pill, 2022

82. Boyd et al., 2022

83. Serdeczny et al., 2016

84. Incommensurability means 'to have no common measure'

85. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/199466

86. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/199466

87. https://www.icccad.net/blog/values-based-understanding-loss-and-damage/

88. McNamara et al., 2021

89. Pill, 2022

90. Ayeb-Karlsson, 2021

91. https://www.apn-gcr.org/publication/priority-practices-for-addressing-non-economic-loss-and-damage-caused-by-typhoons-in-japan-case-study-of-nachikatsuura-town/

92. Jackson et al., 2023

93. United Nations, 1992, p.3

94. Ecosystem services refers to 'the benefits humans derive from ecosystems' (MEA, 2005)

95. McShane, 2017

96. Jackson, 2023; McShane, 2017

97. Taken from What do we have to lose? Understanding and responding to climate-induced loss and damage to cultural heritage | ODI: Think change

98. Islam and Hasan, 2016

99. Jackson et al., 2022

100. https://www.lossanddamagecollaboration.org/publication/passed-the-point-of-no-return-a-non-economic-loss-and-damage-explainer

101. Thomas and Benjamin, 2021

102. Tschakert et al., 2019, p. 63

103. McShane, 2017

104. Palinkas and Wong, 2020

105. Ciancioni et al., 2020

106. http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2013/tp/02.pdf

107. Tschakert et al., 2017, p.3

108. Preston, 2017

109. Walliman-Heliman et al., 2019

110. Serdeczny et al., 2016, Non-economic loss and damage in the context of climate change: understanding the challenges, https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/199466

111. McNamara et al., 2021b

112. Walliman-Heliman et al., 2019

113. ibid

114. Palinkas and Wong, 2020

115. https://www.iied.org/21161iied

116. Boyd et al., 2022

117. Preston, 2017

118. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/bodies/constituted-bodies/transitional-committee

119. https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/582427/rr-impacts-low-aggregate-indcs-ambition-251115-en.pdf;jsession

120. https://www.oecd.org/climate-change/finance-usd-100-billion-goal/#:~:text=Climate%20Finance%20and%20the%20USD%20100%20Billion%20Goal.,Paris%2C%20it%20was%20reiterated%20and%20extended%20to%202025

121. Wallimann-Helmer et al., 2018

122. Shawoo et al., 2021

123. Steadman et al., 2022

124. Risk retention is where an individual or group takes on responsibility for or addressing a particular risk that is faced. In the case of autonomous risk retention, the decision to retain the risk is imposed by exposure, vulnerability and the lack of external support (for example for risk transfer etc.). This situation is analogous to autonomous climate adaptation. Forsyth and Evans (2013) show that autonomous adaptation is driven by how environmental change and scarcity present livelihood risks, rather than physical risks alone. Extrapolating from their conclusions, it can be asserted that planning ways to address loss and damage should acknowledge different experiences of risk, and socio-economic barriers to addressing impacts and risks, thereby reducing the costs and harm of autonomous risk retention.

125. https://converge.colorado.edu/data/disaster-databases/#:~:text=Databases%20focused%20on%20disaster%20losses%3A%20ANSS%20Comprehensive%20Earthquake,Information%20for%20Member%20Countries%20Asian%20Disaster%20Reduction%20Center

126. https://emdat.be/

127. Oktari et al., 2020

128. https://reliefweb.int/

129. https://www.undrr.org/implementing-sendai-framework/what-sendai-framework

130. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/26881

131. https://ehs.unu.edu/news/news/five-facts-on-adaptive-social-protection-asp.html#:~:text=Adaptive%20Social%20Protection%20%28ASP%29%20is%20an%20approach%20to,natural%20hazards%2C%20such%20as%20floods%2C%20hurricanes%20or%20earthquakes

132. Tenzing and Conway, 2022

133. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/ifrc_wwf_report___working_with_nature_to_protect_people.pdf

134. Hallegatte et al., 2017

135. Barau et al., 2021

136. from Bharadwaj and Shakya (eds), 2021

137. Bharadwaj and Huq, 2022

138. Clement et al., 2021

139. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2022/08/11/Debt-for-Climate-Swaps-Analysis-Design-and-Implementation-522184

140. https://www.foreign.gov.bb/the-2022-barbados-agenda/

141. Using the UK's SDRs to tackle Covid-19 and climate change (cafod.org.uk)

142. https://unfccc.int/documents/578782

143. https://unu.edu/publications/books/public-works-and-social-protection-in-southern-africado-public-works-work-for-the-poor.html#overview

144. https://www.mofe.gov.np/uploads/documents/national-framework-on-loss-and-damage-approved-document-20211653988842pdf-0805-652-1658826902.pdf

145. https://www.undp.org/geneva/press-releases/undp-milliman-join-forces-build-actuarial-capacity-developing-countries-and-boost-inclusive-development

146. https://www.iied.org/principles-for-locally-led-adaptation

147. Shawoo, et al., 2021; Shawoo and Bakhtaoui, 2022

148. UNHCR 2017; UNHCR Needs Assessment Handbook; https://cms.emergency.unhcr.org/documents/11982/50204/UNHCR+Needs+Assessment+Handbook/

149. https://www.lossanddamagecollaboration.org/pages/to-address-loss-and-damage-at-the-scale-of-the-needs-we-need-to-curate-more-rebel-ideas

150. https://www.cjrfund.org/loss-and-damage

151. ICRC/IFRC 2022 The Climate and Environment Charter for Humanitarian Organisations https://www.climate-charter.org/

152. Vanuatu NDC Revised and Enhanced, August 2022 https://unfccc.int/documents/578782

153. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/wwf_pa_anchoring_loss_and_damage_in_ndcs_report.pdf

154. Shawoo et al., 2021

155. Jordan, 2020

156. https://unfccc.int/documents/299279

157. Decision -/CP.27 -/CMA.4 Funding arrangements for responding to loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change, including a focus on addressing loss and damage. Clause 2. Decide to establish new funding arrangements for assisting developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, in responding to loss and damage, including with a focus on addressing loss and damage by providing and assisting in mobilizing new and additional resources, and that these new arrangements complement and include sources, funds, processes and initiatives under and outside the Convention and the Paris Agreement; Clause 3. Also decide, in the context of establishing the new funding arrangements referred to in paragraph 2 above, to establish a fund for responding to loss and damage whose mandate includes a focus on addressing loss and damage.

158. Eriksen et al., 2021

159. Schipper, 2020

160. https://unfccc.int/topics/global-stocktake/information-portal

161. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/bodies/constituted-bodies/transitional-committee

162. https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1127611