A review of benthic ecological surveying for marine renewable developments in Scottish waters

This study reviews different intertidal and seabed ecology survey methods, used to identify baselines for environmental assessments.


10 References

Abookire, A. & Rose, C. (2005). Modifications to a plumb staff beam trawl for sampling uneven, complex habitats. Fisheries Research - FISH RES. 71. 247-254. 10.1016/j.fishres.2004.06.006. DOI:10.1016/j.fishres.2004.06.006

ABPmer (2008). Atlas of UK Marine Renewable Energy Resources. Available at: http://www.renewables-atlas.info/

Ahmed, F., Mohanta, J. C., Keshari, A., & Yadav, P. S. (2022). ‘Recent Advances in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: A Review’. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 47(7), 7963–7984. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-022-06738-0

Alexander, J. B., Marnane, M. J., McDonald, J. I., Lukehurst, S. S., Elsdon, T. S., Simpson, T., Hinz, S., Bunce, M., & Harvey, E. S. (2023). ‘Comparing environmental DNA collection methods for sampling community composition on marine infrastructure’. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2023.108283

Anisimova, N.A., Jørgensen, L.L., Lyubin, P.A. and Manushin, I.E. (2010). Mapping and monitoring of benthos in the Barents Sea and Svalbard waters: Results from the joint Russian - Norwegian benthic programme 2006-2008. IMR-PINRO Joint Report Series 1-2010. ISSN 1502-8828. 114 pp. Available at: https://imr.brage.unit.no/imr-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/106818/imr_pinro_JoRep_2010_1.pdf?sequence=1

Antich, A., Palacín, C., Cebrian, E., Golo, R., Wangensteen, O. S., & Turon, X. (2020). ‘Marine biomonitoring with eDNA: Can metabarcoding of water samples cut it as a tool for surveying benthic communities’. Molecular Ecology, 30(13), 3175-3188. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15641

Axelsson, M. (2023). A categorisation system for maerl bed habitats in England. Available at: http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/

Beck, M. W., Brumbaugh, R. D., Airoldi, L., Carranza, A., Coen, L. D., Crawford, C., Defeo, O., Edgar, G. J., Hancock, B., Kay, M. C., Lenihan, H. S., Luckenbach, M. W., Toropova, C. L., Zhang, G., & Guo, X. (2011). ‘Oyster Reefs at Risk and Recommendations for Conservation, Restoration, and Management’. BioScience, 61(2).https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.2.5

Bender, A., Francisco, F., & Sundberg, J. (2017). A Review of Methods and Models for Environmental Monitoring of Marine Renewable Energy. 1 2th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference (EWTEC 2017). Cork, 27 August – 1 September.

Benjamins, S., Cole, G., Naylor, A., Thorburn, J. A., & Dodd, J. (2021). ‘First confirmed complete incubation of a flapper skate (Dipturus intermedius) egg in captivity’. Journal of Fish Biology, 99(3), 1150–1154.https://doi.org/10.1111/JFB.14816

Blanpain, O., Du Bois, P. B., Cugier, P., Lafite, R., Lunven, M., Dupont, J., Le Gall, E., Legrand, J., & Pichavant, P. (2009). ‘Dynamic sediment profile imaging (dyspi): a new field method for the study of dynamic processes at the sediment-water interface’. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 7, 8–20.https://doi.org/10.4319/LOM.2009.7.8

Blowers, S., Evans, J., & McNally, K. (2020). Automated Identification of Fish and Other Aquatic Life in Underwater Video. Available at: https://data.marine.gov.scot/sites/default/files/Scottish%20Marine%20and%20Freshwater%20Science%20%28SMFS%29%20Vol%2011%20No%2018_%20Automated%20Identification%20of%20Fish%20and%20Other%20Aquatic%20Life%20in%20Underwater%20Video_0.pdf

Boswarva, K., Butters, A., Fox, C. J., Howe, J. A., & Narayanaswamy, B. (2018). ‘Improving marine habitat mapping using high-resolution acoustic data; a predictive habitat map for the Firth of Lorn, Scotland’. Continental Shelf Research, 168, 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2018.09.005

BOWL. (2015). Beatrice Offshore Wind Farm Pre-construction Benthic Sampling and DDV Survey Scope of Works Project. Available at: https://marine.gov.scot/sites/default/files/pre-construction_betnhic_sampling_and_ddv_survey_scope_of_works.pdf

BOWL. (2021). Beatrice Offshore Wind Farm Post-construction Sandeel Survey-Technical Report. Available at: https://marine.gov.scot/sites/default/files/bowl_-_post-construction_sandeel_survey_-_technical_report_redacted.pdf

Boyd, S. E. (2002). Guidelines for the conduct of benthic studies at aggregate dredging sites. Available at:http://www.marbef.org/qa/documents/ConductofsurveysatMAEsites.pdf

Braeckman, U., Lefaible, N., Bruns, E., & Moens, T. (2020). ‘Turbine-related impacts onI macrobenthic communities: An analysis of spatial and temporal variability’, in Environmental impacts of offshore wind farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Empirical evidence inspiring priority monitoring research and management, (pp. 61–78). Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Natural Environment, Marine Ecology and Management Section.

Brown, C., & Griscom, H. P. (2022). ‘Differentiating between distribution and suitable habitat in ecological niche models: A red spruce (Picea rubens) case study’. Ecological Modelling, 472.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110102

Brown, C. J., Smith, S. J., Lawton, P., & Anderson, J. T. (2011). ‘Benthic habitat mapping: A review of progress towards improved understanding of the spatial ecology of the seafloor using acoustic techniques’. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 92(3), 502-520.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2011.02.007

Cai, W., Harper, L. R., Neave, E. F., Shum, P., Craggs, J., Arias, M. B., Riesgo, A., & Mariani, S. (2022). ‘Environmental DNA persistence and fish detection in captive sponges’. Molecular Ecology Resources, 22(8), 2956–2966.https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13677

Carey, D. A., Doolittle, D. F., & Smith, K. (2019). Forward Scouting: Use of Sediment Profile Imagery in Conjunction with Multibeam Echosounder Mapping for Offshore Wind Cable Routes and Site Characterization. Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference. Houston, 6 – 9 May.

Carpenter, S., Byfield, V., Felgate, S. L., Price, D. M., Andrade, V., Cobb, E., Strong, J., Lichtschlag, A., Brittain, H., Barry, C., Fitch, A., Young, A., Sanders, R., & Evans, C. (2022). ‘Using Unoccupied Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to Map Seagrass Cover from Sentinel-2 Imagery’. Remote Sensing, 14(3), 477.https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030477

Castle, L., Pinder, J., Lillis, H., & Manca, E. (2022). Using an ensemble modelling approach to predict suitable habitat for Zostera marina beds, Modiolus modiolus beds and Sabellaria spinulosa reefs in UK waters. Available at: https://jncc.gov.uk/

Coates, D., Deschutter, Y., Vincx, M., & Vanaverbeke, J. (2014). ‘Enrichment and shifts in macrobenthic assemblages in an offshore wind farm area in the Belgian part of the North Sea’. Marine Environmental Research, 95, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.12.008

Cochrane, G. R., Hemery, L. G., & Henkel, S. (2017). Oregon OCS seafloor mapping: Selected lease blocks relevant to renewable energy. Available at:https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20171045

Coggan, R., & Birchenough, S. (2007). Recommended operating guidelines (ROG) for MESH sediment profile imagery (SPI). Available at: gmhm3_video_rog.pdf (europa.eu)

Coolen, J. W. P., Vanaverbeke, J., Dannheim, J., Garcia, C., Birchenough, S. N. R., Krone, R., & Beermann, J. (2022). ‘Generalized changes of benthic communities after construction of wind farms in the southern North Sea’. Journal of Environmental Management, 312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115173

Cooper, K. M., & Barry, J. (2017). ‘A big data approach to macrofaunal baseline assessment, monitoring and sustainable exploitation of the seabed’. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1–18.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-11377-99

Cooper, K., Bolam, S., & Mason, C. (n.d.). POSEIDON Benthic Sampling Protocols Document Protocol for Sample Collection and Processing.

Cooper, K., Mason, C., & Lozach, S. (2021). Regional Seabed Monitoring Programme (RSMP) Protocol for Sample Collection and Processing. Version 9. Cefas.

Collins, R. A., Wangensteen, O. S., Gorman, E. J., Mariani, S., Sims, D. W., & Genner, M. J. (2018). ‘Persistence of environmental DNA in marine systems’. Communications Biology, 1(185). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-018-0192-6

Curtis, L. (2015). Condition Monitoring of the Intertidal Mudflats and Sandflats Feature at Fal and Helford Marine Sites 2011. Available at:https://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/5658146644164608

Curtis, M., & Coggan, R. (2006). Recommended operating guidelines (ROG) for MESH trawls and dredges Change history Recommended operating guidelines for trawls and dredges. Available at:https://emodnet.ec.europa.eu/sites/emodnet.ec.europa.eu/files/public/gmhm3_trawls_and_dredges_rog.pdf

Dannheim, J., Bergström, L., Birchenough, S. N. R., Brzana, R., Derweduwen, J., Gill, A. B., Hutchison, Z. L., Jackson, A. C., Janas, U., Martin, G., Raoux, A., Reubens, J., Rostin, L., Vanaverbeke, J., Wilding, T. A., Wilhelmsson, D., & Degraer, S. (2020). ‘Benthic effects of offshore renewables: identification of knowledge gaps and urgently needed research’. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 77(3), 1092-1108. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz018

Davies, J., Baxter, J., Bradley, M., Connor, D., Khan, J., Murray, E., Sanderson, W., Turnbull, C., & Vincent, M. (2001). Marine Monitoring Handbook. Available at:https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/ed51e7cc-3ef2-4d4f-bd3c-3d82ba87ad95/marine-monitoring-handbook.pdf

Dalberg, E. (2001). A measure of the Underwater Electric Field Off the West Coast of Sweden. Technical report. ISSN 16050-1942. Available at: https://www.foi.se/rest-api/report/FOI-R--0146--SE

De Esteban, M. C., Otero-Ferrer, F., Tuya, F., & Espino, F. (2018). ‘Mapping subtropical and tropical rhodolith seabeds using Side Scan Sonar technology’. VI International Rhodolith Workshop 2018. Marine Station of Roscoff, 25-29 June. Brittany, France. Available at:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326129470

De Mesel, I., Kerckhof, F., Norro, A., Rumes, B., & Degraer, S. (2015). ‘Succession and seasonal dynamics of the epifauna community on offshore wind farm foundations and their role as stepping stones for non-indigenous species’. Hydrobiologia, 756, 37-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-014-2157-1

Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B., & Vigin, L. (2018). Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Assessing and Managing Effect Spheres of Influence. Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Natural Environment, Marine Ecology and Management, Brussels, pp. 136.

Degraer, S., Carey, D. A., Coolen, J. W. P., Hutchison, Z. L., Kerckhof, F., Rumes, B., & Vanaverbeke, J. (2020). Offshore wind farm artificial reefs ecosystem structure and functioning – a synthesis. Available at: https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/21422/Degraer_2020_TOS_offshore_wind_CC.pdf

Elliott, M., Dickens, S., Robbins, J., Grellier, K., Wort, E., Stanton, S., & Geraldi, N. (2023). Assessing fish ecology around OWFs using eDNA. Proof of concept white paper. Available at:https://www.edf-re.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Assessing-fish-ecology-around-OWFs-using-eDNA.pdf

Elliott, M., Nedwell, S., Jones, N. V, Read, S. J., Cutts, N. D., & Hemingway, K. L. (1998). INTERTIDAL SAND AND MUDFLATS & SUBTIDAL MOBILE SANDBANKS An overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs. Available at:http://ukmpa.marinebiodiversity.org/uk_sacs/pdfs/sandmud.pdf

Ellis, J. I., & Schneider, D. C. (1997). ‘Evaluation of a gradient sampling design for environmental impact assessment’. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 48(2), 157–172.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005752603707

Ellis, J. R., Milligan, S. P., Readdy, L., Taylor, N., & Brown, M. J. (2012). Spawning and nursery grounds of selected fish species in UK waters. Available at: https://www.cefas.co.uk/publications/techrep/TechRep147.pdf

European Commission. (2024). European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet) - Seabed Habitats. Available at:https://emodnet.ec.europa.eu/en/reports?field_emodnet_lot_value%5b%5d=seabed_habitats

Frano, A., Smyth, K., Thomson, S. (2022). Developing Essential Fish Habitat maps

for fish and shellfish species in Scotland. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/research-and-analysis/2023/05/developing-essential-fish-habitat-maps-fish-shellfish-species-scotland-report/documents/developing-essential-fish-habitat-maps-fish-shellfish-species-scotland-report/developing-essential-fish-habitat-maps-fish-shellfish-species-scotland-report/govscot%3Adocument/developing-essential-fish-habitat-maps-fish-shellfish-species-scotland-report.pdf

Gervelis, B., Wilber, D, H. (2023). The Role of Fishery-Independent Bottom Trawl Surveys in Providing Regional and Temporal Context to Offshore Wind Farm Monitoring Studies. Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science 15:e10231. ISSN: 1942-5120. DOI: 10.1002/mcf2.10231. Available at: https://www.inspireenvironmental.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Mar-Coast-Fish-2023-Gervelis-The-Role-of-Fishery%E2%80%90Independent-Bottom-Trawl-Surveys-in-Providing-Regional-and-Temporal.pdf

Golding, N., Albrecht, J., & Mcbreen, F. (2020). Refining the criteria for defining areas with a ‘low resemblance’ to Annex I stony reef (JNCC Report No. 656). Available at: https://jncc.gov.uk/

Golding, N., Dinwoodie, K., Golob, E., O’Connor, J., Taylor, J., van Rein, H., Webb, K.

(2021) The BIG PICTURE II: Benthic Imagery Workshop Report. JNCC Report No. 686,

JNCC, Peterborough, ISSN 0963-8091. Available at: https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/444f7aed-2901-420c-8f4d-dc7b1d3e9f98/JNCC-Report-686-FINAL-WEB.pdf

Greene, A., Rahman, A. F., Kline, R., & Rahman, M. S. (2018). ‘Side scan sonar: A cost-efficient alternative method for measuring seagrass cover in shallow environments’. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 207, 250–258.https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECSS.2018.04.017

Griffin, R. A., Jones, R. E., Lough, N. E. L., Lindenbaum, C. P., Alvarez, M. C., Clark, K. A. J., Griffiths, J. D., & Clabburn, P. A. T. (2020). ‘Effectiveness of acoustic cameras as tools for assessing biogenic structures formed by Sabellaria in highly turbid environments’. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 30(6), 1121–1136.https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3313

Griffin, R. A., Robinson, G. J., West, A., Gloyne-Phillips, I. T., & Unsworth, R. K. F. (2016). ‘Assessing Fish and Motile Fauna around Offshore Windfarms Using Stereo Baited Video’. PLOS ONE, 11(3), e0149701.https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0149701

Gubbay, S. (2007). Defining and managing Sabellaria spinulosa reefs: Report of an inter-agency workshop 1-2 May, 2007. Available at:https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/ecdbc5ba-e200-47e3-b7c6-adf464287712/JNCC-Report-405-FINAL-WEB.pdf

Gumusay, M. U., Bakirman, T., Tuney Kizilkaya, I., & Aykut, N. O. (2019). ‘A review of seagrass detection, mapping and monitoring applications using acoustic systems’. European Journal of Remote Sensing, 52(1), pp. 1–29.https://doi.org/10.1080/22797254.2018.1544838

Halouani, G., Villanueva, Ching., Raoux, Aurore., Dauvin, Jean-Claude., Lasram, Frida., Foucher, Eric., Le Loc'h, François., Safi, Georges., Araignous, Emma., Robin, Jean-Paul., Niquil, Nathalie. (2020). A spatial food web model to investigate potential spillover effects of a fishery closure in an offshore wind farm. Journal of Marine Systems. 212. 103434. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2020.103434

Hansen, R, E. (2013). Synthetic aperture sonar technology review. Marine Technology Society Journal - Vol. 47, I. Available at: https://typeset.io/papers/synthetic-aperture-sonar-technology-review-1rkkpnk2vv

Harper, L. R., Neave, E. F., Sellers, G. S., Cunnington, A. V., Arias, M. B., Craggs, J., MacDonald, B., Riesgo, A., & Mariani, S. (2023). ‘Optimized DNA isolation from marine sponges for natural sampler DNA metabarcoding’. Environmental DNA, 5(3), 438–461.https://doi.org/10.1002/edn3.392

HDR. (2019). Benthic Monitoring during Wind Turbine Installation and Operation at the Block Island Wind Farm, Rhode Island – Year 2. Final Report to the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Office of Renewable Energy Programs. OCS Study BOEM. 318(49701). Available at: https://espis.boem.gov/final%20reports/BOEM_2019-019.pdf

HDR. (2020). Benthic and Epifaunal Monitoring During Wind Turbine Installation and Operation at the Block Island Wind Farm , Rhode Island – Project Report: Final Report to the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Office of Renewable Energy Programs. Available at: https://espis.boem.gov/final%20reports/BOEM_2020-044.pdf

Hemery, L. G., Mackereth, K. F., & Tugade, L. G. (2022). ‘What’s in My Toolkit? A Review of Technologies for Assessing Changes in Habitats Caused by Marine Energy Development’. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(1).https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10010092

Henriques, V., Mendes, B., Pinheiro, L. M., Gonçalves, D., & Long, D. (2013). MeshAtlantic Recommended Operating Guidelines Sidescan sonars. Available at: https://emodnet.ec.europa.eu/sites/emodnet.ec.europa.eu/files/public/mesha_rog_sidescan_sonar_v40.pdf

Hiddink, J. G., Jennings, S., Sciberras, M., Bolam, S. G., Cambiè, G., McConnaughey, R. A., Mazor, T., Hilborn, R., Collie, J. S., Pitcher, C. R., Parma, A. M., Suuronen, P., Kaiser, M. J., & Rijnsdorp, A. D. (2019). ‘Assessing bottom trawling impacts based on the longevity of benthic invertebrates’. Journal of Applied Ecology, 56(5), 1075–1084.https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13278

Hitchin, R., Turner, J. A., & Verling, E. (2015). Epibiota Remote Monitoring from Digital Imagery: Operational Guidelines. Available at:https://www.nmbaqcs.org/media/mirhlqmu/epibiota_operational_guidelines_final.pdf

Howson, C. M., Clark, L., Mercer, T. S., & James, B. (2012). Marine biological survey to establish the distribution and status of fan mussels Atrina fragilis and other Marine Protected Area (MPA) search features within the Sound of Canna, Inner Hebrides. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 438. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-07/Publication%202012%20-%20SNH%20Commissioned%20Report%20438%20-%20Marine%20biological%20survey%20to%20establish%20the%20distribution%20and%20status%20of%20Fan%20mussels%2C%20Atrina%20fragilis%2C%20and%20other%20Priority%20marine%20features%20within%20the%20Sound%20of%20Canna.pdf

Hutchison, Z., Secor, D. H., & Gill, A. B. (2020). ‘The Interaction Between Resource Species and Electromagnetic Fields Associated with Electricity Production by Offshore Wind Farms’. Oceanography, 33(4), 96–107.https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2020.409

IHO. (2022). IHO Standards for Hydrographic Surveys (6.1.0). Available at:https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-44/S-44_Edition_6.1.0.pdf

Irving, R. (2009). The identification of the main characteristics of stony reef habitats under the Habitats Directive. Available at:https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/21693da5-7f59-47ec-b0c1-a3a5ce5e3139/JNCC-Report-432-FINAL-WEB.pdf

Jac, C., Desroy, N., Foveau, A., & Vaz, S. (2022). ‘Disentangling trawling impact from natural variability on benthic communities’. Continental Shelf Research, 247.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2022.104828

Jenkins, C., Eggleton, J., Barry, J., & O’Connor, J. (2018). Advances in assessing Sabellaria spinulosa reefs for ongoing monitoring. Ecology and Evolution, 8(15), 7673–7687.https://doi.org/10.1002/ECE3.4292

JNCC. (2004a). Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Inlets and Bays. Available at:https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/9b4bff32-b2b1-4059-aa00-bb57d747db23/CSM-Inlets-Bays-2004.pdf

JNCC. (2004b). Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Inshore Sublittoral Sediment Habitats Common Standards Monitoring guidance for inshore sublittoral sediment habitats. Available at:https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/9b4bff32-b2b1-4059-aa00-bb57d747db23/CSM-SublittoralSediment-2004.pdf

JNCC. (2004c). Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Littoral Rock and Inshore Sublittoral Rock Habitats Common Standards Monitoring guidance for littoral rock and inshore sublittoral rock habitats. Available at:https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/9b4bff32-b2b1-4059-aa00-bb57d747db23/CSM-Littoral-SublittoralRock-2004.pdf

JNCC. (2004d). Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Littoral Sediment Habitats. Available at:https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/9b4bff32-b2b1-4059-aa00-bb57d747db23/CSM-LittoralSedimentHabitats-2004.pdf

JNCC. (2004e). Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Marine Features. Available at:https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/9b4bff32-b2b1-4059-aa00-bb57d747db23/CSM-Marine-Introduction-2004.pdf

JNCC. (2004f). Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Estuaries Common Standards Monitoring guidance for estuaries. Available at:https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/9b4bff32-b2b1-4059-aa00-bb57d747db23/CSM-Estuaries-2004.pdf

JNCC. (2018). Marine Monitoring Platform Guidelines Autonomous Underwater Vehicles for use in marine benthic monitoring. Monitoring Platform Guidelines No. 2. JNCC, Peterborough. ISSN 2517-7605. Available at: https://hub.jncc.gov.uk/assets/f52a772a-1d81-4cab-b850-7a9e32d0fef6

JNCC. (2019). European Community Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora–- Sandbanks which are slightly covered by sea water all the time. Available at: https://jncc.gov.uk/jncc-assets/Art17/H1110-EN-Habitats-Directive-Art17-2019.pdf

JNCC. (2022). Marine Recorder. Available at: https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/marine-recorder/

Jones, E.P., Adams, I.P., Walshaw, J., Benucci, M., MacArthur, R., Boonham, N., Bryce, S. (2020) Guidance for end users on DNA methods development and project assessment. Available at: https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/8839bf2f-f934-4a9d-b25d-74a6d20ac875/JNCC-Report-669a-FINAL-WEB.pdf

Jones, R. E., Griffin, R. A., Rees, S. C., & Unsworth, R. K. F. (2019). ‘Improving visual biodiversity assessments of motile fauna in turbid aquatic environments’. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 17(10), 544–554. https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10331

Jones, R. E., Griffin, R. A., Rees, S. C., & Unsworth, R. K. F. (2016) Epibiota Remote Monitoring from Digital Imagery: Interpretation Guidelines. Available at: https://www.infomar.ie/sites/default/files/pdfs/epibiota_interpretation_jncc.pdf

Judd, A. (2012). Guidelines for data acquisition to support marine environmental assessments of offshore renewable energy projects. Available at:https://tethys.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/CEFAS_2012_Eenvironmental_Assessment_Guidance.pdf

Kent, F., Lilley, R., Unsworth, R., Cunningham, S., Begg, S., Boulcott, P., Jeorret, C., Horsburgh, R., & Michelotti, M. (2021). Seagrass restoration in Scotland – handbook and guidance. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/doc/naturescot-research-report-1286-seagrass-restoration-scotland-handbook-and-guidance

Koziol, A., Stat, M., Simpson, T., Jarman, S., DiBattista, J. D., Harvey, E. S., Marnane, M., McDonald, J., & Bunce, M. (2018). ‘Environmental DNA metabarcoding studies are critically affected by substrate selection’. Molecular Ecology Resources, 19(2), 366-376. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12971

Langenkämper, D., Zurowietz, M., Schoening, T., & Nattkemper, T. W. (2017). ‘BIIGLE 2.0–- browsing and annotating large marine image collections’. Frontiers in Marine Science, 4(MAR), 254291. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2017.00083/full

Larsen, M., & Hjermann, D. (2022). Status and Trend for Heavy Metals (Mercury, Cadmium and Lead) in Fish, Shellfish and Sediment. In: OSPAR, 2023: The 2023 Quality Status Report for the Northeast Atlantic. OSPAR Commission, London. Available at:https://oap.ospar.org/en/ospar-assessments/quality-status-reports/qsr-2023/indicator-assessments/heavy-metals-biota-sediment

Latto P. L., Reach I.S., Alexander D., Armstrong S., Backstrom J., Beagley E., Murphy K., Piper R. & Seiderer L.J., (2013). Screening Spatial Interactions between Marine Aggregate Application Areas and Sandeel Habitat. A Method Statement produced for BMAPA.

Lefaible, N., Braeckman, U., & Moens, T. (2018). Effects of wind turbine foundations on surrounding icrobenthicc communities, in Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B., & Vigin, L. (ed.) Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Assessing and Managing Effect Spheres of Influence. Brussels: Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Operational Directorate Natural Environment, Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecology, & Marine Ecology and Management, pp.57-77.

Lefaible, N., Colson, L., Braeckman, U., & Moens, T. (2019). Effects of turbine-related impacts onicrobenthicc communities within two offshore wind farms during the operational phase. Brussels: Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences. 47–63.

Lu, Z., Zhan, X., Guo, Y., & Ma, L. (2019). ‘Small-Scale Effects of Offshore Wind-Turbine Foundations on Macrobenthic Assemblages in Pinghai Bay, China’. Journal of Coastal Research, 36(1), 139–147.https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-19-00051.1

Matejusova, I., Graham, J., Bland, F., Lacaze, J-P., Herman, G., Brown, L., Dalgarno, E., Bishop, J. D., Kakkonen, J. E., Smith, K. F., & Douglas, A. (2021). Environmental DNA Based Surveillance for the Highly Invasive Carpet Sea Squirt Didemnum vexillum: A Targeted Single Species Approach. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.728456

Marine Management Organisation (2014). MMO 1031: Review of environmental data associated with post-consent monitoring of licence conditions of offshore wind farms. Available at:

Marine Management Organisation. (2014). Review of post-consent offshore wind farm monitoring data associated with licence conditions. Available at:https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/317787/1031.pdf

Marine (Scotland) Act, (Commencement No.2 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2011 (2010).

Markham, C., & Hubble, M. (2022). Beatrice Offshore Wind Farm Post-Construction Monitoring Year 2 (2021): Benthic Grab Survey Report. Available at: https://tethys.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Markham-Hubble-2022.pdf

Mason, C. (2022). NMBAQC’S Best Practice Guidance Particle Size Analysis (PSA) for Supporting Biological Analysis. Available at: https://www.nmbaqcs.org/media/ibzlxdej/psa-guidance_update2022.pdf

McHugh, M., Oliver, M., Browne, D., Cosgrove, R. (2021). Preliminary assessment of a box trawl in the Irish Nephrops fishery Fisheries Conservation Report. BIM – Ireland’s Seafood Development Agency. Available at: https://bim.ie/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Preliminary-assessment-of-a-box-trawl.pdf

Mcgonigle, C., & Collier, J. (2014). ‘Interlinking grain size and benthic community structure’. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 147.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.05.025

Methratta, E. T., (2020) Monitoring fisheries resources at offshore wind farms: BACI vs. BAG designs. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 77(3), pp. 890-900.

Methratta, E. T. (2021). ‘Distance-Based Sampling Methods for Assessing the Ecological Effects of Offshore Wind Farms: Synthesis and Application to Fisheries Resource Studies’. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8. 674594. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.674594/full

Millar, H., O’Hara Murray, R., Gallego, A., Gormley, K., & Kent, F. (2019). Connectivity of selected Priority Marine Features within and outwith the Scottish MPA network. Scottish Natural Heritage Research Report No. 1048. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2019-12/Publication%202019%20-%20Research%20Report%201048%20-%20Connectivity%20of%20selected%20Priority%20Marine%20Features%20within%20and%20outwith%20the%20Scottish%20MPA%20network.pdf

Miller, McCallum, White, Azzarello, & Caryl. (2017). SNH Commissioned Report 980: Predictive mapping of seabed features within selected Special Areas of Conservation and Nature Conservation MPAs in Scottish territorial waters using available datasets. Available at:https://www.nature.scot/doc/naturescot-commissioned-report-980-predictive-mapping-seabed-features-within-selected-special-areas

MMT. (2021). USV Reactivation and Seagrass Mobilisation and Geophysical Survey, Marine Survey Report. Available at:https://www.projectseagrass.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/104002-USV-MMT-SUR-REP-SURVEYRE-02.pdf

Moffat, C., Baxter, J., Berx, B., Bosley, K., Boulcott, P., Cox, M., Cruikshank, L., Gillham, K., Cox, A., Haynes, V., Roberts, A., Vaughan, D., & Webster, L. (2020). Scotland’s Marine Assessment 2020. Scottish Government.

Moore, C. G., Harries, D. B., James, B., Cook, R. L., Saunders, G. R., Tulbure, K. W., Harbour, R. P., & Kamphausen, L. (2018). The distribution and condition of flame shell beds and other Priority Marine Features in Loch Carron Marine Protected Area and adjacent waters, Scottish Natural Heritage Research Report No. 1038. Available at:https://www.nature.scot/doc/naturescot-research-report-1038-distribution-and-condition-flame-shell-beds-and-other-priority

Moore, C. G., Saunders, G. R., Harries, D. B., Mair, J. M., Bates, C. R., & Lyndon, A. R. (2006). The establishment of site condition monitoring of the subtidal reefs of Loch Creran Special Area of Conservation. Available at:https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-07/Publication%202006%20-%20SNH%20Commissioned%20Report%20151%20-%20The%20establishment%20of%20site%20condition%20monitoring%20of%20the%20subtidal%20reefs%20of%20Loch%20Creran%20Special%20Area%20of%20Conservation.pdf

Morris, E. (2015). Defining Annex I biogenic Modiolus modiolus reef habitat under the Habitats Directive: Report of an inter-agency workshop. Available at:https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/48a5db80-36d6-464a-afe1-b993aad33d7a/JNCC-Report-531-FINAL-WEB.pdf

Moser, A., Pheasant, I., MacPherson, W. N., Narayanaswamy, B. E., & Sweetman, A. K. (2021). ‘Sediment Profile Imaging: Laboratory Study into the Sediment Smearing Effect of a Penetrating Plate’. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.582076

Narayanaswamy, B., Bett, B., Lamont, P., Rowden, A., Bell, E. M., & Menot, L. (2016). Corers and grabs: Chapter 10. In Biological Sampling in the deep-sea (pp. 207-227). Blackwell Publishing (Oxford). Available at: https://pureadmin.uhi.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/1946983/Narayanaswamy_et_al._Chapter_10.pdf

Natural England. (2021a). Offshore Wind Marine Environmental Assessments: Best Practice Advice for Evidence and Data Standards Phase I: Expectations for pre-application baseline data for designated nature conservation and landscape receptors to support offshore wind applications. Available at: Offshore wind – best practice advice to facilitate sustainable development - Natural England (blog.gov.uk)

Natural England. (2021b). Offshore Wind Marine Environmental Assessments: Best Practice Advice for Evidence and Data Standards Phase II: Expectations for pre-application engagement and best practice guidance for the evidence plan process. Available at: Offshore wind – best practice advice to facilitate sustainable development - Natural England (blog.gov.uk)

Natural England. (2022a). Offshore Wind Marine Environmental Assessments: Best Practice Advice for Evidence and Data Standards Phase III: Expectations for data analysis and presentation at examination for offshore wind applications. Available at: Offshore wind – best practice advice to facilitate sustainable development - Natural England (blog.gov.uk)

Natural England. (2022b). Offshore Wind Marine Environmental Assessments: Best Practice Advice for Evidence and Data Standards Phase IV: Expectations for monitoring and environmental requirements at the post-consent phase. Available at: Offshore wind – best practice advice to facilitate sustainable development - Natural England (blog.gov.uk)

Natural Resource Wales. (2019a). Benthic habitat assessment guidance for marine developments and activities A guide to characterising and monitoring horse mussel Modiolus modiolus reefs. Available at: https://naturalresourceswales.gov.uk/media/693111/gn030c-modiolus-final-24jun2019-accessible.pdf

Natural Resource Wales. (2019a). Benthic habitat assessment guidance for marine developments and activities A guide to characterising and monitoring Sabellaria reefs. Available at: https://cdn.cyfoethnaturiol.cymru/media/693112/gn030d-sabellaria-final-accessible.pdf

Natural Resources Wales. (2023). Benthic habitat assessments for marine developments. Available at:https://naturalresources.wales/guidance-and-advice/business-sectors/marine/benthic-habitat-assessments-for-marine-developments/?lang=en

Natural Resources Wales. (2019a). Benthic habitat assessment guidance A guide to characterising and monitoring intertidal sediment habitats. Available at: https://naturalresources.wales/media/693110/gn030b-intertidal-sediments-final-24jun2019-accessible.pdf

Natural Resources Wales. (2019b). Benthic habitat assessment guidance A guide to characterising and monitoring subtidal sediments. Available at: https://naturalresources.wales/media/693116/gn030h-subtidal-sediments-accessible.pdf

NatureMetrics. (2022). Protocol for Sampling Marine Benthic Sediment for DNA-based Analysis. Available at:https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/121b1d65-866a-47c9-ab71-7088c706770c/jncc-report-706-final-web.pdf

NatureScot. (2020). Information Note - Marine Habitat Enhancement, Recovery, Restoration and Creation in Scotland: Terminology and Examples. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/doc/information-note-marine-habitat-enhancement-recovery-restoration-and-creation-scotland-terminology

Neave, E. F., Cai, W., Arias, M. B., Harper, L. R., Riesgo, A., & Mariani, S. (2023). ‘Trapped DNA fragments in marine sponge specimens unveil north Atlantic deep-sea fish diversity’. BioRxiv, 5(2).https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.03.29.534740

Neave, E. F., Mariani, S., & Meek, S. (2023). Passive eDNA capture by SCUBA divers and snorkellers for monitoring inshore fish biodiversity. Available at:https://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/6249569948794880

NewFields. (2023). Sediment Profile Imaging (SPI) | Marine Sampling. Available at: https://www.newfields.com/sediment-profile-imaging/ (Accessed 3 November 2023)

NMBAQC. (2023a). Benthic Imagery Action Plan. Available at: https://www.nmbaqcs.org/scheme-components/epibiota/benthic-imagery-action-plan/

NMBAQC. (2023b). Epibiota Quality Assurance Framework and documents. Available at: https://www.nmbaqcs.org/scheme-components/epibiota/epibiota-quality-assurance-framework-and-documents/

NMBAQC. (2016). National Marine Biological Analytical Quality Control Scheme Annual Report 2014/2015. Available at: https://www.nmbaqcs.org/media/vhck0h5c/nmbaqc-annual-report-year-2014-2015.pdf

Noble-James, T., Bullimore, R., McBreen, F., O’Connor, J., Highfield, J., McCabe, C., Archer-Rand, S., Downie, A. L., Hawes, J., & Mitchell, P. (2023). ‘Monitoring benthic habitats in English Marine Protected Areas: Lessons learned, challenges and future directions’. Marine Policy, 157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105852

Noble-James, T., Jesus, A., & Mcbreen, F. (2018). Monitoring guidance for marine benthic habitats. Available at: https://hub.jncc.gov.uk/assets/9ade4be8-63dd-4bbc-afd0-aefe71af0849.

NRW. (2021a) Benthic habitat assessment guidance A guide to characterising and monitoring intertidal sediment habitats. Marine Programme Planning and Delivery Group. Available at: Guidance note template, external (naturalresources.wales)

NRW. (2021b) Benthic habitat assessment guidance a guide to characterising and monitoring intertidal rocky shore habitats and rockpools. Marine Programme Planning and Delivery Group. Available at: Guidance note template, external (naturalresources.wales)

O’Connor, J. (2016). 1515S Cruise Report: Monitoring survey of East of Gannet and Montrose Fields and Norwegian Boundary Sediment Plain Scottish Nature Conservation Marine Protected Areas. Available at: https://hub.jncc.gov.uk/assets/6d620e89-89f7-45b8-b44d-52c4f07cc232

Oil and Gas UK. (2019). Seabed Environment Survey Guidelines. Available at: https://oeuk.org.uk/product/seabed-environment-survey-guidelines/

OneBenthic. (2020). OneBenthic Survey Array Tool. Available at: https://rconnect.cefas.co.uk/onebenthic_surveyarray/

OSPAR Commission. (2009a). Modiolus modiolus beds. Available at: https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/species-habitats/list-of-threatened-declining-species-habitats/habitats/modiolus-modiolus-beds

OSPAR Commission. (2009b). OSPAR background for Ocean quahog (Arctica islandica). Available at: https://www.ospar.org/documents?v=7171

Ovchinnikova, K., James, M. A., Mendo, T., Dawkins, M., Crall, J., & Boswarva, K. (2021). ‘Exploring the potential to use low cost imaging and an open source convolutional neural network detector to support stock assessment of the king scallop (Pecten maximus)’. Ecological Informatics, 62. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOINF.2021.101233

Parker, J., Fawcett, A., Rowson, T., Allen, S., Hodgkiss, R., Harwood, A., Caldow, R., Ludgate, C., Humphrey, O., & Copley, V. (2022). Offshore Wind Marine Environmental Assessments: Best Practice Advice for Evidence and Data Standards Phase IV: Expectations for monitoring and environmental requirements at the post-consent phase. Available at: www.gov.uk/natural-england.

Parry, M. E. V. (2019). Guidance on Assigning Benthic Biotopes using EUNIS or the Marine Habitat Classification of Britain and Ireland. Available at: https://hub.jncc.gov.uk/assets/f23a26d7-07ad-4291-a42d-b422dad82351

Pearce, B., & Kimber, B. (2020). The status of Sabellaria spinulosa Reef off the Moray Firth and Aberdeenshire Coasts and Guidance for Conservsation of the Species off the Scottish East Coast. Available at: https://data.marine.gov.scot/sites/default/files/Scottish%20Marine%20and%20Freshwater%20Science%20%28SMFS%29%20Vol%2011%20No%2017_%20The%20Status%20of%20Sabellaria%20spinulosa%20Reef%20%281%29.pdf

Piel, S., Populus, J., Chust, G., & Galparsoro, I. (2012). Mesh + MeshAtlantic Recommended operating guidelines (ROG) for Lidar surveys. Available at: https://emodnet.ec.europa.eu/sites/emodnet.ec.europa.eu/files/public/mesha_rog_lidar_survey_v40.pdf

Pinder, J. (2020). Method for creating version 3 of the UK Composite Map of Annex I Sandbanks slightly covered by seawater all of the time. Available at: https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/f4891fa7-5f9e-417c-af88-073f276a4941/R20200429-UK-Sandbanks-Method-v3.pdf

Plets, R., Dix, J., & Bates, R. (2013). Marine Geophysics Data Acquisition, Processing and Interpretation. [Online]. Swindon: English Heritage Publishing. Available at: https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/marine-geophysics-data-acquisition-processing-interpretation/mgdapai-guidance-notes/

POSEIDON. (n.d.). POSEIDON Benthic Sampling Protocols Document Protocol for Sample Collection and Processing. Available at: https://rconnect.cefas.co.uk/POSEIDON/OneBenthicPOSEIDONstoryboardv1.html

Price, D. M., Felgate, S. L., Huvenne, V. A. I., Strong, J., Carpenter, S., Barry, C., Lichtschlag, A., Sanders, R., Carrias, A., Young, A., Andrade, V., Cobb, E., Le Bas, T., Brittain, H., & Evans, C. (2022). ‘Quantifying the Intra-Habitat Variation of Seagrass Beds with Unoccupied Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)’. Remote Sensing, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030480

Reach, I. S., Latto, P., Alexander, D., Armstrong, S., Backstrom, J., Beagley, E., Murphy, K., Piper, R., & Seiderer, L. J. (2013a). Screening spatial interactions between marine aggregate application areas and Atlantic herring potential spawning areas. A Method Statement produced for BMAPA.

Reach, I.S., Latto P., Alexander, D., Armstrong, S., Backstrom, J., Beagley, E., Murphy, K., Piper, R., and Seiderer, L.J. 2013b. Screening spatial interactions between marine aggregate application areas and Atlantic herring potential spawning areas. A Method Statement produced for BMAPA.

Reiss, H., Cunze, H., König, K., Neumann, K., and Kröncke, I. (2011). ‘Species distribution modelling of marine benthos: A North Sea case study’. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 442, 71–86. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09391

Robson, L. (2014). JNCC clarifications on the habitat definitions of two habitat Features of Conversation Importance: Mud habitats in deep water, and Sea-pen and burrowing megafauna communities. Available at: https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/91e7f80a-5693-4b8c-8901-11f16e663a12/3-AdviceDocument-MudHabitats-Seapen-definitions-v1.0.pdf

Rotherham, D., Broadhurst, M, K., Gray, C, A., and Johnson, D. (2008). Developing a beam trawl for sampling estuarine fish and crustaceans: Assessment of a codend cover and effects of different sizes of mesh in the body and codend. CES Journal of Marine Science 65(4):687-696. DOI:10.1093/icesjms/fsn038. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255648776_Developing_a_beam_trawl_for_sampling_estuarine_fish_and_crustaceans_Assessment_of_a_codend_cover_and_effects_of_different_sizes_of_mesh_in_the_body_and_codend

Sakata, M. K., Yamamoto, S., Gotoh, R. O., Miya, M., Yamanaka, H., & Minamoto, T. (2020). ‘Sedimentary eDNA provides different information on timescale and fish species composition compared with aqueous eDNA’. Environmental DNA, 2(4), 505-518. https://doi.org/10.1002/edn3.75

Sanderson, W., Hirst, N., Farinas-Franco, J. M., Grieve, R., Mair, J. M., Porter, J.S., & Stirling, D. A (2014). North Cava Island and Karlsruhe horse mussel bed assessment. Available at: https://media.nature.scot/record/~59fe9d678a

Saunders, G., Bedford, G.S., Trendall, J.R., and Sotheran, I. (2011). Guidance on survey and monitoring in relation to marine renewables deployments in Scotland. Volume 5. Benthic Habitats. Unpublished draft report to Scottish Natural Heritage and Marine Scotland.

Scottish Government. (2021). Sectoral marine plan: regional locational guidance. 1–253. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/publications/sectoral-marine-plan-regional-locational-guidance/

Scottish Government. (2020). Sectoral Marine Plan for Offshore Energy. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/strategy-plan/2020/10/sectoral-marine-plan-offshore-wind-energy/documents/sectoral-marine-plan-offshore-wind-energy/sectoral-marine-plan-offshore-wind-energy/govscot%3Adocument/sectoral-marine-plan-offshore-wind-energy.pdf

Scottish Government. (2018). Marine Scotland Consenting and Licensing Guidance for Offshore Wind, Wave, and Tidal Energy Applications. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/advice-and-guidance/2020/02/marine-licensing-applications-and-guidance/documents/guidance/guidance-manual-for-offshore-wind-wave-and-tidal-energy-application/guidance-manual-for-offshore-wind-wave-and-tidal-energy-application/govscot%3Adocument/Guidance%2BManual%2Bfor%2BOffshore%2BWind%252C%2BWave%2Band%2BTidal%2BEnergy%2BApplication.pdf

Scottish Government. (2015). Scotland’s National Marine Plan - a single framework for managing our seas. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/strategy-plan/2015/03/scotlands-national-marine-plan/documents/00475466-pdf/00475466-pdf/govscot%3Adocument/00475466.pdf

SeaGIS. (2023). EventMeasure. Available at: https://www.seagis.com.au/event.html

SEPA. (2023). Marine Finfish Farms Guidance on the use of DNA in monitoring compliance with seabed mixing zone area limits. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/594636/guidance-on-the-use-of-dna-in-monitoring-compliance-with-seabed-mixing-zone-area-limits.pdf

Sheahan, D., Rycroft, R., Allen, Y., Kenny, A., Mason, C., & Irish R. (2001). CONTAMINANT STATUS OF THE NORTH SEA. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7a093d40f0b66a2fbff6da/TR_SEA2_Contamination.pdf

Smith, C. J., Rumohr, H., Karakassis, I., & Papadopoulou, K. N. (2003). ‘Analysing the impact of bottom trawls on sedimentary seabeds with sediment profile imagery’. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 285–286, 479–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(02)00545-2

Somerton, D. A. (2001). Environmental effects of bottom trawling: a benthic overfishing model. Available at: https://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/CM%20Doccuments/2001/R/R0601.pdf

Stephenson, P. J., (2021). A Review of Biodiversity Data Needs and Monitoring Protocols for the Offshore Renewable Energy Sector in the Baltic Sea and North Sea. Available here: https://offshore-coalition.eu/documents/summary-for-rgi-report-pj-stephenson-7oct2021-final-1_compressed.pdf

The Scottish Marine Regions Order. (2015). The Scottish Marine Regions Order (SSI 2015/193). Available at: www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk

Thorburn, J., Lavender, E., Cole, G., Smout, S., & James, M. (2022). Movement Ecology of the Flapper Skate. Available at: https://masts.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/MEFS-report.pdf

Tillin, H. M., Hull, S. C., & Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a Sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Available at: http://www.marlin.ac.uk

Marine Monitoring Platform Guidelines Autonomous Underwater Vehicles for use in marine benthic monitoring. (2018).

Turner, J. A., Hitchin, R., Verling, E., & van Rein, H. (2016). Epibiota Remote Monitoring from Digital Imagery: Interpretation Guidelines. Available at: https://www.nmbaqcs.org/media/teblpook/nmbaqc_epibiota_interpretation_guidelines_final.pdf

Tyler-Walters, H., James, B., Carruthers, M. (eds.), Wilding, C., Durkin, O., Lacey, C., Philpott, E., Adams, L., Chaniotis, P.D., Wilkes, P.T.V., Seeley, R., Neilly, M., Dargie, J. & Crawford-Avis, O. T. (2016). SNH Commissioned Report 406: Descriptions of Scottish Priority Marine Features (PMFs). Available at: https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/Publication%202016%20-%20SNH%20Commissioned%20Report%20406%20-%20Descriptions%20of%20Scottish%20Priority%20Marine%20Features%20%28PMFs%29.pdf

University Marine Biological Station Millport, (2007). Conservation of the Native Oyster Ostrea edulis in Scotland. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/doc/naturescot-commissioned-report-251-conservation-native-oyster-ostrea-edulis-scotland

Vasquez, M., Allen, H., Manca, E., Castle, L., Lillis, H., Agnesi, S., Hamdani, Z. A., Annunziatellis, A., Askew, N., Bekkby, T., Bentes, L., Doncheva, V., Drakopoulou, V., Duncan, G., Gonçalves, J., Inghilesi, R., Laamanen, L., Loukaidi, V., Martin, Simon., McGrath, F., Mo, G., Monteiro, P., Muresan, M., Nikilova, C., O’Keeffe, E., Pesch, R., Pinder, J., Populus, J., Ridgeway, A., Sakellariou, D., Teaca, A., Tempera, F., Todorova, V., Tunesi, L., & Virtanen, E.. (2021). EUSeaMap 2021 A European broad-scale seabed habitat map, Technical Report. Avaliable at: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00723/83528/

Ware, S. J., & Kenny, A. J. (2011). Guidelines for the Conduct of Benthic Studies at Marine Aggregate Extraction Sites (2nd Edition). Available at: https://www.cefas.co.uk/publications/files/02dpl001.pdf

Wegleitner, B. J., Jerde, C. L., Tucker, A., Chadderton, W. L., & Mahon, A. R. (2015). ‘Long duration, room temperature preservation of filtered eDNA samples’. Conservation Genetics Resources, 7, 789-791. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12686-015-0483-x

White, J., Mitchell, A., Coggan, R., Southern, I., & Golding, N. (2007). Seafloor Video Mapping: Collection, Analysis and Interpretation of Seafloor Video Footage for the Purpose of Habitat Classification and Mapping. Available at: https://emodnet.ec.europa.eu/sites/emodnet.ec.europa.eu/files/public/gmhm3_video_rog.pdf

Wilding, T. A., Hughes, D. J., & Black, K. D. (2005). The benthic environment of the North and West of Scotland and the Northern and Western Isles: sources of information and overview. Available at: https://tethys.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Wilding_et_al_2005.pdf

Worsfold, T. M. (2023). Development of standard recording policies for laboratory analysis of north-east Atlantic microbenthic samples, including a draft Taxonomic Discrimination Protocol (TDP) down to family level. Available at: https://www.nmbaqcs.org/media/5k2h23ov/taxonomicdiscriminationprotocol_v1august2023.pdf

Wort, E., Flintham, H., Good, E., Bakker, J., Craig, H., & Egeter, B. (2022). Review of DNA-based marine benthic monitoring protocols. Available at: https://hub.jncc.gov.uk/assets/4397e5f3-7ffd-4130-8fc2-811d693a776d

Wyn, G., Brazier, P., Birch, K., Bunker, A., Cooke, A., Jones, M., & Lough, N. (2006). CCW Handbook for Marine Intertidal Phase 1 Biotope Mapping Survey. Wales: Countryside Council for Wales.

Xodus. (2023). West of Orkney Windfarm Offshore EIA Report, Volume 1, Chapter 10-Benthic Subtidal and Intertidal Ecology, Offshore Wind Power Limited. Available at: https://www.westoforkney.com/application/files/3216/9573/0266/West_of_Orkney_Windfarm_Offshore_EIA_Report_-_Chapter_10_-_Benthic_subtidal_and_intertidal_ecology.pdf

zu Ermgassen, P. S. E., Bos, O., Debney, A., Gamble, C., Glover, A., Pogoda, B., Pouvreau, S., Sanderson, W., Smyth, D., & Preston, J. (2021). European Native Oyster Habitat Restoration Monitoring Handbook. The Zoological Society of London, UK., London, UK. Available at: https://www.decadeonrestoration.org/

Contact

Email: ScotMER@gov.scot

Back to top