Litter and flytipping offences - enforcement review: final report

Appendix 8 – Key literature and data sources

Agencia Estatal Boletin Oficial del Estado (2023) Law 7/2022, of April 8, on waste and contaminated soil for a circular economy – https://www.boe.es/eli/es/l/2022/04/08/7

Ajuntament de Barcelona - Waste management | Urban Planning, Ecological Transition, Urban Services and Housing (barcelona.cat)

Aklagarmyndigheten (2023) Environmental Crime – https://www.aklagare.se/om-brottsligheten/olika-brottstyper/miljobrott/

Alliance to End Plastic Waste (2021) The countries who have built a culture of clean-ups – https://endplasticwaste.org/en/our-stories/the-countries-who-have-built-a-culture-of-cleanups Bath and North East Somerset Council (2023) Litter Campaigns – https://www.bathnes.gov.uk/services/streets-and-highway-maintenance/litter-street-care-and-cleaning/litter-campaigns#:~:text=Litter%20is%20against%20the%20law,fined%20up%20to%20%C2%A3150

BBC (2022) The crime gangs cashing in by burying illegal waste – https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-60193454

Behaviour Change Cornwall (2023) Can we nudge people to recycle? – https://behaviourchangecornwall.co.uk/signs-to-stop-plastic/

Birmingham City Council (2021) Keep Britain Tidy and Council working together to reduce fly-tipping – https://www.birmingham.gov.uk/news/article/981/keep_britain_tidy_and_council_working_together_to_reduce_fly-tipping

Bolton Council (2021) Flytippers warned they are being watched – https://www.bolton.gov.uk/news/article/1128/flytippers-warned-they-are-being-watched

Circular (2023) Defra to provide £755,000 fly-tipping grants for local authorities – https://www.circularonline.co.uk/news/defra-to-provide-755000-fly-tipping-grants-for-local-authorities/

Circular (2023) Sunak promises to increase fly-tipping fines from £400 to £1,000 – https://www.circularonline.co.uk/news/sunak-promises-to-increase-fly-tipping-fines-from-400-to-1000/

City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council (2023) Bradford Council deploys social media sting operation to catch fly-tippers – https://www.bradford.gov.uk/browse-all-news/press-releases/bradford-council-deploys-social-media-sting-operation-to-catch-fly-tippers/

Clearway (2022) Fly-tippers caught on CCTV – https://www.clearway.co.uk/news/fly-tippers-caught-on-cctv/

Clear Waste (2023) – https://clearwaste.com/

Crown Office & Procurator Fiscal Service (2021) Our role in the justice process – https://www.copfs.gov.uk/about-copfs/our-role-in-the-justice-process/

Crown Office & Procurator Fiscal Service (2021) Prosecution Code – https://www.copfs.gov.uk/publications/prosecution-code/html/

Crown Office & Procurator Fiscal Service (2022) Lord Advocate’s guidelines: Liberation by the police – https://www.copfs.gov.uk/publications/lord-advocate-s-guidelines-liberation-by-the-police/html/

Defra (2022) Litter and littering in England 2018 to 2019 – https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/litter-and-littering-in-england-data-dashboard/litter-and-littering-in-england-2018-to-2019

Defra (2022) Part 1A – Effective enforcement Code of Practice for litter and refuse – https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1054015/Part_1A_-_Effective_enforcement.pdf

Defra (2022) Policy Paper: Mandatory digital waste tracking – https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/digital-waste-tracking-service/mandatory-digital-waste-tracking

Defra (2023) Fly-tipping statistics for England, 2020 to 2021 – https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/fly-tipping-in-england/fly-tipping-statistics-for-england-2020-to-2021#fly-tipping-enforcement-and-prosecution

Defra (2023) Fly-tipping statistics for England, 2021 to 2022 – https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/fly-tipping-in-england/fly-tipping-statistics-for-england-2021-to-2022

Dixon, A. C., Farrell, G. and Tilley, N. (2022) Illegal waste fly-tipping in the Covid-19 pandemic: enhanced compliance, temporal displacement, and urban-rural variation – https://crimesciencejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40163-022-00170-3#:~:text=Objective,services%20were%20closed%20or%20disrupted (published by BMC, Crime Series 11 Article 8)

Let’s Recycle (2023) Westminster trials AI-powered CCTV to catch fly-tippers – https://www.letsrecycle.com/news/westminster-trials-ai-powered-cctv-to-catch-fly-tippers/

Environmental Protection Act 1990 – https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/43/data.pdf

Envirotec (2023) Using technology to capture and deter fly-tippers – https://envirotecmagazine.com/2023/02/02/using-technology-to-capture-and-deter-fly-tippers/#:~:text=Intelligence%20is%20transforming%20the%20way,especially%20at%20public%20recycling%20points

Envirovue (2022) The UK locations with the most commercial fly-tipping fines revealed – https://envirovue.io/uk-commercial-fly-tipping-fines/

Fife Council (2022) ‘Don’t Rubbish Fife’ – Council launches campaign to tackle illegal dumping – https://www.fife.gov.uk/news/2022/dont-rubbish-fife-council-launches-campaign-to-tackle-illegal-dumping

Fly-tipping Action Wales (2023) Fly-tipping Action Wales – https://www.flytippingactionwales.org/en

Hilley, S. (2022) CCTV cameras considered to catch people flytipping in Glasgow – https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/news/scottish-news/20186292.cctv-cameras-considered-catch-people-flytipping-glasgow/

Glasgow Live (2022) Glasgow City Council dishes out 200 fines against fly-tipping from 2019 to 2022 – https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/glasgow-city-council-dishes-out-25844894

Glasgow Live (2023) Glasgow fly-tipping hotspots crackdown planned with new cameras – https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/glasgow-fly-tipping-hotspots-crackdown-26152220

Gov.UK (2019) Guidance – Fly-tipping: council responsibilities – https://www.gov.uk/guidance/fly-tipping-council-responsibilities

Gov.UK (2023) Statistical data set: ENV24 - Fly tipping incidents and actions taken in England – https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/env24-fly-tipping-incidents-and-actions-taken-in-england

HM Government (2018) Our Waste, Our Resources: A Strategy for England – https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/765914/resources-waste-strategy-dec-2018.pdf

House of Commons Library (2022) Fly-tipping: the illegal dumping of waste – https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN05672/SN05672.pdf

Hubbub (2023) Ballot Bin – https://www.hubbub.org.uk/ballot-bin

iNews (2023) Combating low-quality: Throwing cigarette butts in Sweden will be fines 800 kronor from 2022 – https://inf.news/en/world/50245aea948c3bd4ab817575fe1e4e86.html

Inverclyde Council (2023) Dog fouling – https://www.inverclyde.gov.uk/environment/rubbish-litter/dog-fouling

Inverclyde Council (2023) Illegal dumping – https://www.inverclyde.gov.uk/environment/rubbish-litter/illegal-dumping

Inverclyde Council (2023) Street cleaning - https://www.inverclyde.gov.uk/environment/rubbish-litter/street-cleaning-service

Keep Britain Tidy (2020) Litter Composition Analysis Summary Report – https://www.keepbritaintidy.org/sites/default/files/resources/20200330%20KBT%20Litter%20Composition%20Report%20-%20FINAL.pdf

Keep Britain Tidy (2023) Litter and the Law – https://www.keepbritaintidy.org/faqs/advice/litter-and-law#:~:text=Dropping%20litter%20is%20illegal.,could%20rise%20to%20%C2%A32%2C500.

Keep New Zealand Beautiful (2022) Illegal Dumping Literature Review 2022 – https://www.knzb.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Illegal-Dumping-Literature-Review-2022.pdf

Keep Scotland Beautiful (2020) Scotland is Stunning – Let’s Keep It That Way – https://www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/news/jul-2020/scotland-is-stunning-let-s-keep-it-that-way/

Keep Scotland Beautiful (2022) Litter, fines and doing time (blog) – https://www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/blogs/litter-fines-and-doing-time/

Keep Scotland Beautiful (2022) Scottish Litter Survey – https://www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/media/luwaey04/littering-in-scotland-survey-2022-final-301122.pdf

Keep Scotland Beautiful (2023) Local Environmental Audit and Management System (LEAMS) – https://www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/environmental-services/leams

Keep Sweden Clean (2023) There is so much rubbish in Sweden: results from a national survey – https://hsr.se/artiklar/nationell-matning

Keep Sweden Clean (2023) This is how the Swedes feel about rubbish – https://hsr.se/artiklar/sa-tycker-svenskarna-om-skrapet

Keep Sweden Clean (2023) Why do we litter? – https://hsr.se/artiklar/varfor-skrapar-vi-ner

Keep Wales Tidy (2017) Enforcement for littering and dog fouling – https://keepwalestidy.cymru/caru-cymru/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/09/Enforcement-of-Litter-and-Dog-Fouling-min.pdf

Keep Wales Tidy (2022) How Clean are Our Streets? – https://keepwalestidy.cymru/caru-cymru/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/03/All-Wales-Report-2021-22-Summary-English-1.pdf

Lancashire Telegraph (2021) Darwen: Shock as innocent residents receive 'threatening' council fly-tipping letters – https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/19348262.darwen-shock-innocent-residents-receive-threatening-council-fly-tipping-letters/

Let’s Recycle (2023) Recycling officers report insufficient funding for waste crime – https://www.letsrecycle.com/news/recycling-officers-report-insufficient-funding-for-waste-crime/

Llandough Community Council (2021) In Tough Spring 2021 Newsletter – http://www.llandough-cc.co.uk/_UserFiles/Files/_Other/Newsletter%20Spring%202021.pdf

Local Government (2021) LGA: Increase fly-tipping fines to act as a suitable deterrent – https://www.local.gov.uk/about/news/lga-increase-fly-tipping-fines-act-suitable-deterrent

Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park (2023) National Park Authority takes action against fly-tipping – https://www.lochlomond-trossachs.org/park-authority/blog/national-park-authority-takes-action-fly-tipping/

Material Focus (2021) Fly-tipping and unregistered waste carriers in England – https://www.materialfocus.org.uk/report-and-research/an-independent-study-fly-tipping-unregistered-waste-carriers-england/

Moray Council (2023) FOI Request - Dog Fouling Act - Fixed Penalty Notices Request 101002943508 – http://www.moray.gov.uk/moray_standard/page_139685.html

Moray Council (2023) FOI Request - Litter Fixed Penalty Notices Request 101002749621 – http://www.moray.gov.uk/moray_standard/page_136114.html

Natural Resources Wales (2023) Report Fly-tipping – https://naturalresources.wales/guidance-and-advice/environmental-topics/waste-management/report-fly-tipping/?lang=en

Naturvardsverket (2023) Swedish Environmental Law – https://www.naturvardsverket.se/om-oss/publikationer/6700/swedish-environmental-law

Newcastle City Council (2023) Litter – https://www.newcastle.gov.uk/services/environment-and-waste/street-care-and-cleansing/litter#:~:text=The%20maximum%20fine%20for%20littering,penalty%20notice)%20and%20avoiding%20prosecution

New Zealand Ministry for the Environment (2023) Research into attitudes to waste and recycling – https://environment.govt.nz/facts-and-science/waste/research-into-attitudes-to-waste-and-recycling/#littering-behaviours-and-motivations

NFU Scotland (2021) Private Member’s Bill could offer flytipping solution – https://www.nfus.org.uk/news/blog/private-members-bill-could-offer-flytipping-solution

North East Lincolnshire Council (2021) Council gives 38 households enforcement warnings for repeatedly messing up their streets – https://www.nelincs.gov.uk/council-gives-38-households-enforcement-warnings-for-repeatedly-messing-up-their-streets/

North Herts Council (2022) Fixed penalty notices increased to help curb fly-tipping fines – https://www.north-herts.gov.uk/fixed-penalty-notices-increased-help-curb-fly-tipping

Parliamentary Counsel Office (2023) New Zealand Legislation: Litter Act 1979 https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1979/0041/latest/versions.aspx

Parliamentary Counsel Office (2023) New Zealand Legislation: Litter Amendment Act 2006 – https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2006/0024/latest/versions.aspx

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 – https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2002/29/contents

Roberts, K. P., Phang, S. C., Williams, J. B., Hutchinson, D. J., Kolstoe, S. E., de Bie, J., Williams. and Stringfellow, A. M. (2022) Increased personal protective equipment litter as a result of COVID-19 measures – https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-021-00824-1 (published in Nature Sustainability 5, 272-279)

Scottish Courts and Tribunals (2022) SCTS News: Court backlog has reduced by 10,000 since the start of the year – https://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/about-the-scottish-court-service/scs-news/2022/10/18/court-backlog-has-reduced-by-10000-since-the-start-of-the-year#:~:text=%E2%80%9CI%20am%20delighted%20to%20report,by%20the%20Covid%2D19%20pandemic.

Scottish Courts and Tribunals (2023) About the Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service – https://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/about-the-scottish-court-service

Scottish Government (2014) Towards a litter-free Scotland: a strategic approach to higher quality local environments – https://www.gov.scot/publications/towards-litter-free-scotland-strategic-approach-higher-quality-local-environments/

Scottish Government (2014) Zero Waste Towards a Litter-free Scotland: A strategic approach to higher quality local environments – https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/strategy-plan/2014/06/towards-litter-free-scotland-strategic-approach-higher-quality-local-environments/documents/00452542-pdf/00452542-pdf/govscot%3Adocument/00452542.pdf

Scottish Government (2018) Code of Practice on Litter and Refuse (Scotland) 2018 – https://www.gov.scot/publications/code-practice-litter-refuse-scotland-2018/documents/

Scottish Government (2021) An updated marine litter strategy for Scotland – https://consult.gov.scot/marine-scotland/updated-marine-litter-strategy-for-scotland/

Scottish Government (2021) Litter Strategy – five years on: review – https://www.gov.scot/publications/five-years-review-scotlands-national-litter-strategy/

Scottish Government (2021) National litter and flytipping: consultation – https://www.gov.scot/publications/national-litter-flytipping-consultation/

Scottish Government (2022) Criminal proceedings in Scotland: 2020-21 – https://www.gov.scot/publications/criminal-proceedings-scotland-2020-21/documents/

Scottish Government (2022) Delivering Scotland’s Circular Economy proposed Circular Economy Bill: consultation – https://www.gov.scot/publications/delivering-scotlands-circular-economy-consultation-proposals-circular-economy-bill/documents/

Scottish Government (2022) National litter and flytipping strategy: consultation analysis – https://www.gov.scot/publications/national-litter-flytipping-strategy-consultation-analysis-report/

Scottish Government (2023) Managing Waste: Litter and Flytipping – https://www.gov.scot/policies/managing-waste/litter-and-flytipping/

Scottish Government (2023) Scale and Cost of Litter and Flytipping: Scotland – https://www.gov.scot/publications/scale-cost-litter-flytipping-scotland/

Scottish Government (no date) Towards a Litter-Free Scotland: Consultation on a strategy to tackle and prevent litter and flytipping (respondent Information Form) – https://coins.westlothian.gov.uk/coins/viewSelectedDocument.asp?c=e%97%9Dd%90i%7F%8C

Scottish Parliament (2023) Circular Economy (Scotland) Bill – https://www.parliament.scot/bills-and-laws/bills/circular-economy-scotland-bill

Scottish Statutory Instruments 2015 No. 383 Environmental Protection Enforcement The Environmental Regulations (Enforcement Measures) (Scotland) Order 2015 – https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2015/383/made/data.pdf

SEPA (2016) Lord Advocate’s Guidelines to SEPA: Use of enforcement measures under the Regulatory Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 – https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/219604/lord_advocates_guidelines.pdf

SEPA (2021) Guidance on the use of enforcement action (revised 2021) – https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/219242/enforcement-guidance.pdf

SEPA (2022) Policy for communicating penalties and undertakings (revised) – https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/219243/communicating-penalties-and-undertakings-policy.pdf

SEPA (2023) Penalties imposed and undertakings accepted – https://www.sepa.org.uk/regulations/enforcement/penalties-imposed-and-undertakings-accepted/

Skip & Waste (2022) Cost-of-living crisis may further increase fly-tipping incidents, say recycling experts Scott Bros – https://www.skiphiremagazine.co.uk/2022/12/16/cost-of-living-crisis-may-further-increase-fly-tipping-incidents-say-recycling-experts-scott-bros/

Sommerville, S. (2022) West Lothian surveillance cameras being bought to trap fly-tippers – https://www.edinburghlive.co.uk/news/west-lothian-surveillance-cameras-being-25649277

SPARC (2023) SPARC: Scottish Partnership Against Rural Crime – https://scottishparc.co.uk/

Stassen, R. and Ceccato, V. (2020) Environmental and Wildlife Crime in Sweden from 2000 to 2017 – https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/1043986220927123 (published by Sage Journals – Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice)

STV News (2023) Concern as just 15% of fly-tipping cases result in prosecution – https://news.stv.tv/scotland/concern-as-just-15-of-fly-tipping-cases-result-in-prosecution-say-scottish-conservatives

Sveriges Riksdag (2023) Environmental Code (1998:808) – https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/miljobalk-1998808_sfs-1998-808#K15

The Behavioural Insights Team (2022) Promoting better waste management with behavioural insights – https://www.bi.team/blogs/promoting-better-waste-management-with-behavioral-insights/

The Environmental Regulation (Enforcement Measures) (Scotland) Order 2015 – https://www.legislation.gov.uk/sdsi/2015/9780111029466/data.pdf

The Herald (2022) Deprived areas worse affected by litter – https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/23185573.deprived-areas-worse-affected-litter/

The Local se (2011) Sweden enforces new litter laws – https://www.thelocal.se/20110710/34844/

The Local se (2022) You can now be fined €2,000 in Spain for leaving cardboard in the street – https://www.thelocal.es/20221004/you-can-now-be-fined-e2000-in-spain-for-leaving-cardboard-in-the-street/

The Scotsman (2022) Scotland fly-tipping: Calls for tougher action to punish criminals and stamp out ‘blight’ of illegal rubbish-dumping in Scotland – https://www.scotsman.com/news/environment/scotland-fly-tipping-calls-for-tougher-action-to-punish-criminals-and-stamp-out-blight-of-illegal-rubbish-dumping-in-scotland-3966944

The Scottish Parliament (2023) Proposed Fly-tipping (Scotland) Bill – https://www.parliament.scot/bills-and-laws/proposals-for-bills/proposed-fly-tipping-scotland-bill

The Unauthorised Deposit of Waste (Fixed Penalties) Regulations 2016 – https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/334/made

Three Rivers District Council (2018) S.C.R.A.P. Fly Tipping and Dispose of Waste Responsibly – https://www.threerivers.gov.uk/news/s-c-r-a-p-fly-tipping-and-dispose-of-waste-responsibly

Tower Hamlets (2023) Litter, flytipping and enforcement – https://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/lgnl/environment_and_waste/street_care_and_cleaning/Litter_flytipping_and_enforcement.aspx

Tutty, S. (2023) Thousands of fly-tipping incidents in Tower Hamlets – https://www.londonworld.com/your-london/tower-hamlets/thousands-of-fly-tipping-incidents-in-tower-hamlets-4013413

Vodafone Business UK (2022) Keeping Kingston Clean with Vodafone IoT Technology – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DC0SRInOzbI

Waste Data Flow (2023) – https://www.wastedataflow.org/

Welsh Government (2019) Guidance on the use of Fixed Penalty Notices for Environmental Offences – https://www.gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2020-01/guidance-on-the-use-of-fixed-penalty-notices-for-environmental-offences.pdf

Welsh Government (2021) A Litter and Fly-tipping Free Wales: Litter and Fly-tipping Prevention Plan for Wales (consultation document) – https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/consultations/2021-02/litter-and-fly-tipping-prevention-plan-wales-consultation-document_0.pdf

Welsh Government (2022) Local authority recorded fly-tipping April 2021 to March 2022 – https://www.gov.wales/local-authority-recorded-fly-tipping-april-2021-march-2022#:~:text=Fly%2Dtipping%20clearance%20in%20Wales,82%25%20resulted%20in%20a%20fine

Worchester News (2006) Train fare dodgers named and shamed – https://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/7856309.train-fare-dodgers-named-and-shamed/

Zero Waste Scotland (2013) Scotland’s Litter Problem: Quantifying the scale and cost of litter and flytipping – https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/sites/default/files/Scotland%27s%20Litter%20Problem%20-%20Full%20Final%20Report.pdf

Zero Waste Scotland (2017) Evidence Review of Flytipping Behaviours – https://cdn.zerowastescotland.org.uk/managed-downloads/mf-qj9zglno-1676977132d#:~:text=Various%20sources%20reviewed%20suggest%20that,of%20flytipping%20in%20particular%20contexts.

Zero Waste Scotland (2023) Some of the Best Litter Prevention Campaigns from Around the World – https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/litter-flytipping/top-campaigns

Zero Waste Scotland (2023) Zero Waste Partners – https://www.zerowastepartners.org.uk/