Urban gulls and their management in Scotland: review
This report looks at the ecology of urban gulls in Scotland, the problems they cause, and management solutions.
References
Baines, D. & Andrew, M. (2003) Marking of deer fences to reduce frequency of collisions by woodland grouse. Biological Conservation 110: 16-176.
Baker, R.R. (1980) The significance of the Lesser Black-backed Gull to models of bird migration. Bird Study 27: 41-50.
Barlow, N.D. (2000) The ecological challenge of immunocontraception: editor's introduction. Journal of Applied Ecology 37: 897-902.
Baxter, A. (2004) The Effectiveness of Bird Control at Landfill Sites. Final Report from ENTRUST Study No. 296116.031. Unpublished report to ENTRUST
Belant, J.L. (1997) Gulls in urban environments: landscape-level management to reduce conflict. Landscape and Urban Planning 38: 245-258.
Belant, J.L., Seamons, T.W., Gabrey, S.W. & Ickes, S.K. (1983) The importance of landfills to nesting Herring Gulls. The Condor 95: 817-830.
Belant, J.L., Ickes, S.K. & Seamans, T.W. (1998) Importance of landfills to urban-nesting herring and ring-billed gulls. Landscape and urban Planning 43: 11-19.
Benton, C., Khan, F., Monaghan, P., Richards, W.N. & Sheddon, C.B. (1983) Contamination of a major water supply by gulls ( Larus spp.): a study of the problem and remedial action taken. Water Resources 17: 789-798.
Bergman, G. (1982) Population dynamics, colony formation and competition in Larus argentatus, fuscus, and marinus in the archipelago of Finland. Annales Zoologici Fennici 19: 143-163.
Blokpoel, H. & Hamilton, R.M.G. (1989) Effects of applying white mineral oil to chicken and gull eggs. Wildlife Society Bulletin 17: 435-441
Blokpoel, H. & Tessier, G.D. (1983) Monofilament lines exclude Ring-billed gulls from traditional nesting areas. Procedings of the 9 th Bird Control Seminar: 15-20.
Blokpoel, H. & Tessier, G.D. (1984) Overhead wires and monofilament lines exclude ring-billed gulls from public places. Wildlife Society Bulletin 12: 55-58.
Blolpoel, H., Tessier, G.D. & Andress, R.A. (1997) Successful restoration of Ice Island common tern colony requires on-going control of ring-billed gulls. Colonial Waterbirds 20: 98-101.
Bomford, M. & O'Brien, P.H. (1990) Sonic deterrents in animal damage control: a review of device tests and effectiveness. Wildlife Society Bulletin 18: 411-422.
Bowes, C., Lack, P.C. & Fletcher, M.R. (1984) Wintering gulls in Britain, January 1983. Bird Study 31: 161-170.
Brousseau, P., Lefebvre, J. & Giroux, J.-F. (1996) Diet of Ring-billed Gull chicks in urban and non-urban colonies in Quebec. Colonial Waterbirds 19: 22-30.
Brown, K.M., Erwin, R.M., Richmond, M.E., Buckley, P.A., Tanacredi, J.T. & Avrin, D. (2001) Managing birds and controlling aircraft in the Kennedy Airport - Jamaica Bay Wildlife refuge complex: The need for hard data and soft options. Environmental Management 28: 207-224.
Burton, N.H.K., Musgrove, A.J., Rehfisch, M.M., Sutcliffe, A. & Waters, R. (2003) Numbers of wintering gulls in the United Kingdom, Channel Islands and Isle of Man: a review of the 1993 and previous Winter Gull Roost Surveys. British Birds 96: 376-401.
Burton, N.H.K., Banks, A.N., Calladine, J.R., Austin, G.E., Armitage, M.J.S. & Holloway, S.J. (2004) Indexing winter gull populations in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: an analysis of data from the 1953 to 2004 Winter Gull Roost Surveys.BTO Research Report No. 380, BTO, Thetford.
Cadiou, B. (1999) Attendance of breeders and prodpectors reflects the quality of colonies in the Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla Ibis 141: 321-326.
Calladine, J. (1997) a comparison of Herring Gull Larus argentatus and Lesser Black-backed gull Larus fuscus nest sites: their characteristics and relationships with breeding success. Bird Study 44: 318-326.
Calladine, J. (2002) Herring Gull. In Wernham, C.V., Toms, M.P., Marchant, J.H., Clark, J.A., Siriwardena, G.M. & Baillie, S.R. (eds) The Migration Atlas: movements of the birds of Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. Pp 369-372.
Calladine, J. (2004) Lesser Black-backed Gull. In Mitchell, P.I, Netwon, S.F., Ratcliffe, N. & Dunn, T.E. (eds) Seabird Populations of Britain and Ireland. T.& A.D. Poyser, London. Pp 226-241.
Calladine, J. & Harris, M.P. (1997) Intermittent breeding in the Herring Gull Larus argentatus and the Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus. Ibis 139: 259-263.
Calladine, J. & Wernham, C. (1996) A review of the interactions of breeding Herring Gulls Larus argentatus and Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus with other nature conservation interests and relevant management options. Scottish Natural Heritage unpublished report.
Camphuysen, C.J. (1995) Herring Gull Larus argentatus and Lesser Black-backed Gull L. fuscus feeding at fishing vessels in the breeding season: competitive scavenging versus efficient flying. Ardea 83: 365-380.
Casey, S., Moore, N., Ryan, L., Merne, O.J., Coveney, J.A. & del-Nevo, A. (1995) The Roseate Tern conservation project on Rockabill, Co. Dublin: A six year review 1989-1994. Irish Birds 5: 251-264.
Chabrzyk, K.G. & Coulson, J.C. (1976) Survival and recruitment in the Herring Gull Larus argentatus Journal of Animal Ecology 51: 187-203.
Christens, E. & Blokpoel, H. (1991) Operational spraying of white mineral oil to prevent hatching of gull eggs. Wildlife Society Bulletin 19: 423-430.
Corkhill, P. (1970) Effect of egg puncturing on limiting chick production in Herring Gulls. Bird Study 17: 340-342.
Coulson, J.C. (1986) Kittiwake. In Lack, P. (ed.) The Atlas of wintering birds in Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser, Calton. Pp 248-249.
Coulson, J.C. (1991) The population dynamics of culling Herring Gulls Larus argentatus and Lesser Black-backed Gulls Larus fuscus. In Perrins, C.M., Lebreton, J.-D. & Hirons, G.J.M. (eds) Bird Population Studies. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Coulson, J.C. (2002) Black-legged Kittiwake. In Wernham, C.V., Toms, M.P., Marchant, J.H., Clark, J.A., Siriwardena, G.M. & Baillie, S.R. (eds) The Migration Atlas: movements of the birds of Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. Pp 377-380.
Coulson J C, Barrett T & Johnson, M. (1991) Tarnbrook Gullery Report 1991. (Unpublished report)
Coulson, J.C., Butterfield, J., Kearsey, S.V., Monaghan, P., McCoy, J.H. & Spain, G.E. (1983a) The Herring Gull Larus argentatus as a carrier of Salmonella. Journal of Hygiene 91: 429-436.
Coulson, J.C., Butterfield, J. & Thomas, C.S. (1983b) The Herring Gull Larus argentatus as a likely transmitting agent of Salmonella Montevideo to sheep and cattle. Journal of Hygiene 91: 437-443.
Coulson, J.C., Duncan, N. & Thomas, C. (1982) Changes in the breeding biology of the Herring Gull ( Larus argentatus) induced by reduction in the size and density of the colony. Journal of Animal Ecology 51: 739-756.
Coulson, J.C. & Butterfield, J. (1986) Studies on a colony of colour-ringed Herring Gulls larus argentatus I: Adult survival rates. Bird Study 33: 51-54.
Coulson, J.C., Butterfield, J., Duncan, N. & Thomas, C. (1987) Use of refuse tips by adult British Herring Gulls Larus argentatus during the week. Journal of Applied Ecology 24: 789-800.
Coulson, J.C. & Coulson B.A. (1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003) Unpublished reports to Dumfries and Galloway Council on breeding gulls in Dumfries.
Coulson, J.C. & Coulson, B.A. (2003) The food and feeding areas of Lesser Black-backed Gulls breeding in Dumfries. Unpublished report to Dumfries and Galloway Council.
Craik, J.C.A. Long-term effects of North American Mink Mustela vison on seabirds in western Scotland. Bird Study 44: 303-309.
Craik, J.C.A. & Campbell, B. (2000) Bruce Campbell's islands revisited: changes in the seabirds of Loch Sunart after half a century. Atlantic Seabirds 2: 181-194.
Cramp, S. (1971) Gulls nesting on buildings in Britain and Ireland. British Birds 64: 476-487.
Cramp, S., Bourne, W.R.P. & Saunders, D. (1974) The Seabirds of Britain and Ireland. Collins, London.
Cramp, S. & Simmons, K.E.L. eds (1983) The Birds of the Western Palearctic, vol 3. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Danchin, E., Boulinier, T. & Massot, M. (1998) Conspesific peproductive success and breeding habitat selection: implications for the study of coloniality. Ecology 79: 2415-2428.
Davis, J.W.F. (1974) Herring Gull populations and man. Nature in Wales 14: 85-90.
Defra (1999) Noise & Nuisance Policy - Litter and the Law. HMSO, London.
Dott, H. E. M. (1994) Roof-nesting gulls in Lothian, 1994. Lothian Bird Report 1994.
Douse, A. (2002) Mew Gull. In Wernham, C.V., Toms, M.P., Marchant, J.H., Clark, J.A., Siriwardena, G.M. & Baillie, S.R. (eds) The Migration Atlas: movements of the birds of Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. Pp 361-364.
Duncan, N (1978) The effects of culling Herring Gulls ( Larus argentatus) on recruitment and population dynamics. Journal of Applied Ecology 15: 697-713.
Dunn, T.E. (2004) Black-headed Gull. In Mitchell, P.I, Netwon, S.F., Ratcliffe, N. & Dunn, T.E. (eds) Seabird Populations of Britain and Ireland. T.& A.D. Poyser, London. Pp 198-213.
Ferns, P.N. & Mudge, G.P. (1981) Accuracy of nest counts in a mixed colony of Herring and Lesser Black-backed Gulls. Bird Study 28: 244-246.
Flegg, J.J.M. (1986) Black-headed Gull. In Lack, P. (ed.) The Atlas of wintering birds in Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser, Calton. Pp 232-233.
Fletcher, M. (2002) Black-headed Gull. In Wernham, C.V., Toms, M.P., Marchant, J.H., Clark, J.A., Siriwardena, G.M. & Baillie, S.R. (eds) The Migration Atlas: movements of the birds of Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. Pp 356-360.
Furness, R.W. & Monaghan, P. (1987) Seabird Ecology. Blackie, Glasgow.
Garthe, S. (1997) Influence of hydrography, fishing activity, and colony location on summer seabird distribution in the south-eastern North Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 54: 566-577.
Gibbins, C. (1991) Herring Gulls in Sunderland: The status and control of a pest species. Birds in Durham 1990: Pp 75-82.
Gosler, A.G., Kenward, R.E. & Horton, N. (1995) The effect of gull roost deterrence on roost occupancy, daily gull movements and wintering wildfowl. Bird Study 42: 144-157.
Gregory, R.D., Wilkinson, N.I., Noble, D.G., Robinson, J.A., Brown, A.F., Hughes, J., Procter, D., Gibbons, D.W. & Galbraith, C.A. (2002) The population status of birds in the United Kingdom, Channel Islands and Isle of Man: an analysis of conservation concern 2002-2007. British Birds 95: 410-448.
Hakkinen, I. & Numelin, J. (1980) control of Herring Gulls Larus argentatus by the use of gull traps at the refuse tip, Turku city, south-west Finland. Viltrapport 10: 123-128.
Harris, M.P. (1964) Aspects of the breeding biology of the gulls Larus argentatus, L. fuscus and L. marinus. Ibis 106: 432-456.
Heubeck, M. (2004) Black-legged Kittiwake. In Mitchell, P.I, Netwon, S.F., Ratcliffe, N. & Dunn, T.E. (eds) Seabird Populations of Britain and Ireland. T.& A.D. Poyser, London. Pp 277-290.
Hickling, R.A.O. (1986a) Lesser Black-backed Gull. In Lack, P. (ed.) The Atlas of wintering birds in Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser, Calton. Pp 238-239.
Hickling, R.A.O. (1986b) Herring Gull. In Lack, P. (ed.) The Atlas of wintering birds in Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser, Calton. Pp 240-241.
Hoinville, G. & Jowell, R. (1978) Survey research practice. Heinemann, London.
Holling, M. (1991) Roof nesting gulls in Lothian. Lothian Bird Report 1990: Pp 99-100.
Hosey, G.R. & Goodridge, F. (1980) Establishment of territories in two species of gull on Walney Island, Cumbria. Bird Study 27: 73-80.
Janss, G.F.E. & Ferrer, M. (1998) Rate of bird collision with power lines: Effects of conductor-marking and static wire-marking. Journal of Field Ornithology 69: 8-17.
Kadlec, J.A. (1971) Effects of introducing foxes and racoons on Herring Gull colonies. Journal of Wildlife Management 35: 625-636.
Kadlec, J.A. & Drury, W.H. (1968) Structure of the New England Herring Gull population. Ecology 35: 625-636.
Kihlman, J. & Larsson, L. (1974) On the importance of refuse dumps as a food source for wintering Herring Gulls Larus argentatus Pont. Ornis Scandinavica 5: 63-70.
Lack, P. (1986) The Atlas of wintering birds in Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser, Calton.
Lebreton, J.D. (1994) Demographic models for subdivided populations: The renewal equation approach. Theoretical Population Biology 49: 291-313.
Lloyd, C.S., Tasker, M.L. & Partridge, K. (1991) The Status of Seabirds in Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser, Calton.
Mackinnon, G.E. & Coulson, J.C. (1987) The temporal and geographical distribution of Continental Black-headed Gulls Larus ridibundus in the British Isles. Bird Study 34: 1-9.
Madden, B. & Newton, S.F. (2004) Herring Gull. In Mitchell, P.I, Netwon, S.F., Ratcliffe, N. & Dunn, T.E. (eds) Seabird Populations of Britain and Ireland. T.& A.D. Poyser, London. Pp 242-261.
Maxson, S.J., Mortensen, S.A., Goodermote, D.L. & Lapp, C.S. (1996) Success and failure of ring-billed gull deterrents at common tern and piping plover colonies in Minnesota. Colonial Waterbirds 19: 242-247.
McCleery, R.H. & Sibly, R.M. (1986) Feeding specialisation and preference in Herring Gulls. Journal of Animal Ecology 55: 245-259.
Migot, P. (1992) Demographic change in French Herring Gull Larus argentatus populations: a modelling approach and hypotheses concerning the regulation of numbers. Ardea 80: 161-169.
Mitchell, P.I. (2004) Seabird populations in Britain and Ireland: the last 30 years. Oral presentation at the 8 th International Seabird Group Conference, Aberdeen, April 2004.
Mitchell, P.I, Newton, S.F., Ratcliffe, N. & Dunn, T.E. (2004) Seabird Populations of Britain and Ireland. T.& A.D. Poyser, London.
Monaghan, P. (1979) Aspects of the breeding biology of Herring Gulls Larus argentatus in urban colonies. Ibis. 121: 475-481.
Monaghan, P. (1986) Great Black-backed Gull. In Lack, P. (ed.) The Atlas of wintering birds in Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser, Calton. Pp 246-247.
Monaghan, P. & Coulson, J.C. (1977) Status of large gulls nesting on Buildings. Bird Study 24: 89-104.
Morris, R.D., Blokpoel, H. & Tessier, G.D. (1992) Management efforts for the conservation of Common Tern Sterna hirundo colonies in the Great Lakes: Two case histories. Biological Conservation 60: 7-14.
Mudge, G.P. (1978) The gull increase as illustrated by studies in the Bristol Channel. Ibis 120: 115-116.
Mudge, G.P. & Ferns, P.N. (1982) The feeding ecology of five species of gulls (Larini) in the inner Bristol Channel. Journal of the Zoological Society, London 197: 497-510.
Nisbet, I.C.T & Drury, (1972) Post fledging survival in Herring Gulls relation to brood size and date of hatching. Bird Banding 43: 161-172.
Noordhuis, R. & Spaans, A.L. (1992) Interspecific competition for food between Herring Larus argentatus and Lesser Black-backed Gulls L. fuscus in the Dutch Wadden Sea area. Ardea 80: 115-132.
O'Connell, M.J., Coulson, J.C., Raven, S. & Joyce, S. (1997) Non-breeding and nests without eggs in the Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus. Ibis 139: 252-258.
Okill, D. (2004) Gulls nesting in Lerwick in 2003. Shetland Bird Report for 2004.
Olijnyk, C.G. & Brown, K.M. (1999) Results of a seven year effort to reduce nesting by Herring and Great Black-backed Gulls. Waterbirds 22: 285-289.
Ostergaard, D.E. (1981) Use of monofilament fishing line as a gull control. Progress in Fish Culture 43: 134.
Owen, M., Kirby, J. & Holmes, J. (2001) Review of the effectiveness of gull-culling for nature conservation purposes. English Nature Report No. 438.
Paradis, E., Baillie, S.R., Sutherland, W.J. & Gregory, R.D. (1998) Patterns of natal and breeding dispersal in birds. Journal of Animal Ecology 67: 518-536.
Pearson , T.H. (1968) The feeding biology of seabird species breeding on the Farne Islands, Northumberland. Journal of animal Ecology 37: 521-552)
Perrins, C.M. & Smith, S.B. (2000) The breeding Larus gulls on Skomer Island National Nature Reserve, Pembrokeshire. Atlantic Seabirds 2: 195-210.
Pons, J.M. (1992) Effects of changes in the availability of human refuse on breeding parameters in a Herring Gull Larus argentatus population in Brittany, France. Ardea 80: 143-150.
Ratcliffe, N. (2004) Causes of Seabird population change. In Mitchell, P.I, Newton, S.F., Ratcliffe, N. & Dunn, T.E. (Eds) Seabird Populations of Britain and Ireland. T.& A.D. Poyser, London. Pp 407-437.
Raven, S.J. & Coulson, J.C. (1997) The distribution and abundance of Larus gulls nesting on buildings in Britain and Ireland. Bird Study 44: 13-34.
Raven, S.J. & Coulson, J.C. (2001) effects of cleaning a tidal river of sewage on gull numbers: a before-and-after study of the River Tyne, northeast England. Bird Study 48: 48-58.
Reid, J. (2002) Great Black-backed Gull. In Wernham, C.V., Toms, M.P., Marchant, J.H., Clark, J.A., Siriwardena, G.M. & Baillie, S.R. (eds) The Migration Atlas: movements of the birds of Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. Pp 373-376.
Reid, J.B. (2004) Great Black-backed Gull. In Mitchell, P.I, Newton, S.F., Ratcliffe, N. & Dunn, T.E. (Eds) Seabird Populations of Britain and Ireland. T.& A.D. Poyser, London. Pp263-276.
Rock, P. (2002) Lesser Black-backed Gull. In Wernham, C.V., Toms, M.P., Marchant, J.H., Clark, J.A., Siriwardena, G.M. & Baillie, S.R. (eds) The Migration Atlas: movements of the birds of Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. Pp 365-368.
Rock, P. (2003) Birds of a feather flock together. Environment Health Journal May 2003: 132-135.
Rock, P. (2004) A study of the effects of deterring gulls from Gloucester landfill site for a two week period in March 2004. Unpublished report to Gloucester Gull Action Group.
Rock, P. (In Prep) Roof nesting gulls in the Severn estuary region with comment on the situation nationally. For British Birds.
Sibly, R.M. & McCleery, R.H. (1983a) The distribution between feeding sites of Herring Gulls breeding at Walney Island, UK. Journal of Animal Ecology 52: 51-68.
Sibly, R.M. & McCleery, R.H. (1983b) Increase in weight of Herring Gulls while feeding. Journal of Animal Ecology 52: 35-50.
Skira, I.J. & Wapstra, J.E. (1990) Control of Silver Gulls in Tasmania. Corella 14:124-129.
Smith, G.C. & Carlile, N. (1993) Methods for population control within a Silver Gull colony. Wildlife Research 20: 219-226.
Southern, W.E., Patton, S.R., Southern, L.K. & Hanner, L.A. (1985) Effects of nine years of fox predation on two species of breeding gulls. Ardea 102: 827-833.
Sowter D J. (1999-2004) Tarnbrook Gullery Reports. Unpublished reports.
Sullivan, M.A. (1985) Common Gulls successfully nesting on a roof in Aberdeen. Scottish Birds 13: 227.
Tapper, S.C. (1992) Game Heritage: An Ecological Review from Shooting and Gamekeeping Records. The Game Conservancy, Fordingbridge.
Tasker, M.L. (2004) Common Gull. In Mitchell, P.I, Netwon, S.F., Ratcliffe, N. & Dunn, T.E. (eds) Seabird Populations of Britain and Ireland. T.& A.D. Poyser, London. Pp 214-225.
Thomas, G.J. (1972) Review of gull damage and management metghods at nature reserves. Biological Conservation 4: 117-127.
Thorpe, J. (1996) Fatalities and destroyed civil aircraft due to bird strikes 1912-1995. Proceedings of the International Bird Strike Committee 23, London. Working Paper 1: 17-31.
Vercruijsse, H.J.P. (1999) Zilbermeeuuwen uit de duinen van Schouwen. Ph. D. Thesis, Tilberg.
Vernon, J.D.R. (1986) In Lack, P. (ed.) The Atlas of wintering birds in Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser, Calton. Pp 236-237.
Vermeer, K., Morgan, K.H., Smith, G.E.J. & York, B.A. (1991) Effects of egging on the reproductive success of Glaucous-winged Gulls. Colonial Waterbirds 15: 14-23.
Walsh, P.M., Halley, D.J., Harris, M.P., del Nevo, A., Sim, I.M.W. & Tasker, M.L. (1995) Seabird monitoring handbook for Britain and Ireland. JNCC, RSPB, CEH, the Seabird Group.
Walters, C.J. & Holling, C.S. (1990) Large scale management experiments and learning by doing. Ecology 71: 2060-2068.
Wanless, S. & Kinnear, P.K. (1988) Isle of May gull cull review 1972 - 1987. Unpublished Nature Conservancy Council report.
Wanless, S. & Langslow, D.R. (1983) The effects of culling on the Abbeystead and Mallowdale gullery. Bird Study 30: 17-23.
Wanless, S. & Harris, M.P. (1984) Effect of dates on counts of Herring Gulls and Lesser Black-backed Gulls. Ornis Scandinavica 15: 89-94.
Wanless, S., Harris, M.P., Calladine, J. & Rothery, P. (1996) Modelling responses of Herring Gull and Lesser Black-backed Gull populations to reduction of reproductive output: implications for control measures. Journal of Applied Ecology 33: 1420-1432.
World Health Organization ( WHO) (1948) Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19-22 June, 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States. Official Records of the World Health Organization no. 2: 100. [Entered into force 7 April 1948]
Contact
Email: Central Enquiries Unit ceu@gov.scot
There is a problem
Thanks for your feedback