Historic forced adoption - scoping study: final report

Footnotes

1 Information about historic forced adoption. Scottish Government website. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

2 Among the adoptees who took part in interviews, 14 described their adoption as forced and five did not know enough about their early years to be certain that their adoption was forced, but their adoption took place in the era of forced adoptions and they were keen to share their experiences.

3 Information about historic forced adoption. Scottish Government website. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

4 Higgins, D., Kenny, P., Sweid, R. & Ockenden, L. (2014). Forced Adoption Support Services Scoping Study. Report for the Department of Social Services by the Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

5 Department of Social Services Australian Government (No date, p.2). Fact Sheet: Forced Adoptions in Australia. Supporting People Affected by Forced Adoptions. Accessed on 7/6/2023.

6 UK Parliament Joint Committee on Human Rights (2022). The Violation of the Right to Family Life. Adoption of Children of Unmarried Women, 1949-1976. House of Commons and House of Lords. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

7 Department of Social Services Australian Government (No date). Fact Sheet: Forced Adoptions in Australia. Supporting People Affected by Forced Adoptions. Accessed on 7/6/2023.

8 Origins Canada (No date). The Language of Adoption. Accessed on 7/6/2023.

9 Higgins, D., Kenny, P., Sweid, R. & Ockenden, L. (2014). Forced Adoption Support Services Scoping Study. Report for the Department of Social Services by the Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

10 Information about historic forced adoption. Scottish Government website. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

11 Origins Scotland (2021). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights Inquiry: The Right to Family Life, Adoption of Children of Unmarried Women 1949-1976. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

12 Adoption UK Scotland does offer group work for adoptive parents.

13 Higgins, D., Kenny, P., Sweid, R. & Ockenden, L. (2014). Forced Adoption Support Services Scoping Study. Report for the Department of Social Services by the Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

14 The Movement for an Adoption Apology (2022). Recommendations to the Joint Commission on Human Rights from the Movement for an Adoption Apology. Accessed on 22/5/2023.

Scottish Adult Adoptee Movement (2022). Adoptee Recommendations to: the Scottish Government, Historic Forced Adoption Practices, the Violation of Family Life: Rights of Adopted People. Accessed on 22/5/2023.

15 Higgins, D. (2010). Impact of Past Adoption Practices: Summary of Key Issues from Australian Research Final Report; A Report to the Australian Government Department of Families, Housing, Community Service and Indigenous Affairs. Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

16 Information about historic forced adoption. Scottish Government website. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

17 Evan Donaldson Institute (2006). Safeguarding the Rights and Well-Being of Birthparents in the Adoption Process. New York: Evan Donaldson Institute. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

18 Greenlees. J. (2015). Unmarried Motherhood in Scotland during the Twentieth Century: Mother and Baby Homes. Centre for the Social History of Health and Healthcare, Department of Social Sciences Glasgow Caledonian University. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

19 Critchley, A., Grant, M., Cowan, P. & Hardy, M. (2018). Exploring the Changing Nature of Adoption Work: Reflections on the 1968 Act. Social Work Scotland. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

20 Ibid.

21 Triseltiotis et al., (1997). Cited in Critchley, A., Grant, M., Cowan, P. & Hardy, M. (2018). Exploring the Changing Nature of Adoption Work: Reflections on the 1968 Act. Social Work Scotland. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

22 Castle et al, (2000). Cited in Critchley, A., Grant, M., Cowan, P. & Hardy, M. (2018). Exploring the Changing Nature of Adoption Work: Reflections on the 1968 Act. Social Work Scotland. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

23 Becker, S., Sellers, R. & Harold R. (2021). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights from members of the Andrew and Virginia Rudd Research and Professional Practice Programme, University of Cambridge. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

24 Unpublished data provided to the Scottish Government by National Records of Scotland (2023).

25 Lambert, M. (2021). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

26 Ibid.

27 Sandhu, J. (2012). Cited in UK Parliament Joint Committee on Human Rights (2022). The Violation of the Right to Family Life. Adoption of Children of Unmarried Women, 1949-1976. House of Commons and House of Lords. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

28 Lambert, M. (2021). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

29 Sandhu, J. (2012). Cited in UK Parliament Joint Committee on Human Rights (2022). The Violation of the Right to Family Life. Adoption of Children of Unmarried Women, 1949-1976. House of Commons and House of Lords. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

30 Lambert, M. (2021, p.3). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

31 Ibid.

32 Sandhu, J. (2012). Cited in UK Parliament Joint Committee on Human Rights (2022). The Violation of the Right to Family Life. Adoption of Children of Unmarried Women, 1949-1976. House of Commons and House of Lords. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

33 UK Parliament Joint Committee on Human Rights (2022). The Violation of the Right to Family Life. Adoption of Children of Unmarried Women, 1949-1976. House of Commons and House of Lords. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

34 Sandhu, J. (2012). Cited in UK Parliament Joint Committee on Human Rights (2022). The Violation of the Right to Family Life. Adoption of Children of Unmarried Women, 1949-1976. House of Commons and House of Lords. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

35 Becker, S., Sellers, R. & Harold G. (2021, no page number). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights from members of the Andrew and Virginia Rudd Research and Professional Practice Programme, University of Cambridge. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

36 Critchley, A., Grant, M., Cowan, P. & Hardy, M. (2018). Exploring the Changing Nature of Adoption Work: Reflections on the 1968 Act. Social Work Scotland. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

37 UK Parliament Joint Committee on Human Rights (2022, p.18). The Violation of the Right to Family Life. Adoption of Children of Unmarried Women, 1949-1976. House of Commons and House of Lords. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

38 Greenlees. J. (2015). Unmarried Motherhood in Scotland during the Twentieth Century: Mother and Baby Homes. Centre for the Social History of Health and Healthcare, Department of Social Sciences Glasgow Caledonian University. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

39 Ibid.

40 Ibid.

41 Ibid, p.4.

42 Triseltiotis et al., (1997). Cited in Critchley, A., Grant, M., Cowan, P. & Hardy, M. (2018). Exploring the Changing Nature of Adoption Work: Reflections on the 1968 Act. Social Work Scotland. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

43 Ibid.

44 Greenlees. J. (2015). Unmarried Motherhood in Scotland during the Twentieth Century: Mother and Baby Homes. Centre for the Social History of Health and Healthcare, Department of Social Sciences Glasgow Caledonian University. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

45 UK Parliament Joint Committee on Human Rights (2022). The Violation of the Right to Family Life. Adoption of Children of Unmarried Women, 1949-1976. House of Commons and House of Lords. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

46 Ibid.

47 Lambert, M. (2022). Cited in UK Parliament Joint Committee on Human Rights (2022). The Violation of the Right to Family Life. Adoption of Children of Unmarried Women, 1949-1976. House of Commons and House of Lords. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

48 Critchley, A., Grant, M., Cowan, P. & Hardy, M. (2018). Exploring the Changing Nature of Adoption Work: Reflections on the 1968 Act. Social Work Scotland. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

49 Becker, S., Sellers, R. & Harold, G. (2021, no page number). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights from members of the Andrew and Virginia Rudd Research and Professional Practice Programme, University of Cambridge. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

50 Lambert, M. (2021, p.4). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

51 Marshall, A. & McDonald, M. (2001). Cited in Higgins, D. (2010). Impact of Past Adoption Practices: Summary of Key Issues from Australian Research Final Report; A Report to the Australian Government Department of Families, Housing, Community Service and Indigenous Affairs. Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

52 Kenny, P., Higgins, D., Soloff, C. & Sweid, R. (2012). Past Adoption Experiences. National Research Study on the Service Response to Past Adoption Practices. Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

53 Becker, S., Sellers, R. & Harold, G. (2021). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights from members of the Andrew and Virginia Rudd Research and Professional Practice Programme, University of Cambridge. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

54 Clapton (2003). Cited in Critchley, A., Grant, M., Cowan, P. & Hardy, M. (2018). Exploring the Changing Nature of Adoption Work: Reflections on the 1968 Act. Social Work Scotland. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

55 Critchley, A., Grant, M., Cowan, P. & Hardy, M. (2018). Exploring the Changing Nature of Adoption Work: Reflections on the 1968 Act. Social Work Scotland. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

56 UK Parliament Joint Committee on Human Rights (2022). The Violation of the Right to Family Life. Adoption of Children of Unmarried Women, 1949-1976. House of Commons and House of Lords. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

57 Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science & Technology, (2018). Cited in Becker, S., Sellers, R. & Harold, G. (2021). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights from members of the Andrew and Virginia Rudd Research and Professional Practice Programme, University of Cambridge. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

58 Clark, G. (2008). Cited in Becker, S., Sellers, R. & Harold, G. (2021). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights from members of the Andrew and Virginia Rudd Research and Professional Practice Programme, University of Cambridge. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

59 Becker, S., Sellers, R. & Harold, G. (2021). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights from members of the Andrew and Virginia Rudd Research and Professional Practice Programme, University of Cambridge. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

60 Greenlees. J. (2015). Unmarried Motherhood in Scotland during the Twentieth Century: Mother and Baby Homes. Centre for the Social History of Health and Healthcare, Department of Social Sciences Glasgow Caledonian University. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

61 Yelloly, M. A. (1965). Cited in Becker, S., Sellers R. & Harold, G. (2018). Exploring the Changing Nature of Adoption Work: Reflections on the 1968 Act. Social Work Scotland. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

62 UK Parliament Joint Committee on Human Rights (2022). The Violation of the Right to Family Life. Adoption of Children of Unmarried Women, 1949-1976. House of Commons and House of Lords. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

63 Greenlees. J. (2015, p.4). Unmarried Motherhood in Scotland during the Twentieth Century: Mother and Baby Homes. Centre for the Social History of Health and Healthcare, Department of Social Sciences Glasgow Caledonian University. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

64 Origins Scotland (2021, p.2). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights Inquiry: The Right to Family Life, Adoption of Children of Unmarried Women 1949-1976. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

65 Becker, S., Sellers, R. & Harold, G. (2021, no page number). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights from members of the Andrew and Virginia Rudd Research and Professional Practice Programme, University of Cambridge. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

66 UK Parliament Joint Committee on Human Rights (2022). The Violation of the Right to Family Life. Adoption of Children of Unmarried Women, 1949-1976. House of Commons and House of Lords. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

67 Greenlees. J. (2015). Unmarried Motherhood in Scotland during the Twentieth Century: Mother and Baby Homes. Centre for the Social History of Health and Healthcare, Department of Social Sciences Glasgow Caledonian University. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

68 UK Parliament Joint Committee on Human Rights (2022). The Violation of the Right to Family Life. Adoption of Children of Unmarried Women, 1949-1976. House of Commons and House of Lords. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

69 Ibid.

70 Origins Scotland (2021). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights Inquiry: The Right to Family Life, Adoption of Children of Unmarried Women 1949-1976. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

71 UK Parliament Joint Committee on Human Rights (2022). The Violation of the Right to Family Life. Adoption of Children of Unmarried Women, 1949-1976. House of Commons and House of Lords. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

72 Origins Scotland (2021). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights Inquiry: The Right to Family Life, Adoption of Children of Unmarried Women 1949-1976. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

73 Ibid.

74 Critchley, A., Grant, M., Cowan, P. & Hardy, M. (2018, p.15). Exploring the Changing Nature of Adoption Work: Reflections on the 1968 Act. Social Work Scotland. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

75 Higgins, D. (2010). Impact of Past Adoption Practices: Summary of Key Issues from Australian Research Final Report; A Report to the Australian Government Department of Families, Housing, Community Service and Indigenous Affairs. Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

76 UK Parliament Joint Committee on Human Rights (2022). The Violation of the Right to Family Life. Adoption of Children of Unmarried Women, 1949-1976. House of Commons and House of Lords. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

77 Ibid, p.11.

78 Higgins, D., Kenny, P., Sweid, R. & Ockenden, L. (2014). Forced Adoption Support Services Scoping Study. Report for the Department of Social Services by the Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

79 Adoption UK (2023). The Adoption Barometer: A Stocktake of Adoption in the UK. Accessed on 6/6/2023.

80 Featherstone, B., Gupta, A. & Mills, S. (2018). The Role of the Social Worker in Adoption – Ethics and Human Rights: an Enquiry. Birmingham: British Association of Social Workers. Accessed 26/4/2023.

81 Merritt, M. (2022). Rediscovering Latent Trauma: an Adopted Adult’s Perspective. Child Abuse and Neglect. 130 (2, August). Accessed 26/4/2023.

82 Results from the Global Anon Adoptee 2022 Survey (2022). Accessed 8/5/2023.

83 Scottish Adult Adoptee Movement (2022). Adoptee Recommendations to: the Scottish Government, Historic Forced Adoption Practices, the Violation of Family Life: Rights of Adopted People. Accessed on 22/5/2023.

84 PAC-UK (2023). Big Consult of Adopted People. Accessed 8/5/2023.

85 Information about the Adoption Research Initiative. Cited in Higgins, D., Kenny, P., Sweid, R. & Ockenden, L. (2014). Forced Adoption Support Services Scoping Study. Report for the Department of Social Services by the Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

86 Critchley, A., Grant, M., Hardy, M. & Cleary, J. (2023). Final Report: Supporting Roots. Accessed on 1/5/2023.

87 Adoption UK (2023). The Adoption Barometer: A Stocktake of Adoption in the UK. Accessed on 6/6/2023.

88 Higgins, D., Kenny, P., Sweid, R. & Ockenden, L. (2014). Forced Adoption Support Services Scoping Study. Report for the Department of Social Services by the Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

89 Becker, S., Sellers, R. & Harold, G. (2021). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights from members of the Andrew and Virginia Rudd Research and Professional Practice Programme, University of Cambridge. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

90 Kenny, P., Higgins, D., Soloff, C. & Sweid, R. (2012). Past Adoption Experiences. National Research Study on the Service Response to Past Adoption Experiences. Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

91 Ibid.

92 Ibid.

93 Higgins, D., Kenny, P., Sweid, R. & Ockenden, L. (2014). Forced Adoption Support Services Scoping Study. Report for the Department of Social Services by the Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

94 Ibid.

95 UK Parliament Joint Committee on Human Rights (2022). The Violation of the Right to Family Life. Adoption of Children of Unmarried Women, 1949-1976. House of Commons and House of Lords. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

96 Critchley, A., Grant, M., Hardy, M. & Cleary, J. (2023). Final Report: Supporting Roots. Accessed on 1/5/2023.

97 Ibid.

98 Higgins, D., Kenny, P., Sweid, R. & Ockenden, L. (2014). Forced Adoption Support Services Scoping Study. Report for the Department of Social Services by the Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

99 Kenny, P., Higgins, D., Soloff, C. & Sweid, R. (2012). Past Adoption Experiences. National Research Study on the Service Response to Past Adoption Practices. Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

100 Evan Donaldson Institute (2006). Safeguarding the Rights and Well-Being of Birthparents in the Adoption Process. New York: Evan Donaldson Institute. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

101 Ibid.

102 UK Parliament Joint Committee on Human Rights (2022). The Violation of the Right to Family Life. Adoption of Children of Unmarried Women, 1949-1976. House of Commons and House of Lords. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

103 Robinson, E. (2014, p.1). Some Thoughts on Shame. Clova Publications. Accessed on 1/5/2023.

104 Adoption UK (2023). The Adoption Barometer: A Stocktake of Adoption in the UK. Accessed on 6/6/2023.

105 Baden, A. L. (2016). ‘Do You Know Your Real Parents?’ and Other Adoption Microaggressions. Adoption Quarterly (19), p1-25. Accessed 26/4/2023.

106 McSherry, D. & McAnee, G. (2022). Exploring the Relationship Between Adoption and Psychological Trauma for Children who are Adopted from Care: a Longitudinal Case Study Perspective. Child Abuse and Neglect. 130 (2, August). Accessed 26/4/2023.

107 Ibid.

108 Scottish Adult Adoptee Movement (2022). Adoptee Recommendations to: the Scottish Government, Historic Forced Adoption Practices, the Violation of Family Life: Rights of Adopted People. Accessed on 22/5/2023.

109 Parliament of Victoria Legal and Social Issues Committee (2021). Inquiry into Responses to Historical Forced Adoption in Victoria. Accessed on 3/5/2023.

110 Ibid.

111 Higgins, D., Kenny, P., Sweid, R. & Ockenden, L. (2014). Forced Adoption Support Services Scoping Study. Report for the Department of Social Services by the Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

112 Parliament of Victoria Legal and Social Issues Committee (2021). Inquiry into Responses to Historical Forced Adoption in Victoria. Accessed on 3/5/2023.

113 Australian Government Department of Social Services Leaflet. Forced Adoptions in Australia; Supporting People Affected by Forced Adoptions. Accessed on 2/5/2023.

114 The Movement for an Adoption Apology in Scotland (2022). July, 2022 Newsletter.

115 Robinson, E. (2001, p.2). Post Adoption Grief Counselling. Clova Publications. Accessed on 2/5/2023.

116 Ibid.

117 Clapton, G. (2008). Birth Fathers and their Adoption Experiences. London: Jessica Kingsley Publications.

118 Higgins, D., Kenny, P., Sweid, R. & Ockenden, L. (2014). Forced Adoption Support Services Scoping Study. Report for the Department of Social Services by the Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023

119 Ibid.

120 Ibid.

121 Ibid.

122 Ibid.

123 Robinson, E. (2001). Post Adoption Grief Counselling. Clova Publications. Accessed on 2/5/2023.

124 Australian Government Department of Social Services Leaflet. Forced Adoptions in Australia; Supporting People Affected by Forced Adoptions. Accessed on 2/5/2023.

125 Parliament of Victoria Legal and Social Issues Committee (2021). Inquiry into Responses to Historical Forced Adoption in Victoria. Accessed on 3/5/2023.

126 Ibid.

127 Higgins, D., Kenny, P., Sweid, R. & Ockenden, L. (2014). Forced Adoption Support Services Scoping Study. Report for the Department of Social Services by the Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

128 Ibid.

129 Health in Mind. Information about Historic Adoption Peer Support. Accessed 1/11/2023.

130 Adoption UK (2023). The Adoption Barometer: A Stocktake of Adoption in the UK. Accessed on 6/6/2023.

131Parliament of Victoria Legal and Social Issues Committee (2021). Inquiry into Responses to Historical Forced Adoption in Victoria. Accessed on 3/5/2023.

132 Kenny, P., Higgins, D., Soloff, C. & Sweid, R. (2012). Cited in Higgins, D., Kenny, P., Sweid, R. & Ockenden, L. (2014). Forced Adoption Support Services Scoping Study. Report for the Department of Social Services by the Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

133 Ibid.

134 Higgins, D., Kenny, P., Sweid, R. & Ockenden, L. (2014). Forced Adoption Support Services Scoping Study. Report for the Department of Social Services by the Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

135 Robinson, E. (2014, p.1). Some Thoughts on Shame. Accessed on 1/5/2023.

136 Parliament of Victoria Legal and Social Issues Committee (2021). Inquiry into Responses to Historical Forced Adoption in Victoria. Accessed on 3/5/2023.

137 Ibid.

138 Higgins, D., Kenny, P., Sweid, R. & Ockenden, L. (2014). Forced Adoption Support Services Scoping Study. Report for the Department of Social Services by the Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

139 The Movement for an Adoption Apology in Scotland (2022). July, 2022 Newsletter.

140 The Movement for an Adoption Apology in Scotland (2022). May, 2022 Newsletter.

141 Scottish Adult Adoptee Movement (2022, p.11). Adoptee Recommendations to: the Scottish Government, Historic Forced Adoption Practices, the Violation of Family Life: Rights of Adopted People. Accessed on 22/5/2023.

142 Ibid.

143 Parliament of Victoria Legal and Social Issues Committee (2021). Inquiry into Responses to Historical Forced Adoption in Victoria. Accessed on 3/5/2023.

144 Evan Donaldson Institute (2006, p.6). Safeguarding the Rights and Well-Being of Birthparents in the Adoption Process. New York: Evan Donaldson Institute. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

145 Neil, E. (2000). Cited in Clapton, G. (2018). Good Practice with Adults in Adoption. IRISS Insights 43.

146 Critchley, A., Grant, M., Cowan, P. & Hardy, M. (2018). Exploring the Changing Nature of Adoption Work: Reflections on the 1968 Act. Social Work Scotland. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

147 UK Parliament Joint Committee on Human Rights (2022). The Violation of the Right to Family Life. Adoption of Children of Unmarried Women, 1949-1976. House of Commons and House of Lords. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

148 Clapton, G. (2008). The Right to Information in Practice: Adoption Records, Confidentiality, and Secrecy. In Clark, C. & McGhee, J. (Eds). Private and Confidential? Handling Information in the Social and Health Services. Bristol University Press. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

149 Clapton, G. (2008). The Right to Information in Practice: Adoption Records, Confidentiality, and Secrecy. In Clark, C. & McGhee, J. (Eds). Private and Confidential? Handling Information in the Social and Health Services. Bristol University Press. Accessed 26/4/2023.

150 Ibid.

151 Ibid, p.140.

152 Higgins, D., Kenny, P., Sweid, R. & Ockenden, L. (2014). Forced Adoption Support Services Scoping Study. Report for the Department of Social Services by the Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

153 Ibid.

154 Parliament of Victoria Legal and Social Issues Committee (2021). Inquiry into Responses to Historical Forced Adoption in Victoria. Accessed on 3/5/2023.

155 Adoption UK (2023). The Adoption Barometer: A Stocktake of Adoption in the UK. Accessed on 6/6/2023.

156 The Movement for an Adoption Apology in Scotland (2022). May, 2022 Newsletter.

157 Scottish Adult Adoptee Movement (2022). Adoptee Recommendations to: the Scottish Government, Historic Forced Adoption Practices, the Violation of Family Life: Rights of Adopted People. Accessed on 22/5/2023.

158 Evan Donaldson Institute (2006). Safeguarding the Rights and Well-Being of Birthparents in the Adoption Process. New York: Evan Donaldson Institute. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

159 Robinson, E. (2004). The Role of Ritual Following a Loss. Clova Publications. Accessed on 1/5/2023.

160 Becker, S., Sellers, R. & Harold, G. (2021). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights from members of the Andrew and Virginia Rudd Research and Professional Practice Programme, University of Cambridge. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

161 Triseliotis et. al. (2005). Cited in Becker, S., Sellers, R. & Harold, G. (2021). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights from members of the Andrew and Virginia Rudd Research and Professional Practice Programme, University of Cambridge. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

162 Baden, A.L., Shadel, D., Morgan, R., White, E.E., Harrington, E.S., Christian, N. and Bates, T.A. (2019). Delaying Adoption Disclosure: a Survey of Late Discovery Adoptees. Journal of Family Issues, 40 (9), p.1154-1180. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

163 Higgins, D. (2011). Cited in Becker, S., Sellers, R. & Harold, G. (2021). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights from members of the Andrew and Virginia Rudd Research and Professional Practice Programme, University of Cambridge. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

164 Triseliotis et. al. (2005). Cited in Becker, S., Sellers, R. & Harold, G. (2021). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights from members of the Andrew and Virginia Rudd Research and Professional Practice Programme, University of Cambridge. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

165 Ibid.

166 Parliament of Victoria Legal and Social Issues Committee (2021). Inquiry into Responses to Historical Forced Adoption in Victoria. Accessed on 3/5/2023.

167 Ibid.

168 March, K. (2014). Cited in Becker, S., Sellers, R. & Harold, G. (2021). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights from members of the Andrew and Virginia Rudd Research and Professional Practice Programme, University of Cambridge. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

169 Senate Standing Committee on Community Affairs (2013). Cited in Becker, S., Sellers, R. & Harold, G. (2021). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights from members of the Andrew and Virginia Rudd Research and Professional Practice Programme, University of Cambridge. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

170 Evan Donaldson Institute (2006). Safeguarding the Rights and Well-Being of Birthparents in the Adoption Process. New York: Evan Donaldson Institute. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

171 Senate Standing Committee on Community Affairs (2013). Cited in Becker, S., Sellers, R. & Harold, G. (2021). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights from members of the Andrew and Virginia Rudd Research and Professional Practice Programme, University of Cambridge. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

172 O’Neill et. al. (2018) Cited in Becker, S., Sellers, R. & Harold, G. (2021). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights from members of the Andrew and Virginia Rudd Research and Professional Practice Programme, University of Cambridge. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

173 Parliament of Victoria Legal and Social Issues Committee (2021, p.312). Inquiry into Responses to Historical Forced Adoption in Victoria. Accessed on 3/5/2023.

174 Robinson, E. (2005). Use of Intermediaries in Adoption Contact. Clova Publications. Accessed on 1/5/2023.

175 Clapton, G. (2018). Good Practice with Adults in Adoption. IRISS Insights 43.

176 Parliament of Victoria Legal and Social Issues Committee (2021). Inquiry into Responses to Historical Forced Adoption in Victoria. Accessed on 3/5/2023.

177 Adoption UK (2023). The Adoption Barometer: A Stocktake of Adoption in the UK. Accessed on 6/6/2023.

178 Kenny, P., Higgins, D., Soloff, C. & Sweid, R. (2012). Cited in Higgins, D., Kenny, P., Sweid, R. & Ockenden, L. (2014). Forced Adoption Support Services Scoping Study. Report for the Department of Social Services by the Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

179 Adoption UK (2023). The Adoption Barometer: A Stocktake of Adoption in the UK. Accessed on 6/6/2023.

180 The Movement for an Adoption Apology in Scotland (2022). June, 2022 Newsletter.

181 UK Parliament Joint Committee on Human Rights (2022). The Violation of the Right to Family Life. Adoption of Children of Unmarried Women, 1949-1976. House of Commons and House of Lords. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

182 Scottish Adult Adoptee Movement (2022). Adoptee Recommendations to: the Scottish Government, Historic Forced Adoption Practices, the Violation of Family Life: Rights of Adopted People. Accessed on 22/5/2023.

183 Armstrong, S. and Ormerod, T. (2005). Cited in Clapton, G. (2018). Good Practice with Adults in Adoption. IRISS Insights 43.

184 Robinson, E. (2005). Use of Intermediaries in Adoption Contact. Clova Publications. Accessed on 1/5/2023.

185 Ibid.

186 Higgins, D., Kenny, P., Sweid, R. & Ockenden, L. (2014). Forced Adoption Support Services Scoping Study. Report for the Department of Social Services by the Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

187 Irish Government, Department of Children, Equality, Disability, Integration and Youth (2021). Final Report of the Commission of Investigation into Mother and Baby Homes. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

188 Becker, S., Sellers, R. & Harold, G. (2021, no page number). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights from members of the Andrew and Virginia Rudd Research and Professional Practice Programme, University of Cambridge. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

189 Higgins, D., Kenny, P., Sweid, R. & Ockenden, L. (2014, p.45). Forced Adoption Support Services Scoping Study. Report for the Department of Social Services by the Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

190 Senate Community Affairs References Committee. (2012). Referenced by Higgins, D., Kenny, P., Sweid, R. & Ockenden, L. (2014, p.45). Forced Adoption Support Services Scoping Study. Report for the Department of Social Services by the Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

191 The Movement for an Adoption Apology in Scotland (2022). June, 2022 Newsletter.

192 Scottish Adult Adoptee Movement (2022, p.12). Adoptee Recommendations to: the Scottish Government, Historic Forced Adoption Practices, the Violation of Family Life: Rights of Adopted People. Accessed on 22/5/2023.

193 Kenny, P., Higgins, D., Soloff, C. & Sweid, R. (2012). Past Adoption Experiences. National Research Study on the Service Response to Past Adoption Practices. Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

194 Higgins, D., Kenny, P., Sweid, R. & Ockenden, L. (2014). Forced adoption support services scoping study. Report for the Department of Social Services by the Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

195 The Movement for an Adoption Apology (2022). Recommendations to the Joint Commission on Human Rights from the Movement for an Adoption Apology. Accessed on 22/5/2023.

196 Kenny, P., Higgins, D., Soloff, C. & Sweid, R. (2012). Cited in Higgins, D., Kenny, P., Sweid, R. & Ockenden, L. (2014). Forced Adoption Support Services Scoping Study. Report for the Department of Social Services by the Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

197 The Movement for an Adoption Apology (2022). Recommendations to the Joint Commission on Human Rights from the Movement for an Adoption Apology. Accessed on 22/5/2023.

198 Becker, S., Sellers, R. & Harold, G. (2021, no page number). Written Evidence Submission to the Joint Committee on Human Rights from members of the Andrew and Virginia Rudd Research and Professional Practice Programme, University of Cambridge. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

199 Higgins, D., Kenny, P., Sweid, R. & Ockenden, L. (2014). Forced Adoption Support Services Scoping Study. Report for the Department of Social Services by the Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed on 26/4/2023.

200 The Movement for an Adoption Apology (2022). Recommendations to the Joint Commission on Human Rights from the Movement for an Adoption Apology. Accessed on 22/5/2023.

201 Parliament of Victoria Legal and Social Issues Committee (2021). Inquiry into Responses to Historical Forced Adoption in Victoria. Accessed on 3/5/2023.

202 The Movement for an Adoption Apology (2022). Recommendations to the Joint Commission on Human Rights from the Movement for an Adoption Apology. Accessed on 22/5/2023.

203 Parliament of Victoria Legal and Social Issues Committee (2021). Inquiry into Responses to Historical Forced Adoption in Victoria. Accessed on 3/5/2023.

204 Ibid, p.197.