Scotland's circular economy and waste route map to 2030

Footnotes

1. The whole-life carbon impacts of Scotland's waste means considering carbon impacts from resource extraction and manufacturing emissions, right through to waste management emissions, regardless of where in the world these impacts occur.

2. Route Map 2022 consultation https://www.gov.scot/publications/consultation-delivering-scotlands-circular-economy-route-map-2025-beyond/; 2022 consultation analysis https://www.gov.scot/publications/consultation-delivering-scotlands-circular-economy-route-map-2025-beyond-analysis-consultation-responses/; Route Map 2024 consultation, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-circular-economy-waste-route-map-2030-consultation/; 2024 consultation analysis https://www.gov.scot/isbn/9781836015611.

3. Circular Economy (Scotland) Act 2024 (legislation.gov.uk).

4. Scotland's Zero Waste Plan, 2010, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-zero-waste-plan/.

5. The Carbon Footprint of Scotland's Waste for 2017 and 2018, Zero Waste Scotland, 2020, https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/resources/carbon-metric-publications. Estimates on CO2e impacts were produced by Zero Waste Scotland, as set out in The Scottish Carbon Metric Briefing Paper for Stakeholders, October 2013, https://cdn.zerowastescotland.org.uk/managed-downloads/mf-latxbmbc-1678118177d.

6. Delivering Scotland's circular economy - route map to 2025 and beyond: technical annex, May 2022, https://www.gov.scot/publications/technical-annex-delivering-scotlands-circular-economy-route-map-2025-beyond/.

7. Scottish Emission Targets – first five-yearly review & Progress in reducing emissions in Scotland – 2022 Report to Parliament, https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/scottish-emission-targets-progress-in-reducing-emissions-in-scotland-2022-report-to-parliament/.

8. Delivering Scotland's circular economy - route map to 2025 and beyond: consultation, May 2022, https://www.gov.scot/publications/consultation-delivering-scotlands-circular-economy-route-map-2025-beyond/.

9. The Courtauld Commitment 2030 Milestone Report 2018-2021 and Annual Progress Report 2022-2023, WRAP, November 2023, https://wrap.org.uk/resources/report/courtauld-commitment-milestone-report-2023.

10. Climate Change, Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, Scottish Government, https://www.gov.scot/policies/climate-change/reducing-emissions/.

11. Securing a green recovery on a path to net zero: climate change plan 2018–2032 – update, Scottish Government, December 2020, https://www.gov.scot/publications/securing-green-recovery-path-net-zero-update-climate-change-plan-20182032/pages/11/.

12. Scottish Greenhouse Gas Statistics 2022, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-greenhouse-gas-statistics-2022/.

13. Stop, Sort, Burn, Bury - incineration in the waste hierarchy: independent review, May 2022, https://www.gov.scot/publications/stop-sort-burn-bury-independent-review-role-incineration-waste-hierarchy-scotland/. It is worth noting that currently, internationally-agreed methodology counts the methane emissions from landfill as being due to the waste sector, while waste incineration with energy recovery has its carbon dioxide emissions accounted for under the energy sector, not waste.

14. Scotland's statutory emissions reduction targets, set out in the Climate Change Plan, are based on emissions from sources located here in Scotland. Scotland's Carbon Footprint refers to estimates of Scotland's greenhouse gas emissions on a consumption basis, which are associated with the spending of Scottish residents on goods and services, wherever in the world these emissions arise. Scotland's Carbon Footprint 1998 – 2019, Scottish Government, March 2023, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-carbon-footprint-1998-2019/.

15. The Carbon Footprint of Scotland's Waste for 2017 and 2018, Zero Waste Scotland, 2020, https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/resources/carbon-metric-publications.

16. Everything we buy has a carbon cost, Zero Waste Scotland, September 2021, https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/content/everything-we-buy-has-carbon-cost. The Use of Natural Resources in the Economy: A Global Manual on Economy Wide Material Flow Accounting, UN environment programme, 2023, https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/36253;jsession.

17. Priorities for Scotland: First Minister's statement, Scottish Government, 2024, https://www.gov.scot/publications/first-ministers-priorities-scotland/.

18. Scotland's National Strategy for Economic Transformation, 2022, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-national-strategy-economic-transformation/.

19. The Environment Strategy for Scotland: vision and outcomes, Scottish Government, 2020, https://www.gov.scot/publications/environment-strategy-scotland-vision-outcomes/.

20. National Performance Framework, Scottish Government, https://nationalperformance.gov.scot/.

21. Tackling the Nature Emergency in Scotland - Scottish biodiversity strategy to 2045, Scottish Government, November 2024, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-biodiversity-strategy-2045/.

22. New Deal with Local Government – Verity House Agreement, June 2023, https://www.gov.scot/publications/new-deal-local-government-partnership-agreement/. New Deal for Business Group - Report on Progress & Recommendations: Implementation Plan, October 2023, https://www.gov.scot/publications/new-deal-business-group-report-progress-recommendations-implementation-plan/.

23. National Planning Framework 4, 2023, https://www.gov.scot/publications/national-planning-framework-4/.

24. Circular economy and waste route map to 2030: strategic environmental assessment - environmental report, Scottish Government, 2024, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-circular-economy-waste-route-map-2030-strategic-environmental-assessment-environmental-report/.

25. 2023 Progress Report to Parliament, June 2023, https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/2023-progress-report-to-parliament/.

26. This denotes the percentage of respondents who answered 'agree' or 'strongly agree' when asked the extent to which they agreed with the proposed actions set out under each of the strategic aims.

27. SEPA Waste Data Reporting, https://www.sepa.org.uk/environment/waste/waste-data/waste-data-reporting/.

28. The Carbon Footprint of Scotland's Waste Summary Report for 2017-2018, Zero Waste Scotland, 2020, https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/resources/carbon-metric-publications.

29. Household waste data, SEPA, https://www.sepa.org.uk/environment/waste/waste-data/waste-data-reporting/household-waste-data/.

30. Food Waste Estimate for 2021, Zero Waste Scotland, 2024, https://cdn.zerowastescotland.org.uk/managed-downloads/mf-cdtg7vnr-1696942041d.

31. Material Flows Account (MFA) for Scotland model, February 2023, https://cdn.zerowastescotland.org.uk/managed-downloads/mf-qrrfa3ry-1679488452d. Managing and Conserving the Natural Resource Base for Sustained Economic and Social Development, 2014, https://www.resourcepanel.org/reports/managing-and-conserving-natural-resource-base-sustained-economic-and-social-development.

32. The Carbon Footprint of Scotland's Waste, Zero Waste Scotland, 2020, https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/resources/carbon-metric-publications.

33. Waste from All Sources, data from 2022, SEPA, https://www.sepa.org.uk/environment/waste/waste-data/waste-data-reporting/waste-data-for-scotland/.

34. Recycling Improvement Fund, https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/resources/recycling-improvement-fund.

35. Business | Zero Waste Scotland, https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/business.

36. The Share & Repair Network – A project of Circular Communities Scotland, https://shareandrepair.scot/.

37. NHS Scotland Climate Emergency & Sustainability Strategy 2022-2026, https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/strategy-plan/2022/08/nhs-scotland-climate-emergency-sustainability-strategy-2022-2026/documents/nhs-scotland-climate-emergency-sustainability-strategy-2022-2026/nhs-scotland-climate-emergency-sustainability-strategy-2022-2026/govscot%3Adocument/nhs-scotland-climate-emergency-sustainability-strategy-2022-2026.pdf.

38. Circular Economy (Scotland) Act 2024 (legislation.gov.uk).

39. Powers to introduce a charge for single-use items, which are provided as packaging for goods for use in connection with the consumption of goods.

40. Delivering Scotland's Circular Economy - route map to 2025 and beyond: consultation analysis, 2023, https://www.gov.scot/publications/consultation-delivering-scotlands-circular-economy-route-map-2025-beyond-analysis-consultation-responses/.

41. Scotland's guiding principles on the environment: statutory guidance, Scottish Government, August 2023, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-guiding-principles-environment-statutory-guidance/pages/3/.

42. The Carbon Footprint of Scotland's Household Waste, 2021, https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/resources/carbon-metric-publications.

43. Circular economy for textiles: taking responsibility to reduce, reuse and recycle textile waste and boosting markets for used textiles, July 2023, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_3635.

44. Scotland's Carrier Bag Charge One Year On report, Zero Waste Scotland, https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/resources/carrier-bag-charge-one-year-report/.

45. Revolve Reuse Knowledge Hub | Zero Waste Scotland, https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/revolve.

46. Real nappy incentive scheme, North Ayrshire Council, https://www.north-ayrshire.gov.uk/bins-litter-and-recycling/recycling/real-nappy-incentive-scheme/.

47. Consumers and the transition to net zero, Consumer Scotland, 2023, https://consumer.scot/publications/consumers-and-the-transition-to-net-zero/.

48. Scotland. Let's Do Net Zero, https://www.netzeronation.scot/.

49. Net Zero: why resource efficiency holds the answers | WRAP, 2021, https://wrap.org.uk/resources/report/net-zero-why-resource-efficiency-holds-answers.

50. Progress in reducing UK emissions - 2023 Report to Parliament, https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/2023-progress-report-to-parliament/.

51. 123 Pledge to Halve Food Loss and Waste | Champions 12.3 (champions123.org), https://champions123.org/123pledge#:~:text=The%20Scottish%20Government%2C%20in%202023%2C%20commits%20to%20embedding,their%2033%25%20food%20waste%20reduction%20target%20by%202025.

52. Food Waste Estimate for 2021, Zero Waste Scotland, 2024, https://cdn.zerowastescotland.org.uk/managed-downloads/mf-cdtg7vnr-1696942041d.

53. The Courtauld Commitment 2030 Milestone Report 2018-2021 and Annual Progress Report 2022-2023, WRAP, November 2023, https://wrap.org.uk/resources/report/courtauld-commitment-milestone-report-2023.

54. Food waste reduction: action plan, Scottish Government, 2019, https://www.gov.scot/publications/food-waste-reduction-action-plan/.

55. A review of the 2019 Food Waste Reduction Action Plan, Scottish Government, January 2024, https://www.gov.scot/isbn/9781835217528.

56. Food Waste Reduction Business Support, https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/resources/food-waste-reduction-business-support.

57. The Courtauld Commitment 2030, WRAP, https://www.wrap.ngo/taking-action/food-drink/initiatives/courtauld-commitment.

58. The Courtauld Commitment 2030 Milestone Report 2023 | WRAP, https://wrap.org.uk/resources/report/courtauld-commitment-milestone-report-2023.

59. Scotland's Circular Economy and Waste Route Map to 2030: Analysis of consultation responses, Scottish Government, August 2024, https://www.gov.scot/isbn/9781836015611. Delivering Scotland's Circular Economy - route map to 2025 and beyond: consultation analysis, 2023, https://www.gov.scot/publications/consultation-delivering-scotlands-circular-economy-route-map-2025-beyond-analysis-consultation-responses/.

60. Food Waste Estimate for 2021, Zero Waste Scotland, https://cdn.zerowastescotland.org.uk/managed-downloads/mf-cdtg7vnr-1696942041d.

61. Delivering Scotland's Circular Economy - route map to 2025 and beyond: consultation analysis, 2023, https://www.gov.scot/publications/consultation-delivering-scotlands-circular-economy-route-map-2025-beyond-analysis-consultation-responses/.

62. https://www.parliament.scot/bills-and-laws/bills/circular-economy-scotland-bill Circular Economy (Scotland) Act 2024 (legislation.gov.uk).

63. WRAP Food Waste Reduction Roadmap Progress Report, https://wrap.org.uk/resources/report/food-waste-reduction-roadmap-progress-update-2023. Courtauld commitment, https://wrap.org.uk/taking-action/food-drink/initiatives/courtauld-commitment.

64. Waste from all sources, SEPA, https://informatics.sepa.org.uk/WasteAllSources/.

65. Waste from all sources, SEPA, https://informatics.sepa.org.uk/WasteAllSources/.

66. National Planning Framework 4, Scottish Government, 2023, https://www.gov.scot/publications/national-planning-framework-4/. Net Zero Public Sector Buildings Standard, Scottish Government, 2023, https://www.netzerostandard.scot/. Sustainability in construction projects: CPN 1/2023, Scottish Government ,2023, https://www.gov.scot/publications/sustainability-in-construction-projects-cpn-1-2023/. The Construction Accord | Construction Leadership Forum, 2022, https://www.constructionforum.scot/our-work/the-construction-accord. BE-ST (Built Environment – Smarter Transformation), www.be-st.build.

67. Developing a programme for Improving the Reuse of Scotland's high value construction materials and assets, Zero Waste Scotland, January 2024, https://cdn.zerowastescotland.org.uk/managed-downloads/mf-yuukt9ix-1696001112d.

68. Delivering Scotland's Circular Economy - route map to 2025 and beyond: consultation analysis, 2023, https://www.gov.scot/publications/consultation-delivering-scotlands-circular-economy-route-map-2025-beyond-analysis-consultation-responses/.

69. Changing construction's throwaway culture | RICS, March 2022, https://ww3.rics.org/uk/en/modus/built-environment/construction/what-a-waste--changing-construction-s-throwaway-culture.html.

70. National Planning Framework 4, Scottish Government, 2023, https://www.gov.scot/publications/national-planning-framework-4/.

71. A Feasibility Study of Regional Materials Hubs in Scotland, Net Positive Solutions Ltd, Green Thinking Ltd, The Rebuild Site, BE-ST, Zero Waste Scotland, September 2024, https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/resources/feasibility-study-regional-materials-reuse-hubs-scotland.

72. Public Sector Procurement, Scottish Government, https://www.gov.scot/policies/public-sector-procurement/construction-procurement/.

73. Aggregates Tax and Devolved Taxes Administration (Scotland) Act 2024 (legislation.gov.uk). 'Aggregates' generally refers to rock, gravel or sand used as granular or particulate material in construction as concrete, mortar, roadstone, asphalt or drainage courses, or as construction aggregates.

74. SEPA Waste Data Reporting, https://www.sepa.org.uk/environment/waste/waste-data/waste-data-reporting/.

75. Carbon Metric Publications, Zero Waste Scotland, https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/resources/carbon-metric-publications.

76. SEPA, Scottish Household waste, 2023, https://www.sepa.org.uk/environment/waste/waste-data/waste-data-reporting/household-waste-data/.

77. SEPA, Waste from all sources, 2022, https://www.sepa.org.uk/environment/waste/waste-data/waste-data-reporting/.

78. The composition of household waste at the kerbside in 2021-23, Zero Waste Scotland, October 2023, https://cdn.zerowastescotland.org.uk/managed-downloads/mf-ejmegftx-1696500166d.

79. Recyclate Quality, SEPA, https://informatics.sepa.org.uk/RecyclateQuality/.

80. The Carbon Footprint of Scotland's Household Waste in 2021, Zero Waste Scotland; The Carbon Footprint of Scotland's Waste 2017 and 2018, Zero Waste Scotland, https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/resources/carbon-metric-publications.

81. The Waste (Scotland) Regulations 2012, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/sdsi/2012/9780111016657/contents.

82. Charter for Scottish Household Recycling, https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/resources/charter-household-recycling.

83. Recycling Improvement Fund, https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/resources/recycling-improvement-fund.

84. In 2008 the ring-fencing for this funding was removed and the total annual funding (£77.428 million) added to the General Revenue Grant and paid as part of the block grant funding.

85. Extended Producer Responsibility for Packaging: Summary of consultation responses and Government response, March 2022, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1063589/epr-consultation-government-response.pdf.

86. Marine Litter Strategy for Scotland, Scottish Government, September 2022, https://www.gov.scot/publications/marine-litter-strategy-scotland-2/.

87. Circular Economy (Scotland) Act 2024 (legislation.gov.uk).

88. 2023-24 Action Plan for the National Litter and Flytipping Strategy, Scottish Government, June 2023, http://www.gov.scot/ISBN/9781805251545/documents/.

89. National litter and flytipping strategy: update and year 2 action plan, Scottish Government, October 2024, https://www.gov.scot/publications/national-litter-flytipping-strategy-update-year-2-action-plan/.

90. Delivering Scotland's Circular Economy - route map to 2025 and beyond: consultation analysis, 2023, https://www.gov.scot/publications/consultation-delivering-scotlands-circular-economy-route-map-2025-beyond-analysis-consultation-responses/.

91. New Deal with Local Government – Verity House Agreement, 2023, https://www.gov.scot/publications/new-deal-local-government-partnership-agreement/.

92. Review of High Performing Recycling Systems, Eunomia, 2021, https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/consultation-paper/2022/05/consultation-delivering-scotlands-circular-economy-route-map-2025-beyond/documents/review-high-performing-recycling-systems-report-scottish-government/review-high-performing-recycling-systems-report-scottish-government/govscot%3Adocument/review-high-performing-recycling-systems-report-scottish-government.pdf.

93. The composition of household waste at the kerbside in 2021-23, Zero Waste Scotland, https://cdn.zerowastescotland.org.uk/managed-downloads/mf-ejmegftx-1696500166d.

94. Securing a green recovery on a path to net zero: climate change plan 2018-32 - update, Scottish Government, 2020, https://www.gov.scot/publications/securing-green-recovery-path-net-zero-update-climate-change-plan-20182032/pages/11/.

95. Stop, Sort, Burn, Bury - incineration in the waste hierarchy: independent review, 2022, https://www.gov.scot/publications/stop-sort-burn-bury-independent-review-role-incineration-waste-hierarchy-scotland/documents/.

96. The Carbon Footprint of Scotland's Household Waste in 2021, Zero Waste Scotland, https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/resources/carbon-metric-publications. The composition of household waste at the kerbside in 2021-23, Zero Waste Scotland, 2023, https://cdn.zerowastescotland.org.uk/managed-downloads/mf-ejmegftx-1696500166d.

97. Review of High Performing Recycling Systems, Eunomia, 2021, https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/consultation-paper/2022/05/consultation-delivering-scotlands-circular-economy-route-map-2025-beyond/documents/review-high-performing-recycling-systems-report-scottish-government/review-high-performing-recycling-systems-report-scottish-government/govscot%3Adocument/review-high-performing-recycling-systems-report-scottish-government.pdf.

98. Circular Economy (Scotland) Act 2024 (legislation.gov.uk).

99. Scotland's Circular Economy and Waste Route Map to 2030: Analysis of consultation responses, Scottish Government, 2024, https://www.gov.scot/isbn/9781836015611.

100. Case Studies: Local Performance Targets for Household Waste - Final report, Zero Waste Scotland, October 2022, https://cdn.zerowastescotland.org.uk/managed-downloads/mf-cdaudhdx-1702035716d. Municipal Waste Recovery Targets, Wales: A Case Study, Zero Waste Scotland, 2024, https://cdn.zerowastescotland.org.uk/managed-downloads/mf-xoiv2xim-1702920266d.

101. The Carbon Footprint of Scotland's Household Waste, 2021, https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/resources/carbon-metric-publications.

102. Delivering Scotland's Circular Economy - route map to 2025 and beyond: consultation analysis, Scottish Government, 2023, https://www.gov.scot/publications/consultation-delivering-scotlands-circular-economy-route-map-2025-beyond-analysis-consultation-responses/.

103. Scotland's Circular Economy and Waste Route Map to 2030: Analysis of consultation responses, Scottish Government, 2024, https://www.gov.scot/isbn/9781836015611.

104. The Waste (Scotland) Regulations 2012, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2012/148/contents/made.

105. Delivering Scotland's circular economy - route map to 2025 and beyond: technical annex, May 2022, https://www.gov.scot/publications/technical-annex-delivering-scotlands-circular-economy-route-map-2025-beyond/.

106. Commercial Waste Composition Scoping Survey, Zero Waste Scotland, January 2024, https://cdn.zerowastescotland.org.uk/managed-downloads/mf-pyoup6yy-1702035788d.

107. Greenhouse gas emissions are reported in Scottish Greenhouse Gas statistics using sector definitions set out by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Under these definitions, greenhouse gas emissions are reported in the 'Waste Management' sector and energy from waste emissions are reported in the 'Energy Supply' sector. Where this section of the route map discusses decarbonisation of the "waste sector", this includes energy from waste emissions. More on Scottish Greenhouse Gas statistics can be found at https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-greenhouse-gas-statistics-2022.

108. Delivering Scotland's circular economy - route map to 2025 and beyond: consultation, Scottish Government, May 2022, https://www.gov.scot/publications/consultation-delivering-scotlands-circular-economy-route-map-2025-beyond/. Circular economy and waste route map to 2030: consultation, Scottish Government, January 2024, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-circular-economy-waste-route-map-2030-consultation/. Scotland's Circular Economy and Waste Route Map to 2030 : Analysis of consultation responses, Scottish Government, August 2024,

109. Scotland's Circular Economy and Waste Route Map to 2030 : Analysis of consultation responses - gov.scot (www.gov.scot).

110. Climate Change Committee, Progress in reducing emissions in Scotland – 2021 Report to Parliament, https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/progress-reducing-emissions-in-scotland-2021-report-to-parliament/. Supporting documents - Stop, Sort, Burn, Bury - incineration in the waste hierarchy: independent review, Scottish Government, 2022, https://www.gov.scot/publications/stop-sort-burn-bury-independent-review-role-incineration-waste-hierarchy-scotland/documents/.

111. In 2022, we sent approximately 2.3 million tonnes of material to landfill. SEPA, Waste from all sources for 2022, https://informatics.sepa.org.uk/WasteAllSources/.

112. The proportion of all waste sent to landfill decreased by 12 percentage points from 2011 to 2018. SEPA, Waste from all sources for 2021, https://informatics.sepa.org.uk/WasteAllSources/.

113. Scottish Greenhouse Gas Statistics 2022, Scottish Government, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-greenhouse-gas-statistics-2022/.

114. The Independent Review of Incineration in the Waste Hierarchy in Scotland concluded that incineration's current place within the waste hierarchy, where overall it is preferable to other forms of residual waste treatment, but less desirable than reducing and recycling waste, is correct. See Stop, Sort, Burn, Bury - incineration in the waste hierarchy: independent review, Scottish Government, 2022, https://www.gov.scot/publications/stop-sort-burn-bury-independent-review-role-incineration-waste-hierarchy-scotland/documents/.

115. Stop, Sort, Burn, Bury - incineration in the waste hierarchy: independent review, Scottish Government, 2022, https://www.gov.scot/publications/stop-sort-burn-bury-independent-review-role-incineration-waste-hierarchy-scotland/documents/ and Second report: Decarbonisation of residual waste infrastructure, Scottish Government, 2023, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-government-response-stop-sort-burn-bury-independent-review-role-incineration-waste-hierarchy-scotland-second-report-decarbonisation-residual-waste-infrastructure-scotland/documents/.

116. Policy 12 (g), National Planning Framework 4, Scottish Government, 2023, https://www.gov.scot/publications/national-planning-framework-4/.

117. Developing the UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS) - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk).

118. The UK ETS Authority is made up of the UK Government, Scottish Government, Welsh Government and the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs in Northern Ireland.

119. Securing a green recovery on a path to net zero: climate change plan 2018–2032 – update, Scottish Government, 2020, https://www.gov.scot/publications/securing-green-recovery-path-net-zero-update-climate-change-plan-20182032/documents/.

120. Stop, Sort, Burn, Bury - incineration in the waste hierarchy: independent review, Scottish Government, 2022, https://www.gov.scot/publications/stop-sort-burn-bury-independent-review-role-incineration-waste-hierarchy-scotland/documents/.

121. Securing a green recovery on a path to net zero: climate change plan 2018–2032 – update, Scottish Government, 2020, https://www.gov.scot/publications/securing-green-recovery-path-net-zero-update-climate-change-plan-20182032/pages/11/.

122. The Environment Strategy for Scotland: vision and outcomes, Scottish Government, 2020, https://www.gov.scot/publications/environment-strategy-scotland-vision-outcomes/.

123. Making Things Last: a circular economy strategy for Scotland, Scottish Government, 2016, https://www.gov.scot/publications/making-things-last-circular-economy-strategy-scotland/; Scotland's Zero Waste Plan, Scottish Government, 2010, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-zero-waste-plan/; Safeguarding Scotland's resources: blueprint for a more resource-efficient and circular economy, Scottish Government, 2013, https://www.gov.scot/publications/safeguarding-scotlands-resources-blueprint-more-resource-efficient-circular-economy/.

124. Securing a green recovery on a path to net zero: climate change plan 2018–2032 – update, Scottish Government, 2020, https://www.gov.scot/publications/securing-green-recovery-path-net-zero-update-climate-change-plan-20182032/pages/11/.

125. Climate Change (Emissions Reduction Targets) (Scotland) Act 2024, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2024/15/enacted.

126. Circular Economy (Scotland) Act 2024 (legislation.gov.uk).

127. Scotland's Circular Economy and Waste Route Map to 2030 : Analysis of consultation responses, Scottish Government, 2024, Circular Economy and Waste Route Map to 2030 Consultation report 2024.

128. Circular Economy (Scotland) Act 2024 (legislation.gov.uk).

129. 2022 Climate Change Committee advice to the Scotland Government and Parliament recommended that Scotland "set targets to reduce waste and improve recycling rates beyond 2025… on the basis of separate waste streams (rather than 'All waste') and where possible consider carbon-based metrics". Scottish Emission Targets – first five-yearly review & Progress in reducing emissions in Scotland – 2022 Report to Parliament, https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/scottish-emission-targets-progress-in-reducing-emissions-in-scotland-2022-report-to-parliament/.

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131. Scotland's Carbon Footprint report 1998-2019, Scottish Government, 2023, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-carbon-footprint-1998-2019/documents/.

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