Scotland's People Annual Report: Results from 2011 Scottish Household Survey

13 Culture and Sport

Introduction and Context

The Scottish Government is committed to promoting and supporting sport and cultural activities because it recognises and values the benefits that sport and culture bring, not only to individuals, but to our communities. The Government's work is focused on widening access and participation and ensuring that the necessary infrastructure is in place to deliver sporting and cultural opportunities whilst promoting a drive to achieve sporting and cultural excellence. This work contributes to the Government's strategic objectives^[92], through understanding and monitoring levels of cultural engagement and sporting participation both at the national and sub-national levels and to inform decisions on government and local government policy making. For example, Scottish Household Survey (SHS) data now contributes to National Indicator 41: Increase cultural engagement.

The SHS is the primary source of information on cultural attendance and sporting participation in Scotland and it is the only source of data on attendance and participation at local authority level. Questions on cultural attendance and sporting participation were introduced in the SHS for the first time in 2007. It is possible to obtain local authority level data once every two years.

The suite of culture and sport questions within the SHS covers attendance at cultural events and places, and participating in cultural and sports activities. This chapter explores the prevalence and frequency of attending cultural events and places of culture and participating in cultural activities in the last 12 months and of participation in sport in the last 4 weeks.

Main Findings

• Almost nine-in-ten (87%) of adults have engaged in culture in 2011, either through attending or visiting a cultural event or place or participating in a cultural activity.
• Just over three-quarters (76%) have attended a cultural event or place in the last 12 months, the most popular form of cultural attendance is watching films at a cinema (54% of adults) and around a third (31%) attending live music events.
• Attendance is higher amongst women than men at some, but not all types of cultural place or event. The overall levels of cultural attendance falls with increasing age of respondent. This is partly due to the popularity of cinema attendance amongst younger age groups.
• Just under three-quarters of adults participated in some form of cultural activity in 2011 (73%). By far the most popular form of cultural participation is reading for pleasure (63%). Participation in most cultural activities is higher amongst women (79%) than men (67%).
• Just over half of adults (52%) are satisfied with council run libraries, and slightly less for theatres or concert halls (45%) and museums and galleries (44%). Around nine-in-ten adults who have used these services in the past year are very or fairly satisfied with them
• Three-quarters of adults (75%) participated in sport (including recreational walking) in the last four weeks. When walking was excluded, just over half of adults (54%) had undertaken at least one of the remaining sports activities in the last four weeks.
• The percentage of women who had participated in sport in the last four weeks was lower than the corresponding figure for men (72% versus 78%). Among different age groups, participation was highest among those aged 16 to 44 (around 84%), thereafter, participation decreased steadily until the age of 75, after which there was a sharp reduction with only 42% of those aged 75 and over engaging in sport in the past four weeks.
• By far the most prevalent activity was walking for 30 minutes (for recreational purposes) with over half of adults (57%) having done this compared with fewer than one-in-five undertaking any other individual activity, with swimming the next biggest at 18%.

Culture

Within this report, attendance at "a cultural event or place of culture" is defined as those people who attend at least one type of cultural place in the previous year. There are a number of different types of cultural events and places of culture. Examples of these include cinemas, libraries and live music events. For a complete list of cultural places or events see the Glossary in Annex 2.

Likewise, participation in any cultural activity means that people take part in at least one activity in the previous year. Examples of cultural activities include reading for pleasure, dancing and crafts. The Glossary in Annex 2 provides complete list of activities which are classed as cultural participation.

The percentage of adults who have engaged in culture is defined as those who have either participated in a cultural activity or who have attended at least one type of cultural place in the previous 12 months.

This report provides high level information on cultural engagement, attendance and participation. It also provides some key messages on people's levels of satisfaction with local authority cultural services. More detailed information on the reasons for and against attending cultural places and participating in particular activities is available in the Scottish Household Survey People and Culture in Scotland 2007/08 report, published in November 2009^[93].

Cultural Engagement

This section contains data on levels of cultural engagement from 2007 to 2011. This is a composite measure which measures the percentage of adults who have either participated in a cultural activity or who have attended or visited a cultural event or place in the last 12 months.

Table 13.1 shows that the level of cultural engagement has increased from 85% in 2010 to 87% in 2011. Between 85% and 87% of adults have engaged in culture in the last 12 months in each of the years from 2007 to 2011. This information is used to inform progress on the Scottish Government's National Indicator 41: Increase cultural engagement. Equalities breakdowns for this indicator will be published as part of the Scottish Government's Equalities website^[94].

Table 13.1: Cultural engagement by adults in the last 12 months by year

Column percentages, 2011 data

Adults	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011
Yes	87	86	86	85	87
No	13	14	14	15	13
Total	100	100	100	100	100
Base	10,305	9,226	9,134	9,622	9,683

Attendance at cultural events and places

This section contains statistics on the percentage of adults who have attended a cultural event or who have visited a place of culture in the last 12 months from 2007 and 2011, as well attendance at specific events or places over this time period. Data for 2011 are presented on cultural attendance for a number of socio-economic indicators. These include gender, age, highest qualification level, area deprivation, long-standing illness, health problem or disability, and urban and rural areas

Data are also provided on the frequency at which those who attended particular cultural events or visited places of culture have done so in the past 12 months. Note that is possible to produce results for cultural attendance broken down by other socio-economic groups not listed here.

Attendance at specific cultural events or places

Figure 13.1 shows levels of attendance by adults at specific cultural events and visiting places of culture (not as a result of paid work, school or academic activities) in the last 12 months for 2011. It can be inferred from the chart that around three quarters of adults (76%) attended a cultural event or place of culture in the last 12 months.

Figure 13.1: Attendance at cultural events and visiting places of culture in the last 12 months
2011 data, Adults (base: 9,683

The chart shows that:

• Over half of respondents (54%) viewed a film at a cinema in the last 12 months, making this the most common type of cultural attendance.
• The next most common types of cultural attendance are live music events (31%), libraries (29%), museums (28%) and plays or other theatrical performances (27%).
• Attendance at three other types of cultural place is between 15 and 25 per cent. These are historical or archaeological places (21%), galleries (18%) and exhibitions (including art) (17%).
• Attendance at other cultural events or places of culture is lower (11 per cent of respondents or less).
• Just under a quarter of adults (24%) did not attend a cultural event or place of culture in the last 12 months

Table 13.2 shows the percentage of adults who have attended cultural events or places of culture in the last 12 months in each year from 2007 to 2011.

Table 13.2: Attendance at cultural events and visiting places of culture in the last 12 months, 2007-2011

Percentages, 2007-2011 data

Attendance	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011
Any attendance	76	75	74	74	76
Any attendance (excluding cinema)	67	66	64	64	66
Film at cinema or other venue	52	52	53	51	54
Other live music event e.g. jazz event	27	27	27	27	31
Library (any type of library, e.g. public / mobile / online)	31	30	29	28	29
Museum	26	26	26	26	28
Play, drama other theatrical performance (musical / pantomime)	28	28	27	26	27
Place of historical or archaeological interest	20	20	20	18	21
Gallery	16	16	17	17	18
Exhibition or collection of art, photography or sculpture	18	19	17	17	17
Craft exhibition	12	11	11	10	11
Street arts (art in everyday surroundings like parks, streets or shopping centre)  or circus (not animals)	12	10	10	11	11
Culturally specific festival (mela/feis)	6	6	6	7	7
Opera / operetta / classical music performance	7	6	6	6	6
Event connected with books or writing	5	5	5	5	6
Ballet / contemporary dance / other live dance event e.g. multi cultural	6	5	5	5	5
Archive or records office	2	2	2	2	2
None	24	25	26	26	24
Base	10,305	9,226	9,134	9,622	9,683

The table shows that:

• Around three quarters (76%) of adults attended a cultural event or place of culture in 2011. This is an increase from levels in 2009 and 2010 (74%) but is the same as recorded in 2007.
• Viewing a film at the cinema has been consistently the most popular form of cultural attendance and this has increased from 51% in 2010 to 54% in 2011.
• The proportion of adults who attended a cultural event or place of culture other than the cinema in 2011 has also shown an increase from 2009 and 2010 levels (66% in 2011 compared with 64% in 2009 and 2010) but is lower than the 2007 figure (67%).
• Attendance by adults at other forms of cultural event or place has either increased or stayed the same between 2010 and 2011.
• Attendance at other live music events has seen the largest percentage point increase (from 27% recorded in each of the years between 2007 and 2010 to 31% in 2011). Visits to museums have shown a similar pattern (from 26% in each of the years between 2007 and 2010 to 28% in 2011). Attendance at places of historical or archaeological interest has increased to 21% in 2011 from 18% in 2010. This followed three years in which attendance was at 20%.
• The percentage of adults who have visited a library in the last 12 months has seen a slight drop from 2007 to 2011, from 31% to 29%.

Attendance by gender and age

Table 13.3 shows levels of attendance at any cultural event or place of culture in the last 12 months by gender and age of respondent for 2011.

Table 13.3: Attendance at cultural events and visiting places of culture in last 12 months by gender and age

Column percentages, 2011 data

Adults	Male	Female	16 to 24	25 to 34	35 to 44	45 to 59	60 to 74	75 plus	All
No	25	24	13	14	18	26	32	55	24
Yes	75	76	87	86	82	74	68	45	76
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Base	4,164	5,519	746	1,341	1,544	2,411	2,325	1,316	9,683

More women attend a cultural event than men (76% and 75% respectively) although the difference between men and women is much less than that for cultural participation. Analysis on cultural participation by gender is presented later in this chapter.

The level of cultural attendance declines with age and decreases considerably for those aged 45 or older. Whilst levels of cultural attendance are over 80% for adults aged 16 to 45, the figure falls to 74% for those aged 45 to 59 and to less than half (45%) of all adults aged 75 or over.

Table 13.4 shows how attendance at specific cultural events and visiting places of culture varies by gender and age.

Table 13.4: Attendance at cultural events and visiting places of culture in the last 12 months by gender and age

Percentages, 2011 data

Adults	Male	Female	16 to 24	25 to 34	35 to 44	45 to 59	60 to 74	75 plus	All
Film at cinema or other venue	53	54	80	73	66	50	31	13	54
Other live music event e.g. jazz event	31	30	41	39	35	32	20	9	31
Library (any type of library, e.g. public / mobile / online)	24	33	30	33	33	24	29	20	29
Museum	28	29	22	33	33	30	28	17	28
Play, drama other theatrical performance (musical / pantomime)	22	32	24	25	30	30	29	20	27
Place of historical or archaeological interest	22	20	13	23	26	24	22	9	21
Gallery	17	18	14	17	20	21	18	10	18
Exhibition or collection of art, photography or sculpture	18	17	14	16	20	21	17	9	17
Craft exhibition	9	13	4	9	12	14	15	7	11
Street arts (art in everyday surroundings like parks,  streets or shopping centre)  or circus (not animals)	11	10	9	15	15	12	7	2	11
Culturally specific festival (mela/feis)	8	7	6	10	8	8	6	2	7
Opera / operetta / classical music performance	5	7	4	4	4	7	10	7	6
Event connected with books or writing	5	6	5	6	6	6	6	3	6
Ballet / contemporary dance / other live dance event e.g. multi cultural	4	6	4	5	6	6	5	2	5
Archive or records office	3	2	2	2	2	3	3	1	2
None	25	24	13	14	18	26	32	55	24
Base	4,164	5,519	746	1,341	1,544	2,411	2,325	1,316	9,683

Columns add to more than 100% since multiple responses allowed.

This question is only asked of three quarters of the sample.

The key points are:

• There are some cultural events or places in which women are much more likely to attend or visit than men. The greatest percentage point difference is for attendance at plays, drama or theatrical performances (32% of women compared with 22% of men). Library visits also show considerable differences by gender, with 33% of women and 24% of men reporting that they have visited in the last 12 months.
• There are some cultural events where attendance by men is greater than for women. For instance, 22% of men state that they have attended a place of historical or archaeological interest in the last year compared with 20% of women.
• Cultural attendance at specific events vary by age for particular activities. However, overall attendance at any cultural event is highest for the younger age groups and lowest for the oldest age groups.
• Differences between the youngest and oldest age groups are most marked for cinema attendance and for attendance at live music events. Four fifths of 16 to 24 year olds state that they have viewed films at the cinema in the last 12 months, compared with 13% of those aged 75 or greater. Over four out of ten (41%) of 16 to 24 year olds state that they have attended a live music event in the last 12 months. This compares with 20% of 60 to 74 year olds and 9% of those aged 75 or greater.
• For some cultural places, attendance is highest for the middle age groups. This includes attendance at plays, drama or theatrical performances with 30% of 45 to 59 year olds stating they attended, compared with 24% of 16 to 24 year olds.
• Attendance at some cultural places appear to show a slightly more uniform pattern across different age groups. This includes visits to libraries, in which attendance figures were very similar for all groups apart from those aged 45 to 59 and those aged 75 or greater.

Attendance by highest level of qualification

Figure 13.2 shows that in 2011, attendance at cultural places and visiting places of culture is highest for those with degrees or professional qualifications (92%). Attendance is lowest for those with no qualifications (45%).

Figure 13.2: Attendance at cultural events and visiting places of culture in the last 12 months by highest level of qualification
2011 data, Adults (base: 9,683)

Table 13.5 shows that in 2011, attendance at each individual cultural event or place is consistently highest for adults with a degree or professional qualification. Attendance at all types of cultural event or place is lowest among adults with no qualifications.

Table 13.5: Attendance at cultural events and visiting places of culture in the last 12 months by highest qualification level

Percentages, 2011 data

Adults	Degree, Professi- onal qualific- ation	HNC/HND or equivalent	Higher, A level or equivalent	O' Grade, Standard grade or equivalent	Other qualific- ation	No qualific- ations	Qualific- ations not known	All
Film at cinema or other venue	71	66	65	56	24	20	*	54
Other live music event e.g. jazz event	44	39	39	26	15	10	*	31
Library (any type of library, e.g. public / mobile / online)	42	30	33	22	22	15	*	29
Museum	50	29	30	17	14	13	*	28
Play, drama other theatrical performance (musical / pantomime)	42	29	31	20	19	13	*	27
Place of historical or archaeological interest	41	22	22	11	8	5	*	21
Gallery	36	16	18	10	6	5	*	18
Exhibition or collection of art, photography or sculpture	36	19	18	8	6	3	*	17
Craft exhibition	21	11	9	7	7	4	*	11
Street arts (art in everyday surroundings like parks,  streets or shopping centre) or circus (not animals)	21	11	11	6	3	2	*	11
Culturally specific festival  (mela/feis)	15	7	8	4	1	1	*	7
Opera / operetta / classical music  performance	14	3	6	3	3	1	*	6
Event connected with books or  writing	14	5	5	1	1	1	*	6
Ballet / contemporary dance / other  live dance event e.g. multi cultural	11	5	5	2	2	1	*	5
Archive or records office	5	3	3	1	1	0	*	2
None	8	13	17	23	45	55	*	24
Base	2,533	970	1,374	1,777	579	2,385	65	9,683

This question is only asked of three quarters of the sample.

Attendance by area deprivation

Figure 13.3 shows that levels of cultural attendance varies with the area deprivation that respondents live in. Respondents living in more deprived areas are the least likely to visit a cultural place or event in 2011. There is greater than a 20 percentage point difference in cultural attendance by adults between the most and least deprived areas (66% compared with 87%).

Figure 13.3: Attendance at cultural events and visiting places of culture in the last 12 months by Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation
2011 data, Adults (base: 9,675)

Attendance by long-standing illness, health problem or disability

Figure 13.4: Attendance at cultural events and visiting places of culture in the last 12 months by long-standing illness, health problem or disability
2011 data, Adults (base: 9,683)

Figure 13.4 shows that those with either a disability, illness or health problem, or both, are much less likely to attend a cultural event than those without.

Attendance in urban and rural areas

Figure 13.5 shows that attendance at cultural events and visiting places of culture in 2011 is highest in large urban areas (78%), compared with 76% for Scotland as a whole. Overall cultural attendance is lowest in remote areas (70% of adults).

Figure 13.5: Attendance at cultural events and visiting places of culture in the last 12 months by Urban Rural Classification
2011 data, Adults (base: 9,682)

Table 13.6 shows that attendance at specific events or places of culture in 2011 is often highest for respondents who live in large urban areas. This is particularly notable for cinema attendance, visiting galleries and museums and street arts. Attendance at places of historical or archaeological interest and attending craft exhibitions is highest amongst those who live in more rural areas.

Table 13.6: Attendance at cultural events and visiting places of culture in the last 12 months by Urban Rural Classification

Percentages, 2011 data

Adults	Large urban areas	Other urban areas	Accessible small towns	Remote small towns	Accessible rural	Remote rural	Scotland
Film at cinema or other venue	59	52	54	42	51	41	53
Other live music event e.g.  jazz event	34	29	27	27	31	27	31
Library (any type of library, e.g. public / mobile / online)	31	28	28	26	25	25	29
Museum	36	22	21	18	25	27	28
Play, drama other theatrical performance (musical / pantomime)	29	26	27	21	30	22	27
Place of historical or archaeological interest	22	19	18	20	24	25	21
Gallery	22	13	14	13	19	18	18
Exhibition or collection of art, photography or sculpture	22	12	13	16	20	19	17
Craft exhibition	10	8	10	14	17	19	11
Street arts (art in everyday surroundings like parks,  streets or shopping centre)  or circus (not animals)	13	9	10	8	10	7	11
Culturally specific festival  (mela/feis)	9	5	6	8	7	9	7
Opera / operetta / classical music  performance	8	4	5	6	7	7	6
Event connected with books or  writing	7	4	4	4	7	5	6
Ballet / contemporary dance / other  live dance event e.g. multi cultural	6	5	4	5	4	5	5
Archive or records office	2	2	2	2	3	3	2
None	22	26	26	30	23	30	24
Base	3,396	2,936	814	559	1,056	921	9,682

Columns add to more than 100% since multiple responses allowed.

This question is only asked of three quarters of the sample.

Frequency of attending cultural events or places

Table 13.7 provides more information on how regularly those who attended particular cultural events or visited places of culture had done so in the past year. The table shows that libraries are by far the most frequently visited cultural place or event. Of those that visited a library, around one in five (19%) visited a library at least once a week in the past year. A further 42% of respondents visited at least once a month. For comparison, of those who visited a cinema, 4% attended once a week and around a quarter (26%) attended at least once a month. Visits to other cultural events or places in the past 12 months were far less frequent.

Table 13.7: Frequency of attending cultural events and visiting places of culture in the last 12 months

Frequency of attending cultural events and visiting places of culture in the last 12 months

Adults	At least once a week	Less often than once a week / at least once a month	Less often than once a month / at least 3-4 times a year	Twice in the last 12 months	Once in the last 12 months	Don't know	Total	Base
Film at cinema or other venue	4	26	40	20	9	0	100	4,538
Other live music event e.g.  jazz event	1	12	34	29	24	0	100	2,687
Library (any type of library, e.g. public / mobile / online)	19	42	21	12	5	0	100	2,750
Museum	1	8	31	35	26	0	100	2,676
Play, drama other theatrical performance (musical / pantomime)	0	5	31	35	29	0	100	2,567
Place of historical or archaeological interest	1	9	36	30	23	0	100	1,945
Gallery	1	10	33	32	24	0	100	1,651
Exhibition or collection of art,  photography or sculpture	1	10	31	32	26	0	100	1,650
Craft exhibition	0	5	26	35	34	0	100	1,121
Street arts (art in everyday surroundings like parks, streets or shopping centre) or circus (not animals)	2	7	21	30	40	1	100	923
Culturally specific festival  (mela/feis)	1	3	15	29	52	1	100	696
Opera / operetta / classical music performance	1	8	22	29	39	1	100	621
Event connected with books or writing	1	9	18	28	43	1	100	526
Ballet / contemporary dance / other live dance event e.g. multi cultural	1	4	16	27	51	0	100	472
Archive or records office	4	13	23	22	38	1	100	222

Participation in Cultural activities

This section contains data on percentage of adults who participated in a cultural activity in the last 12 months from 2007 and 2011, as well as participation specific activities over this time period. Data for 2011 are presented on cultural participation for a number of socio-economic indicators. These include gender, age, highest level of qualification, area deprivation, long-standing illness, health problem or disability, and urban and rural areas.

Data are also provided on the frequency at which those who have participated in culture have done so in the past 12 months. Note that is possible to produce results for cultural participation broken down by other socio-economic groups not listed here.

Participation in specific cultural activities

Figure 13.6 shows levels of cultural participation in specific activities by adults in the last 12 months for 2011. It can be inferred from the chart that 73% of adults participated in a cultural activity in the last year. The chart shows that:

• Reading for pleasure is by far the most common cultural activity in 2011 with 63% of adults saying that they have done this in the last year.
• The next most popular activity is dancing (17%), followed by crafts (12%) and playing and writing music (10%).
• Participation levels in all other cultural activities is less than 10%.
• Over a quarter of adults did not participate in any cultural activity in the past year (27%).

Figure 13.6: Participation in cultural activities in the last 12 months
2011 data, Adults (base: 9,684)

Table 13.8 shows the percentage of adults who have participated in cultural activities in the last 12 months in each year from 2007 to 2011. The table shows that:

• The percentage of adults who participated in a cultural activity in the last 12 months has increased from 71% to 73% between 2010 and 2011 but this is lower than the value recorded in 2007 and 2008 (74%).
• Reading for pleasure is consistently the most popular form of cultural participation. This has been at around 63 or 64% of adults in each of the years between 2007 and 2011, except for 2010 (61%).
• The proportion of adults who participated in a cultural activity in the last 12 months other than reading in 2011 has also shown an increase from 2010 levels (42% compared with 40%) but is lower than the 2007 figure (46%).
• Dance participation in the last 12 months has fallen from 23% in 2007 to 17% in 2011, although this has been no change in this activity in the last 2 years.
• Participation in other cultural activities has seen little change between 2007 and 2011.

Table 13.8: Participation in cultural activities in the last 12 months by year

Percentages, 2007 to 2011 data

Participation	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011
Any participation	74	74	73	71	73
Any participation (excluding reading)	46	43	43	40	42
Read for pleasure	63	64	63	61	63
Dance	23	21	19	17	17
Crafts such as textile, wood, pottery, etc.	12	12	11	11	12
Played a musical instrument or written music	11	11	11	10	10
Painting, drawing, printmaking or sculpture	10	10	10	9	9
Photography as an artistic activity (not family or holiday 'snaps')	8	7	8	7	7
Used a computer to create original artworks or animation	8	7	7	6	7
Rehearsed, performed or sang in front of audience, e.g. play or choir (not karaoke)	5	4	5	4	4
Written any stories, books, plays or poetry	4	4	4	4	4
Made films or videos as an artistic activity (not family or holidays)	2	2	2	2	2
Other cultural activity	0	0	2	0	2
None	26	26	27	29	27
Base	10,305	9,227	9,135	9,622	9,684

Participation by gender and age

Table 13.9 shows levels of participation in any cultural activity in the last 12 months by gender and age of respondent for 2011.

Table 13.9: Participation in any cultural activity in the last 12 months by gender and age

Column percentages, 2011 data

Adults	Male	Female	16 to 24	25 to 34	35 to 44	45 to 59	60 to 74	75 plus	All
Not participated in any	33	21	26	26	26	27	24	33	27
Participated in any	67	79	74	74	74	73	76	67	73
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Base	4,165	5,519	746	1,341	1,544	2,412	2,325	1,316	9,684

It can be seen that:

• Over 70% of adults participate in any cultural activity (73%)
• More women participate in a cultural activity than men (79% and 67% respectively).
• Levels of cultural participation are broadly constant for those aged 16 to 74 (at around 74%) whilst participation levels are lower for those aged 75 or over (67%).

Table 13.10 shows how participation in specific cultural activities vary by age and gender. The key points are:

• Overall cultural participation is higher for women than men, but there are specific activities in which participation by men is greater.
• Women participate more than men in a number of cultural activities including reading for pleasure (70% compared with 55%), dancing (21% compared with 13%) and in crafts (17% compared with 7%).
• Participation in some activities is higher for men than women. This includes playing a musical instrument or writing music (14% of men, 7% of women), photography as an artistic activity (9% of men compared with 6% of women) and using a computer to create artworks or animation (8% of men compared with 5% of women).
• Participation in some but not all cultural activities decreases with increasing age of respondent. For instance, participation in dance is most popular for younger age groups (with 26% of 16 to 24 year olds and 23% for 25 to 34 year-olds saying they danced), whilst the figure drops to 15% for 35 to 44 year olds and it is 7% for those aged 75 or above.
• Reading for pleasure shows little difference with age, although it is a less popular activity amongst 16 to 24 year olds (52% compared with 63% for all adults across Scotland).
• Participation in crafts gradually increases by age from 9% of 16 to 24 year olds to 17% of 60 to 74 year olds.

Table 13.10: Participation in cultural activities in the last 12 months by gender and age

Percentages, 2011 data

Adults	Male	Female	16 to 24	25 to 34	35 to 44	45 to 59	60 to 74	75 plus	All
Read for pleasure	55	70	52	63	66	65	68	60	63
Dance	13	21	26	23	15	16	14	7	17
Crafts such as textile, wood, pottery, etc.	7	17	9	10	11	13	17	10	12
Played a musical instrument or written music	14	7	19	13	11	9	7	4	10
Painting, drawing, printmaking or sculpture	7	11	17	12	9	7	6	2	9
Photography as an artistic activity (not family or holiday 'snaps')	9	6	9	9	8	7	7	2	7
Used a computer to create original artworks or animation	8	5	13	9	6	6	4	1	7
Rehearsed, performed or sang in front of audience, e.g. play or choir (not karaoke)	4	4	6	5	3	4	4	2	4
Written any stories, books, plays or poetry	4	4	8	4	3	3	3	2	4
Made films or videos as an artistic activity (not family or holidays)	3	1	6	3	2	2	1	0	2
Other cultural activity	2	2	3	2	2	2	2	2	2
None	33	21	26	26	26	27	24	33	27
Base	4,165	5,519	746	1,341	1,544	2,412	2,325	1,316	9,684

Columns add to more than 100% since multiple responses allowed.

This question is only asked of three quarters of the sample.

Participation by highest level of qualification

Figure 13.7 shows that participation in any cultural activity in 2011 is highest amongst adults with a degree or professional qualifications (87%) and lowest for those with no qualifications (56%).

Table 13.11 shows that participation in specific cultural activities in 2011 is consistently highest for those with a degree or professional qualification. Participation in specific activities is always lowest for those with no qualifications.

Figure 13.7: Participation in any cultural activity in the last 12 months by highest level of qualification
2011 data, Adults (base: 9,684)

Table 13.11: Participation in cultural activities in the last 12 months by highest level of qualification

Percentages, 2011 data

Adults	Degree, Professional qualification	HNC/HND or equivalent	Higher, A level or equivalent	O' Grade, Standard grade or equivalent	Other qualification	No qualifications	Qualifications not known	All
Read for pleasure	81	68	66	51	60	47	*	63
Dance	23	22	18	18	10	8	*	17
Read for pleasure	81	68	66	51	60	47	*	63
Dance	23	22	18	18	10	8	*	17
Crafts such as textile, wood, pottery, etc.	17	14	11	9	12	8	*	12
Played musical instrument / written music	16	10	13	9	4	3	*	10
Painting / drawing / printmaking / sculpture	13	12	11	8	5	2	*	9
Photography	13	9	7	5	2	1	*	7
Computer artworks or animation	10	11	7	5	2	1	*	7
Rehearsed/performed/sang	7	5	4	3	2	1	*	4
Written stories / books / plays / poetry	6	4	4	3	1	1	*	4
Made films/videos	3	2	3	2	0	0	*	2
Other cultural activity	3	3	2	1	1	1	*	2
None	13	20	23	33	33	44	*	27
Base	2,534	970	1,374	1,777	579	2,385	65	9,684

Columns add to more than 100% since multiple responses allowed.

This question is only asked of three quarters of the sample.

Participation by area deprivation

Figure 13.8 shows that adult cultural participation varies with the area deprivation that respondents live in. Respondents living in more deprived areas participate less in any cultural activity - there is almost a 20 percentage point difference in cultural participation between the most and least deprived areas.

Figure 13.8: Participation in any cultural activity in the last 12 months by Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation
2011 data, Adults (base: 9,676)

Participation by long-standing illness, health problem or disability

Figure 13.9 shows that those with a disability (67%), or illness or health problem (69%) are less likely to participate than those without (76%). It also shows that those who have both a disability and a long-term illness are the least likely to participate in any cultural activity (63%).

Figure 13.9: Participation in any cultural activity in the last 12 months by long-standing illness, health problem or disability
2011 data, Adults (base: 9,683)

Participation in urban and rural areas

Figure 13.10: Participation in any cultural activity in the last 12 months by Urban Rural Classification
2011 data, Adults (base: 9,683)

Figure 13.10 shows that cultural participation by adults is highest in large urban areas and remote rural areas (both 76%). Cultural participation is lowest in accessible small towns and accessible rural areas (70% and 71% of adults respectively).

Table 13.12 shows that participation in specific cultural activities is generally highest in remote rural areas and in large urban areas, but these can vary according to the specific activity. For instance, dancing is comparatively popular in large urban areas and in more rural areas. In contrast, participation in crafts and in photography are more popular in more rural areas only.

Table 13.12: Participation in cultural activities in the last 12 months by Urban Rural Classification

Percentages, 2011 data

Adults	Large urban areas	Other urban areas	Accessible small towns	Remote small towns	Accessible rural	Remote rural	Scotland
Read for pleasure	65	62	59	61	62	65	63
Dance	20	16	13	13	15	18	17
Crafts such as textile, wood, pottery, etc.	11	12	11	15	13	20	12
Played musical instrument / written music	11	10	9	7	10	13	10
Painting / drawing / printmaking / sculpture	9	8	8	10	9	10	9
Photography	7	7	6	9	9	12	7
Computer artworks or animation	7	7	3	9	5	8	7
Rehearsed/performed/sang	5	3	2	4	4	7	4
Written stories / books / plays / poetry	5	3	3	4	5	4	4
Made films/videos	3	2	1	3	2	1	2
Other cultural activity	2	2	2	1	2	2	2
None	24	28	30	27	29	24	27
Base	3,397	2,936	814	559	1,056	921	9,683

This question is only asked of three quarters of the sample.

Frequency of participating in cultural activities

Table 13.13 shows that reading for pleasure is the cultural activity which respondents most frequently participated in. Of those that read for pleasure in the last year, 83% state that they read at least once a week with a further 10% saying that they had read at least once a month. Playing a musical instrument or writing music is also a common activity, with 61% of those who participated having done so at least once a week. The general pattern for many other cultural activities is that although a relatively small proportion of adults participated in them, those that did participate often did so frequently (at least once a month).

Table 13.13: Frequency of participating in cultural activities in the last 12 months

Row percentages, 2011 data

Adults	At least once a week	Less often than once a week but at least once a month	Less often than once a month but at least 3-4 times a year	Twice in the last 12 months	Once in the last 12 months	Don't know	Total	Base
Read for pleasure	83	10	5	2	1	0	100	6,217
Dance	35	22	24	13	6	0	100	1,534
Crafts such as textile, wood, pottery, etc.	47	27	18	5	2	0	100	1,275
Played a musical instrument or written music	61	20	12	4	2	1	100	879
Painting, drawing, printmaking or sculpture	39	25	23	9	4	0	100	813
Photography as an artistic activity (not family or holiday 'snaps')	30	37	22	10	1	0	100	675
Used a computer to create original artworks or animation	36	29	20	10	4	0	100	525
Rehearsed, performed or sang in front of audience, e.g. play or choir (not karaoke)	34	19	19	12	14	1	100	381
Written any stories, books, plays or poetry	30	30	23	10	8	0	100	355
Made films or videos as an artistic activity (not family or holidays)	15	22	23	29	11	1	100	162
Other cultural activity	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	19

This question is only asked of three quarters of the sample.

Satisfaction with local authority cultural activities

Since 2007, questions have been asked in the Local Services suite of questions in the SHS on the frequency of use and satisfaction with local authority cultural services. In particular, data are available on how frequently people use council run libraries, museums and galleries and theatres and concert halls and on how satisfied they are with each of these services.

Table 13.14 provides data on levels of satisfaction with local authority run cultural services from 2007 to 2011.

Of the three services, respondents are most satisfied with libraries, although this has seen a slight drop from 55% saying that they are very or fairly satisfied in 2007 and 2008 to 52% in 2011. Satisfaction with theatres or concert halls has been around 42% and 45% over this time period. For museums and galleries, there has been an increase in satisfaction levels from 38% to 44% between 2010 and 2011. This increase can be explained by a relative decrease in those having no opinion on museums and galleries. Prior to 2010, satisfaction levels were between 41% and 42%.

Levels of dissatisfaction (adults who are very or fairly dissatisfied) in 2011 are low for each of the three services (around 2 to 3 per cent) and this has fallen slightly from 2007 levels when 3 to 5 per cent of respondents were very or fairly dissatisfied with local authority run cultural services.

Table 13.14: Satisfaction with local authority cultural services

Column percentages, 2007 to 2011 data

	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011
Libraries
Very/fairly satisfied	55	55	53	52	52
Neither satisfied or dissatisfied	10	8	7	8	8
Very/fairly dissatisfied	3	2	2	3	2
No opinion	32	34	37	38	37
Museums and galleries
Very/fairly satisfied	41	42	41	38	44
Neither satisfied or dissatisfied	14	12	10	11	10
Very/fairly dissatisfied	4	3	3	2	2
No opinion	41	42	45	48	44
Theatres or concert halls
Very/fairly satisfied	44	44	43	42	45
Neither satisfied or dissatisfied	14	11	10	10	10
Very/fairly dissatisfied	5	4	4	3	3
No opinion	38	40	43	45	42
Base	10,222	9,244	9,708	9,020	9,664

This question is asked of three quarters of the sample.

The percentage of respondents who gave no opinion on their local authority run cultural service was lowest for libraries, although this has increased from 32% in 2007 to 37% in 2011. Those with no opinion on museums and galleries has increased from 41% in 2007 to 48% in 2010, before falling to 44% in 2011. There is a similar pattern for satisfaction levels with theatres and concert halls, with 38% having no opinion in 2007. This increased to 45% in 2010 and dropped to 42% in 2011. A considerable percentage of respondents who have never used a local authority cultural service have no opinion; this is presented in Table 13.15.

Table 13.15 shows how frequently respondents use of each of three local authority cultural services with how satisfied they were with them in 2011. Around nine out of ten adults who have used each of the three services in the past year are very or fairly satisfied (92% for libraries, 90% for museums or galleries and 89% for theatres and concert halls). The percentage of adults who are very or fairly satisfied with each service is lower for those who have not used them in the past year (41% for libraries, 35% for museums and galleries and 31% for theatres and concert halls). The percentage of adults who are fairly or very dissatisfied with each of the cultural services is slightly higher for those who use them less frequently. Not surprisingly, the percentage of adults who express no opinion increases amongst those who have not used the service in the past year or not at all.

Table 13.15: Frequency of use and Satisfaction with local authority cultural services

Column percentages, 2011 data

	Have used in the past year	Not used in the past year	Never used / don't know
Libraries
Very/fairly satisfied	92	41	22
Neither satisfied or dissatisfied	4	13	9
Very/fairly dissatisfied	2	3	2
No opinion	2	42	68
Base	3,512	2,714	3,438
Museums and galleries
Very/fairly satisfied	90	35	15
Neither satisfied or dissatisfied	5	14	10
Very/fairly dissatisfied	1	3	2
No opinion	4	48	73
Base	2,834	3,044	3,786
Theatres or concert halls
Very/fairly satisfied	89	31	13
Neither satisfied or dissatisfied	5	16	10
Very/fairly dissatisfied	3	4	3
No opinion	3	49	75
Base	3,282	2,851	3,531

This question is asked of three quarters of the sample.

Other culture data available from the SHS

Participation by young people in cultural activities

From 2009, questions have been asked in the Education and Young People suite of questions in the SHS on the extent to which young adults and children are regularly involved in a range of activities. These questions are asked of households for which there is someone aged between 8 and 21. In particular, data are available on participation in any music or drama activities such as playing in a band or a theatre group and participation in any other arts activities such as a photography or art club. Some analysis is presented in Chapter 7 of this report.

Scottish Household Survey: People and Culture in Scotland, 2007/08 report

This is a useful source of information on the barriers and levers to cultural attendance and participation. It may provide supplementary contextual evidence to support the results which have been obtained in this year's report.

In 2007 and 2008, a sub-sample of respondents from the Scottish Household Survey were asked a more detailed suite of questions about their cultural engagement. The "Scottish Household Survey: People and Culture in Scotland, 2007/08"^[95] report contains results of a representative, random sample survey of around 6,800 adults (aged 16 years and over) in Scotland. The survey asked questions on the extent of people's cultural participation and attendance. It asked about reasons why people do or do not take part and reasons for visiting and attending places of culture. The questionnaire also explored exposure to cultural activities when growing up, use of the internet to access cultural websites, and volunteering (in general) and for culture and arts organisations. Findings from the "People and Culture in Scotland" report can be used to provide supplementary evidence to support some of the findings of the SHS 2011 report.

Participation in Sport

The final questions in this section investigated levels of participation among adults in sport. A broad definition of sport is used and includes, for example, recreational walking for more than 30 minutes. For this question, adults were asked about participation in the last four weeks. The results are shown in Figure 13.11.

Three-quarters of adults (75%) had participated in any sport in the last four weeks. By far the most prevalent activity was walking for 30 minutes (for recreational purposes). Over half (57%) had done this in the last four weeks compared with fewer than one-in-five undertaking any other individual activity. When walking was excluded, just over half of adults (54%) had undertaken at least one of the remaining sports activities in the last four weeks. Most of the sports show a one percentage point increase compared to estimates from 2009/2010.

Figure 13.11: Participation in sport in the last four weeks
2011 data, Adults (base: 9,683)

Previous analysis of SHS data^[96] has shown that there is a relationship between participation in overall sport excluding and including walking and self-assessed health. Those who rated their own health over the last 12 months as good were more likely to participate in sport, though it is unclear from this to what extent good health is a result of taking part in sport or, instead, to what extent having good health enables participation in sport.

Table 13.16 shows that in 2011, a higher proportion of people who rated their health in general to be 'very good' or 'good' participated in a sporting activity than those who had 'bad' or 'very bad' health. Including walking, 82% of those with 'good' or 'very good' health reported participating in any sporting activity over the past twelve months compared to 26% who said they had 'bad' or 'very bad' health.

Table 13.16: Participation in any sporting activity and self-assessed health over past twelve months

Column percentages, 2011 data

Adults	Very good / Good health	Fair health	Very bad / Bad health	All
Participation in any sporting activity excluding walking
Yes	62	36	16	54
No	38	64	84	46
Total	100	100	100	100
Participation in any sporting activity including walking
Yes	82	60	26	75
No	18	40	74	25
Total	100	100	100	100
Base	6,851	2,156	676	9,683

It can also be seen that there is an increasing trend of participation in sports as deprivation decreases (Table 13.17). Those living in the 20% least deprived areas of Scotland are much more likely to participate in any sporting activity (83%, including walking) compared to the 20% most deprived (65%).

Table 13.17: Participation in any sporting activity by Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation

Column percentages, 2011 data

	← 20% most deprived				20% least deprived →
Adults	1	2	3	4	5	All
Participation in any sporting activity excluding walking
Yes	44	49	52	58	64	54
No	56	51	48	42	36	46
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100
Participation in any sporting activity including walking
Yes	65	71	74	79	83	75
No	35	29	26	21	17	25
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100
Base	1,790	2,027	2,148	1,981	1,729	9,675

Differences in sports participation levels between genders and between adults of different ages are explored in Table 13.18. The percentage of women who had participated in sport in the last four weeks was lower than the corresponding figure for men (72% versus 78%), and if walking is excluded then the difference is more pronounced (12 percentage point difference excluding walking compared to six percentage point difference including walking). Among different age groups, participation was highest among those aged 16 to 44 (around 84%), thereafter, participation decreased steadily until the age of 75, after which there was a sharp reduction with only 42% of those aged 75 and over engaging in sport in the past four weeks.

Table 13.18: Participation in sport in the last four weeks by gender and age

Percentages, 2011 data

Adults	Male	Female	16 to 24	25 to 34	35 to 44	45 to 59	60 to 74	75 plus	All
Walking (at least 30 minutes for recreational purposes)	56	58	52	61	64	63	55	32	57
Swimming	17	18	21	25	27	15	11	2	18
Keep Fit /Aerobics	9	18	19	18	17	13	10	5	14
Multigym use / Weight Training	15	9	23	20	14	9	4	1	12
Running / jogging	14	9	24	20	15	8	2	0	11
Cycling (at least 30 minutes for recreational, health, training or competition purposes)	14	7	11	13	17	11	5	0	10
Dancing	6	14	16	14	10	9	8	4	10
Football	17	1	24	15	10	3	1	-	8
Golf	15	2	7	9	8	8	9	4	8
Snooker / Billiards / Pool	12	2	15	12	5	4	2	1	7
Bowls	4	2	3	2	2	2	5	6	3
Other	12	8	17	13	12	9	6	2	10
Any of these (excluding walking)	60	48	75	69	64	50	38	21	54
Any of these (including walking)	78	72	86	84	83	76	65	42	75
None of these	22	28	14	16	17	24	35	58	25
Base	4,164	5,519	746	1,341	1,544	2,411	2,325	1,316	9,683

Columns add to more than 100% since multiple responses allowed.

This question is only asked of three quarters of the sample.

Walking was the predominant activity regardless of gender and for all age groups, though only 32% of those aged 75 and over participated in such walking activities. Similar proportions of men and women had walked for at least 30 minutes for recreational purposes in the past four weeks (56% and 58% respectively). The peak age group for walking was 35 to 44 (64%).

Over half of all adults had participated in sport (excluding walking) in 2011 (54%). Participation was higher among men (60%) than women (48%) and declined with age (for example 75% of those aged 16 to 24 compared with 21% of those 75 or over had participated in other sports activities).

There were some differences between the other sports and physical activities. The activities with the highest participation in the last four weeks after walking were swimming (18%), taking part in keep fit or aerobics (14%) or multigym use/weight training (12%), each one percentage point higher than estimates from 2009/2010; a higher proportion of women than men had undertaken both swimming and taking part in keep fit or aerobics, particularly the latter (18% as against 9%). Participation in all other individual physical activities (other than dancing) was higher or equal among men than women.

For the majority of activities (excluding walking), participation in the last four weeks broadly decreased with age. Exceptions to this included: cycling where the peak age was 35-44 (17%); swimming which showed increasing participation between the ages of 16 and 44, decreasing thereafter; and, golf where a similar proportion of all ages up to 75 had played golf in the past four weeks. Those aged 60 and over were more likely to have played bowls in the last four weeks than any other age group (5% of those aged 60-74 and 6% of those aged 75 and over), although participation in bowls was relatively low among all adults (3%).

Table 13.19 shows that in nearly all sporting activities, as area deprivation decreased participation increased. The exceptions to this were; football and bowls which saw similar participation levels across all areas. Snooker, billiards or pool show higher participation rates in the more deprived areas (e.g. 8% in the 20% most deprived areas) as compared to 5% in the 20% least deprived areas. The table also shows those who rated their health as good in the last 12 months were more likely to participate in all sports.

Table 13.19: Participation in sport in the last four weeks by Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation and self-assessment of health in past 12 months

Percentages, 2011 data

	← 20% most deprived			20% least deprived →		Very good / Good health	Fair health	Very bad / Bad health	All
Adults	1	2	3	4	5
Walking (at least 30 minutes for recreational purposes)	47	54	58	62	63	63	45	18	57
Swimming	14	16	17	20	22	21	10	4	18
Keep Fit / Aerobics	12	12	13	16	16	17	7	3	14
Multigym use / Weight Training	8	11	10	13	16	14	5	1	12
Running / jogging	7	10	10	13	15	14	4	1	11
Dancing	9	10	10	10	12	12	5	3	10
Cycling (at least 30 minutes for recreational, health, training or competition purposes)	6	7	11	14	14	13	5	2	10
Football	9	9	8	10	7	10	3	1	8
Golf	4	6	7	10	12	9	4	1	8
Snooker / Billiards / Pool	8	7	6	6	5	7	6	2	7
Bowls	3	4	2	3	4	3	3	1	3
Other	6	7	11	12	15	12	5	2	10
Any of these (excluding walking)	44	49	52	58	64	62	35	16	54
Any of these (including walking)	65	71	74	79	83	82	60	26	75
None of these	35	29	26	21	17	18	40	74	25
Base	1,790	2,027	2,148	1,981	1,729	6,844	2,155	676	9,675

Columns add to more than 100% since multiple responses allowed.

This question is only asked of three quarters of the sample.

Frequency of participation in sports

Having established the percentage of adults taking part in sport in the last four weeks, those who participated in the activities were asked the number of days they had undertaken at least one of them during that period (rather than using a frequency scale). This enabled an average to be calculated from the answers provided, which is shown in the last row of Table 13.20. On average adults had undertaken sporting activity on over 14 days in the last four weeks, which would equate to a frequency of around three and a half days per week.

Table 13.20: Frequency of participating in sport in the last four weeks by gender and age

Column percentages, 2011 data

Adults	Male	Female	16 to 24	25 to 34	35 to 44	45 to 59	60 to 74	75 plus	All
1-4 days	22	25	23	22	24	25	24	27	24
5-8 days	17	18	16	17	17	19	17	19	17
9-14 days	18	16	18	21	17	15	16	12	17
15-20 days	15	13	16	15	15	13	12	14	14
21-28 days	27	28	27	25	27	28	32	27	28
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
‘Mean’	14.2	14.0	14.2	13.9	14.0	13.9	14.6	13.6	14.1
Base	3,087	3,776	634	1,133	1,274	1,795	1,505	522	6,863

The frequency of taking part in these activities in the last four weeks does not vary substantially by gender nor, broadly, by age. However, perhaps surprisingly, of those participating in sporting activities, the average number of days in which people participated in sport increased over the age of 60. Those aged 60 to 74 undertook an average of 14.6 days of participation in sporting activities in the previous four week period which equates to close to four days a week. Almost a third of adults in this age group (32%) participated in sport at least 5 days a week (21 to 28 days over a four week period).

The slightly higher participation rate among 60 to 74 year olds may be affected by a number of factors. Those from the older age group are likely to be retired and hence have more opportunities to participate in sporting activities. Also, these figures do not record the intensity or duration of participation so although those aged 60 and over do sport most often it may be at a lower intensity or for shorter periods than those in younger age groups.