Scottish household survey 2018: annual report

Annex 2: Glossary

This Annex includes a list of terms used within the report. Definitions for those terms and, in some cases, further explanation of the term are provided.

Household Members

For the purposes of the SHS, a household is defined as one person living alone or a group of people (not necessarily related) living at the same address as their only or main residence who share cooking facilities and share a living room or sitting room or dining area.

The respondent for the first part of the interview must be a person in whose name the accommodation is owned or rented or who is otherwise responsible for the accommodation.

The household reference person is defined as the highest income householder (HIH). In households that have joint householders, that is the person with the highest income. If householders have exactly the same income, the older is taken as the household reference person.

Adult is used to refer to those aged 16 and over (except where otherwise stated).

Children are aged under 16 years. Pensionable age is 65 for both women and men.

In each household, one of the eligible adult members of the household is randomly selected to take part in the second half of the interview. Eligible adults are adult household members who have not been living away from the household continuously for the previous six months. This might include adults working away from home, in the Armed Forces or in prison. The person selected is referred to as the random adult. The household respondent is automatically the random adult in one-adult households and may be the same as the household respondent in households with more than one adult.

Household Type

The SHS uses eight household types defined as follows:

• A single adult household – contains one adult aged 16-64 and no children.
• A single parent household – contains one adult of any age and one or more children.
• A single older household - contains one adult of pensionable age (65 or over) and no children.
• A small family household – contains two adults of any age and one or two children.
• An older smaller household – contains one adult aged 16-64 and one of pensionable age and no children, or two adults of pensionable age and no children.
• A large adult household – contains three or more adults and no children.
• A small adult household – contains two adults aged 16-64 and no children.
• A large family household – contains two adults of any age and three or more children, or three or more adults of any age and one or more children.

Housing Tenure

The SHS collects information on the ways in which households occupy their accommodation and from which organisation or individual their accommodation is rented, where this is the case. These are combined into a housing tenure variable, which is shown in the annual report broken down into four categories, namely:

• Owner occupied – Includes households who own outright and those buying with a mortgage or loan.
• Social rented sector – Includes households renting from a local authority or from a Housing Association or Co-operative.
• Private rented sector – Includes households renting from an individual private landlord or where they are renting their property from family, friends or their employer.
• Other tenure – Includes any other category of tenure such as living rent free.

Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation

The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD)^[169] is a relative measure of deprivation across small areas in Scotland. It is the Scottish Government's official tool for identifying those places in Scotland suffering from multiple deprivation. It incorporates several different aspects of deprivation, combining them into a single index.

SIMD16 has been used throughout this report for 2018 data. It divides Scotland into 6,976 small areas, called data zones, each containing around 350 households. The Index provides a relative ranking for each data zone, from one (most deprived) to 6,976 (least deprived). By identifying small areas where there are concentrations of multiple deprivation, SIMD can be used to target policies and resources at the places with greatest need.

SIMD16 uses seven domains to measure the multiple aspects of deprivation:

• income,
• employment,
• health,
• education,
• skills and training,
• housing, geographic access to services
• and crime.

In the majority of tables, the data zones are grouped as quintiles (from the 20 per cent most to the 20 per cent least deprived data zones)^[170]. Occasionally deciles (from the 10 per cent most deprived data zones to 10 per cent least deprived)^[171] are used.

There are also time series charts in the annual report, comparing certain characteristics over time using SIMD. The SIMD was updated in 2006, 2009, 2012 and, most recently, in 2016. The time series charts use the most relevant version of SIMD for each year; SIMD 2006 for 2006 – 2008 data, SIMD 2009 for 2009 – 2011 data, SIMD 2012 for 2012 – 2015 data, and SIMD16 for 2016 – 2018 data. Therefore, upon each update, some areas will shift away from being the most deprived. This creates “breaks” in the data, which are represented by the dotted lines in the figures.

Table A2 1 shows the percentage of households in each deprivation area.

A2 1: Number of households by Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2016
2018 data, Frequency rounded to base 10

	Unweighted Frequency	Weighted Frequency	Weighted Per cent
1 - 10% most deprived	1,030	1,150	10.9
2	1,000	1,080	10.2
3	1,020	1,080	10.2
4	1,010	980	9.3
5	1,140	1,080	10.3
6	1,160	1,070	10.2
7	1,170	1,040	9.9
8	1,090	1,060	10.1
9	940	980	9.3
10 - 10% least deprived	990	1,010	9.6
Total	10,530	10,530	100

Urban Rural Classification

The Scottish Government six-fold urban/rural classification of Scotland is used throughout this report. This classification is based on settlement size and remoteness (measured by drive times) allowing more detailed geographical analysis to be conducted on a larger sample size. The classification being used in this report is the 2016^[172] version.

The areas in which respondents live have been classified as follows:

• Large urban areas – settlements of over 125,000 people.
• Other urban areas – settlements of 10,000 to 124,999 people.
• Accessible small towns – settlements of between 3,000 and 9,999 people and within a 30 minute drive of a settlement of 10,000 or more.
• Remote small towns – settlements of between 3,000 and 9,999 people and with a drive time of over 30 minutes to a settlement of 10,000 or more.
• Accessible rural – settlements of less than 3,000 people and within 30 minute drive of a settlement of 10,000 or more.
• Remote rural – settlements of less than 3,000 people with a drive time of more than 30 minutes to a settlement of 10,000 or more.

Table A2 2 shows the percentage of households in each area type.

A2 2: Number of households by Scottish Government 2016 Urban Rural Classification
2018 data, Frequency rounded to base 10

	Unweighted Frequency	Weighted Frequency	Weighted Per cent
Large urban areas	3,220	3,720	35.3
Other urban areas	3,580	3,730	35.4
Accessible small towns	930	920	8.7
Remote small towns	600	390	3.7
Accessible rural	1,120	1,130	10.8
Remote rural	1,080	650	6.2
Total	10,530	10,530	100

Marital Status

The random adult is asked to confirm their legal marital status using the following categories:

• Single – never married or never formed a legally recognised same sex civil partnership
• Married and living with husband/wife
• A civil partner in a legally recognised same sex civil partnership
• Married and separated from husband/wife
• In a legally recognised same sex civil partnership and separated from your civil partner
• Divorced
• Formerly a civil partner – the same sex civil partnership now legally dissolved
• Widowed
• A surviving same sex civil partner – your partner having since died

It should be noted that this question was changed from October 2012 to remove references to “single” and to simplify the wording of the other status types. Whilst two different variables have been created in the datasets to reflect the different questions being asked, a combined derived variable was produced.

Where these have been used in the report to analyse results, these categories have been combined as:

• Single, never been married/in a civil partnership
• Cohabiting/living together
• Married/civil partnership
• Separated/divorced/dissolved civil partnership
• Widowed/bereaved civil partner

Gender

In SHS 2018, the question on gender was non-binary and included two additional responses: ‘Identified in another way’ and ‘Refused’. This addition allows those who identify as neither a man nor a woman the option to respond accurately and honestly. In previous years, the question on gender was binary and only two response options were available to respondents: male and female.

As the questions have always reported gender based on what respondents tell interviewers, there has been little change to the concept behind the question being asked. Biological sex is not collected and has never been asked in the SHS.

It is felt that the figures are likely to under-report the percentage of people who identify as neither a man nor a woman due to a number of reasons, including the following:

• Asking about gender identity can be seen as intrusive and personal.
• There is still prejudice and discrimination in society. In a context where some people will not have told friends and family family that they identify as neither a man nor a woman, there is a real question about whether these people generally would want to be open with an interviewer.
• The default option for being uncertain about one's gender identity may be to respond with man or woman rather than to respond in another way.
• Particular people are less likely to be open when they belong to groups or communities where an alternative gender identity is less acceptable.

Self-identified Sexual Orientation

The question on self-identified sexual orientation, presented in Chapter 2, was introduced to the SHS in 2011 to provide statistics to underpin the equality monitoring responsibilities of public sector organisations and to assess the disadvantage or relative discrimination experienced by the lesbian, gay and bisexual population. Despite this positive step in collecting such information, it is felt that the figures are likely to under-report the percentage of lesbian, gay or bisexual (LGB) people within society due to a number of reasons, including the following:

• Asking about sexual orientation/identity is a new development in national surveys and such questions can be seen as intrusive and personal.
• There is still significant prejudice and discrimination against LGB people in society. In a context where some LGB people will not have told friends and family about their sexual identity, there is a real question about whether LGB people generally would want to be open with an interviewer.
• The default option for being uncertain about one's sexual orientation may be to respond 'straight/heterosexual' rather than to say 'Don't know / not sure'.
• Particular LGB people are still less likely to be open when they belong to groups or communities where an LGB identity is less acceptable.

Despite the uncertainties of the data, it does make sense to collect statistics on sexual orientation to start to make this a more standard element within data collection. This does not mean that data will necessarily become reliable over the short term, but they may still be able to offer useful insights into the experience of some LGB people in particular areas of policy interest. The Scottish Government is looking at how it can improve its data collection on these issues going forward.

Economic Activity, Qualifications and Training

The SHS is not directly comparable with the Labour Force Survey (LFS) which is the official source of employment, qualifications and training data in the UK. Compared with the LFS, the SHS under-estimates the level of employment and over-estimates both unemployment and economic inactivity. This is due to the fact that current economic situation in the SHS is asked in a single question whereas in the LFS it is determined by a selection of other questions.

The SHS also underestimates the number of people with a qualification of some sort, as the LFS covers all possible levels of qualifications. The LFS is the preferred source of estimates on employment, qualifications and training as it uses internationally agreed definitions and is used for international comparisons including OECD indicators.

It should be noted that SHS estimates of working-age adults historically were based on the traditional working-age definition (males aged 16-64, females aged 16-59). From 2011, these were replaced by estimates based on the population aged 16-64 to account for legislative changes in the state retirement age. Specifically the current female state pension age is changing dynamically to match the male state pension age. The Office for National Statistics (ONS) no longer publish rates using a working-age definition, instead reports rates for all people aged 16 to 64.

Highest Level of Qualification

The highest level of qualification has been classified as follows:

• Degree, Professional qualification – Includes: First degree, Higher degree, SVQ Level 5, Professional qualifications e.g. teaching, accountancy or equivalent.
• HNC/ HND or equivalent – Includes: HNC, HND, SVQ Level 4, RSA Higher Diploma or equivalent.
• Higher, A Level or equivalent – Includes: Higher Grade, Advanced Higher, CSYS, A Level, AS Level, Advanced Senior Certificate. GNVQ/ GSVQ Advanced, SVQ Level 3, ONC, OND, SCOTVEC National Diploma, City and Guilds Advanced Craft, RSA Advanced Diploma or equivalent.
• O Grade, Standard Grade or equivalent – Includes: School leaving certificate, National Qualification (NQ) Access Unit, O Grade, Standard Grade, GCSE, GCE O level, CSE, NQ Access 3 Cluster, Intermediate 1, Intermediate 2, National 4, National 5, Senior Certificate, GNVQ/ GSVQ Foundation or Intermediate, SVQ Level 1, SVQ Level 2, SCOTVEC/National Certificate Module, City and Guilds Craft, RSA Diploma or equivalent.
• Other qualification.
• No qualifications.
• Qualifications not known.

Please see the Scottish Government Statistics website^[173] for details of Scottish Government contacts who deal with economic activity, qualifications and training statistics through the Labour Market topic.

Current Economic Situation

The household respondent is asked to select which of the following categories best describes the current situation of each member of the household:

• Self-employed
• Employed full-time
• Employed part-time
• Looking after the home or family
• Permanently retired from work
• Unemployed and seeking work
• At school
• In further/higher education
• Government work or training scheme
• Permanently sick or disabled
• Unable to work because of short-term illness or injury
• Pre-school/not yet at school
• Other

SHS data on the economic situation of members of the household reflects the view of the respondent to the 'household' part of the interview, and so may not conform to official definitions of employment and unemployment. The SHS cannot provide estimates of unemployment that are comparable to official statistics of unemployment^[174]. Therefore, the SHS cannot be used as a source of unemployment rates or average earnings. Please see the Scottish Government Statistics website^[175] for details of Scottish Government contacts who deal with unemployment rates and average earnings statistics through the Labour Market topic.

Socio-economic Classification (NS-SEC)

National Statistics Socio-economic Classification (NS-SEC)^[176] is an occupationally-based classification which, in line with all official statistics and surveys, is used in the SHS. The eight-fold analytic version of NS-SEC has been used.

Respondents' occupations and details of their employment status (whether an employer, self-employed or employee; whether a supervisor; number of employees at the workplace) have been used to create the following classifications:

• Higher managerial and professional occupations.
• Lower managerial and professional occupations.
• Intermediate occupations.
• Small employers and own account workers.
• Lower supervisory and technical occupations.
• Semi-routine occupations.
• Routine occupations.

The term net annual household income refers to income (i.e. after taxation and other deductions) from employment, benefits and other sources that is brought into the household by the highest income householder and/or their spouse or partner. This includes any contribution to household finances made by other household members (e.g. dig money). In 2018, the SHS questionnaire added questions to gather information on the income of up to three other adults in the household for the first time. In 2018 a new broader measure of household income in the SHS has been created that includes the income of ‘other adults’.

The definition is not the same as that used by other Government surveys such as the Family Resources Survey. Income data from the SHS should not, therefore, be compared with other sources without careful consideration of the methods used in compiling the data^[177]. The SHS is not designed to provide reliable statistics on average income or average earnings. The current income information collected through the SHS is only intended to provide estimates by income band. The SHS asks for income only for use as a 'background' variable when analysing other topics, or for selecting the data for particular sub-groups of the population (such as the low paid) for further analysis^[178].

Income Imputation

While in general the level of missing data throughout the SHS is minimal, one section of the questionnaire is substantially affected by missing information. In the section on household income, approximately one-in-three respondents either refuse to answer the questions or are unable to provide information that is sufficiently reliable to report, for example, because there are no details of the level of income received for one or more components of their income. Overall, 11 per cent of households have three of more adults. Among all other adults, just over half (55 per cent) are either earning income or potentially earning income. Of these, around 60 per cent are missing information on their earnings and this information needs to be imputed^[179]. This is a considerably higher level for missing data than for the HIH and the spouse (For the main earnings of the HIH, around a quarter of all cases are imputed).

Statistical analysis of data gathered in the survey on the characteristics of households where income is available, allows income data to be imputed for households where income data is missing. Income imputation is a process whereby complete information given by 'similar' households is used for respondents that have missing income information. Income is collected as a variety of different components, such as income from employment, benefits and other sources, which are summed to create total net household income. Income was imputed for each component using either Hot Deck imputation, where the sample is divided into subgroups based on relevant characteristics, or Predictive Mean, where a statistical model is constructed and the value is predicted using this model. After imputation, income data is unavailable for between three to four per cent of households.

It should be noted that it is more difficult to impute with accuracy the income of other adults than it is to impute income of the HIH or their spouse. Not only are there higher levels of missing data (and therefore less complete data to model), but there are fewer explanatory variables such as occupational information to use in the modelling and data cleaning. Additionally, household-level variables, such as tenure, are likely to be more closely associated to the HIH than to other adults and therefore less useful in the other adult imputation routines.

Please contact the SHS project team if you would like further information on the imputation process.

A more advanced income imputation project was undertaken by the Scottish Government Income and Poverty Statistics team in 2010 to impute income for adults in multi-adult households for which the SHS does not capture any information. Estimates from this project were released through the “Relative Poverty Across Scottish Local Authorities” publication in August 2010^[180] as data being developed. These estimates were subsequently used in a project commissioned by the Improvement Service to develop improved measures of local incomes and poverty in Scotland at a small level published in March 2013^[181].

Housing Lists

Housing lists are held by social landlords, local authorities and housing associations, individually or jointly as Common Housing Registers. They can include people who are already in social housing but are seeking a move and in some cases applicants will be on more than one landlord’s list. Social landlords are responsible for allocating their housing, in line with their allocation policies and the legislative framework.

Calculating an estimate of the number of households on a housing list makes an assumption that the random adult response is valid for the entire household.

This may however lead to a slight under-estimate because there may be a small number of multi-adult households where one adult is on a housing list but the remaining adults are not. In these cases, the SHS estimate will be influenced by which household member is selected as the random adult. In some cases, the household member on a housing list will be picked up, but in others cases they will not. This means that some households containing a household member who is on a housing list will not be identified in the survey. An example would be where a young adult is living with their parents but now wishes to form their own household separately from the existing household.

The weighting strategy for households is based on the 10,532 households responding to the household interview, rather than the 9,702 households with a complete random adult interview (providing responses to the housing lists question). This is likely to introduce a small level of non-response bias, because those households which do not complete a random adult interview are likely to be systematically different from those that do.

There is also the possibility, as with the majority of social survey questions, for a respondent to give an incorrect answer. In this case, a respondent may report being on a housing list when they are not as a result of local authorities refreshing lists and removing people from whom they have not had any contact. A respondent may report not being on a housing list when in fact they are, because some local authorities do not refresh lists and so somebody who no longer wishes to be on a housing list may still be on one that they signed up to many years previously.

Further to this, some households may not consider themselves to be on a housing list even though they are actively seeking social housing through other routes such as choice based lettings. Changes were made to the 2017 SHS questions on housing lists with the aim to better capture households who are using choice based lettings when seeking social housing.

A final point on the use of the SHS to estimate the number of households or adults on a housing list is that it is a sample of the general population living in private residences in Scotland, and therefore it may not pick up some people or households who are on a housing list but who are living in other types of accommodation such as hostels or bed and breakfast accommodation.

Physical or Mental Health Problems and Disabilities

Random Adult

A two part question was introduced in 2012 to replace the old question on long-standing illnesses. The new question asked, of the random adult respondent, to establish the prevalence of physical or mental health conditions among the adult population and the extent to which such conditions reduce ability to carry out day-to-day activities^[182]. The respondent's own assessment of what constitutes a physical or mental condition or illness was used rather than a medical assessment.

The current question was introduced in October 2012 and is split into two parts: ‘Do you have a physical or mental condition or illness lasting or expected to last 12 months or more?’ and if so then ‘Does your condition or illness reduce your ability to carry-out day-to-day activities?’

It should be noted that these changes in the question means that data since 2013 is not directly comparable to reports relating to the period 1999-2012.

Household

In the household questionnaire, the household representative is asked whether anyone in the household (including children) has any physical or mental health condition or illness lasting or expected to last for twelve months or more. The current question was introduced in 2014 and has been designed to align it with the question asked of the random adult. The response options for this question are ‘Yes’, ‘No’, ‘Don’t know’, and ‘Refused’.

Previously, the question had asked the household representative whether anyone in the household had any long-standing illness, health problem or disability that limits daily activity. The response options were ‘Disability’, ‘Long-term illness’, ‘Both’, ‘Neither’ and ‘Refused’.

As noted in Chapter 2, this figure is likely to under-represent the true value as the household representative may not know about the health conditions of other household members.

The above changes in the question mean that the results from 2014 onwards are not directly comparable with previous years' data.

Data Based on Experiences from a Set Time Period

The following SHS topics include questions where respondents answer based on their experiences over the year, month or week before their interview:

• Neighbourhoods and Communities
• Local Services
• Environment
• Volunteering
• Culture and Heritage

An example of this would be when respondents were asked to give a 'yes' or 'no' response to a question on whether they had given up any time to help clubs, charities, campaigns or organisations in the last 12 months.

As interviews are completed continuously throughout the year, data published on the ‘last 12 months’ refers to the year prior to the respondents interview and not the calendar year January-December 2018. The same will hold true for other time periods being reported on.

Participation, Attendance and Engagement in Sports and Physical Activity

Participation in “any sporting activity” means that people do at least one activity from the available list asked of respondents in the survey (rather than each and every sporting activity). The activities are listed as follows:

• Walking – at least 30 minutes for recreational purposes
• Swimming
• Football
• Cycling – at least 30 minutes for recreational, health, training or competition purposes
• Keep Fit / Aerobics
• Multigym use / Weight Training
• Golf
• Running / Jogging
• Snooker / Billiards / Pool
• Dancing
• Bowls
• Other (specified) – e.g. Angling, Badminton, Judo, Horse-riding, Skiing, Sailing, Yoga
• + Angling, bird-watching
• + Racket/ball sports
• + Field sports – shooting, archery
• + Water sports
• + Winter sports – curling, skating, skiing
• + Boxing, martial arts
• + Riding
• + Pilates, Yoga, Tai-Chi
• + Climbing, hillwalking
• + Croquet
• None of these

Note, that activities prefixed above with a ‘+’ indicate that these are backcoded following data collection based on the open text responses to the ‘Other’ category. This means that these activities will have been coded as ‘Other’ at point of collection but then moved out during the post-data processing to be assigned against the more detailed variables, and the number of responses within the ‘Other’ category thus lowered. The analysis presented in this report groups these additional activities back under the ‘Other’ category though.

Volunteering

This section of the questionnaire was revised for the 2006 survey in order to gather greater information on individuals' experience of volunteering and barriers that may prevent them from participation. Respondents were asked to give a 'yes' or 'no' response to a question on whether they had given up any time to help clubs, charities, campaigns or organisations in the last 12 months. This question was followed up by a question asked of those who said no to the first, which gave a list of types of groups and organisations and asked for which, if any, the respondent had undertaken any work or activities on a voluntary basis. The list of options was revised substantially in 2007. The third question asked if there were any other types of organisations not on the list for which respondents had given up their time. Respondents who did not answer 'yes' to the first question, or who answered 'none' to the first question but 'yes' to the second or third question were classed as having taken part in voluntary activities.

A series of follow-up questions are asked to determine the frequency and types of activities adults volunteer within, if it is clear from their responses to the first three questions that they have indeed volunteered within the previous 12 months. Similarly, for those that haven’t volunteered a follow-up question is asked on what might encourage them to volunteer in the future.

In 2012, it was noticed that in some cases during post-data processing, respondents that have been subsequently identified as volunteers from their answers to the second and third questions, may not have been asked the follow up questions during the actual interview. As such the number of people asked the follow-up questions might not have matched the total number of volunteers identified in the final dataset.

In 2014, the routing of the questionnaire was changed so that the maximum number of suitable people were asked the follow up questions. This means that, although it will only affect a small proportion of the sample, the 2014 results to the follow up volunteering questions are not directly comparable with previous years.

In 2017, as part of the wide consultation on the content review of the 2018-2021 SHS Questionnaire, new biennial questions on informal volunteering were included alongside the formal volunteering questions. This was in recognition of the wide range of volunteering contributions undertaken in Scotland ranging from the very formal such as volunteering with public sector bodies and community councils, engaging with local clubs and charitable community organisations, getting involved with local activism or helping out with community activity, to very informal participation such as keeping in touch with someone at risk of being lonely or helping a neighbour with their shopping.

As part of the review consultation the formal volunteering questions were also amended to link and align to current policy contexts / direction, outcomes and the National Performance Framework. A repeat prompt reminder question on whether adults volunteer or not was removed and the barriers to volunteering question was also removed as responses had remained static for a number of years, and it was agreed by stakeholders that evidence on barriers was available from other literature sources.

Participation, Attendance and Engagement at Cultural Events

Cultural engagement is defined as those adults who have either attended at least one type of cultural place or who have participated in a cultural activity in the previous 12 months.

A number of changes were made to the questions in 2018. New response categories were added to better understand the nature and frequency of attendance and participation at cultural events / activities. For example, ‘streaming of a live performance’ and ‘viewing cultural content online’ were included to collect information on newer forms of digital cultural engagement. Some of the activities and events were also reworded (e.g. ‘Gallery’ became ‘Art Gallery’ and ‘Dance show / event - e.g. ballet’ became ‘Dance, either for fitness or not for fitness’). The order of the activities and events was also changed. More detailed information on the changes can be found in the SHS 2017 and 2018 Questionnaire publications.

Attendance at "a cultural event or place of culture" can cover any of the following:

• Cinema
• Library (including mobile and online)
• Classical music performance or opera
• Live music event - e.g. traditional music, rock concert, jazz event (not opera or classical music performance)
• Theatre - e.g. pantomime / musical / play
• Dance show / event - e.g. ballet
• Historic place - e.g. castle, stately home and grounds, battle or archaeological site
• Museum
• Art gallery
• Exhibition - including art, photography and crafts
• Street arts (e.g. musical performances or art in parks, streets or shopping centre)
• Culturally specific festival (e.g. Mela /Feis/ local Gala days)
• Book festival or reading group
• Archive or records office (e.g. Scotland’s Family History Peoples Centre)
• Streaming of a live performance (e.g. theatre or dance) into a local venue such as a cinema or community hall
• None

Attendance at "any cultural event or place of culture" means that people do at least one activity from the available list asked of respondents in the survey (rather than each and every cultural event or place of culture).

Participation in “a cultural activity” can cover any of the following:

• Read books for pleasure (including on a Kindle or other mobile device)
• Dance, either for fitness or not for fitness
• Played a musical instrument or written music
• Taken part in a play (including backstage)
• Sang in a singing group or choir
• Painting, drawing, printmaking or sculpture
• Photography as an artistic activity (not family or holiday 'snaps')
• Film- making/ video-making as an artistic activity
• Used a computer to produce artwork or animation
• Crafts such as knitting, wood, pottery, etc.
• Creative writing - stories, books, plays or poetry
• Viewed performances (e.g. music or dance) online on a smartphone, computer, smart TV etc
• Viewed cultural content online (e.g. museum or heritage collections or artist’s work)
• Shared art or creative content online that you have created yourself (such as digital art, music, dance, videos or recordings)
• Other cultural activity
• None

Participation in "any cultural activity" means that people do at least one activity from the available list asked of respondents in the survey (rather than each and every cultural activity).