International Development Fund: non-communicable disease programme

Footnotes

1. See WHO (2022) Noncommunicable diseases factsheet [accessed on 23/12/2022]; and Africa CDC (2022) Africa CDC non-communicable diseases, injuries prevention and control and mental health promotion strategy (2022-2026).

2. Bukhman G. et al (2020) Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission Study Group. The Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission: bridging a gap in universal health coverage for the poorest billion. Lancet. 3;396(10256):991-1044.

3. See WHO (2013) Global Action Plan for the Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease 2013-2020; and UN Sustainable Development Goals for Health [accessed on 13/2/2023]

4. See PAHO (2021) SHAKE the salt habit; WHO MPOWER initiative [accessed on 31/12/2022]; WHO (2020) Package of essential noncommunicable (PEN) disease interventions for primary health care; NCDI Poverty Network – Pen Plus [accessed on 28/12/2022]; WHO (2020) HEARTS: Technical package for cardiovascular disease management in primary health care: Risk-based CVD management; WHO SAFER alcohol control initiative [accessed on 31/12/2022]; WHO (2018) ACTIVE: a technical package for increasing physical activity [accessed on 31/12/2022]; and WHO (2017) Tackling NCDs: 'best buys' and other recommended interventions for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases.

5. WHO (2013) Global Action Plan for the Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease 2013-2020

6. See The World Bank – Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines, Rwanda [accessed on 23/12/2022]; Global Financing Facility – Zambia data portal [accessed on 29/12/2022]; Global Financing Facility – Malawi data portal [accessed on 29/12/2022]; UNICEF (2021) Health Budget Brief: Investing in Children’s Health in Rwanda, 2021/22; and UNICEF (2021) Health – Malawi Budget Brief; UNICEF (2022) Zambia Health Budget Brief.

7. WHO (2022) Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor 2022

8. WHO (2023) Noncommunicable diseases factsheet; Africa CDC (2022) Africa CDC non-communicable diseases, injuries prevention and control and mental health promotion strategy (2022-2026).

9. Bukhman G. et al (2020) Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission Study Group. The Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission: bridging a gap in universal health coverage for the poorest billion. Lancet. 3;396(10256):991-1044.

10. The Scottish Government (2020) Zambia Development Programme 2017-2022: Grant Awards and The Scottish Government (2018) International Development Fund: Malawi projects 2018-2023

11. Scottish Care Information Diabetes Collaboration [accessed on 23/12/2022] and Ash Scotland: Tobacco control legislation in Scotland [accessed on 23/12/2022]

12. WHO Africa (2011) The Brazzaville Declaration on Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention and Control in the WHO African Region

13. WHO (2023) Noncommunicable diseases factsheet

14. Africa CDC (2022) Africa CDC non-communicable diseases, injuries prevention and control and mental health promotion strategy (2022-2026).

15. WHO Africa (2022) Pen-Plus – A Regional Strategy to Address Severe Noncommunicable Diseases at First Level Referral Health Facilities

16. Gouda, H.B. et al (2019) Burden of non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, 1990–2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Global Health. Volume 7, Issue 10, E1375-E1387.

17. Ibid.

18. Key: Graphs from top to bottom: 1) Absolute disability adjusted life years (DALYs) (millions); 2) All-age DALY rates (per 100 000 population); 3) Age-standardised DALY rates (per 100 000 population). Shaded regions are 95% uncertainty intervals. Group 1 = communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders. Group 2 = NCDs. Group 3 = injuries.

19. WHO Africa (2015) Report on the status of major health risk factors for noncommunicable diseases: WHO African Region, 2015.

20. Gouda, H.N. et al (2019) Burden of non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, 1990–2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Global Health. Volume 7, Issue 10, E1375-E1387; and Stelzle, D. et al (2021) Estimates of the global burden of cervical cancer associated with HIV. The Lancet, Volume 9, Issue 2, E161-E169.

21. Gouda, H.N. et al (2019) Burden of non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, 1990–2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Global Health. Volume 7, Issue 10, E1375-E1387.

22. WHO (2020) Palliative care for noncommunicable diseases: A global snapshot 2020

23. Bukhman G. et al (2020) Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission Study Group. The Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission: bridging a gap in universal health coverage for the poorest billion. Lancet. 3;396(10256):991-1044.

24. Bukhman G. et al (2020) Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission Study Group. The Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission: bridging a gap in universal health coverage for the poorest billion. Lancet. 3;396(10256):991-1044.

25. Ibid.

26. Key to Figure 6: Global Action Plan Best Buys focus of intervention. 1: Increase excise taxes and process on tobacco products; 2: Enact and enforce comprehensive bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship; 3: Implement plain packaging; 4: Eliminate exposure to second hand smoke; 5: Mass media campaigns on tobacco use; 6: Increase excise taxes on alcoholic beverages; 7: Ban alcohol advertising; 8: Restrict physical availability of alcohol; 9: Reduce salt intake through reformulation of food; 10: Reduce salt in public institutions; 11: Reduce salt through behavioural change; 12: Public education for physical activity; 13: Vaccinate against HPV; 14: Screening and treatment of cervical cancer; 15: Drug therapy for heart attacks and strokes for high risk of fatal or non-fatal event in 10 years; 16: Drug therapy for heart attack and strokes for moderate of fatal or non-fatal event in 10 years.

27. WHO (2013) Global Action Plan for the Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease 2013-2020

28. UN Sustainable Development Goals

29. WHO (2020) WHO package of essential noncommunicable (PEN) disease interventions for primary health care

30. WHO (2020) HEARTS: Technical package for cardiovascular disease management in primary health care: Risk-based CVD management

31. WHO MPOWER initiative

32. WHO SAFER alcohol control initiative

33. PAHO (2021) SHAKE the salt habit

34. WHO (2018) ACTIVE: a technical package for increasing physical activity

35. WHO (2020) Global Noncommunicable Diseases Compact 2020-2030

36. WHO (2013) Global Action Plan for the Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease 2013-2020

37. WHO (2020) WHO package of essential noncommunicable (PEN) disease interventions for primary health care

38. Temu, F. et al (2014) Integration of non-communicable diseases in health care: Tackling the double burden of disease in African settings. The Pan African Medical Journal. Volume 18, Article number 202.

39. Africa CDC (2022) Africa CDC non-communicable diseases, injuries prevention and control and mental health promotion strategy (2022-2026).

40. WHO (2013) Global Action Plan for the Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease 2013-2020

41. Data for 44 countries in the Global Health Expenditure Database, 68% of which are in WHO Africa region. See WHO (2013) Global Action Plan for the Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease 2013-2020.

42. Bukhman G. et al (2020) Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission Study Group. The Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission: bridging a gap in universal health coverage for the poorest billion. Lancet. 3;396(10256):991-1044.

43. WHO (2013) Global Action Plan for the Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease 2013-2020

44. See Republic of Zambia (2006) Vision 2030; Republic of Malawi (2021) MW2063 Vision; and Republic of Rwanda (2020) Vision 2050.

45. See The World Bank – Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines for Rwanda, Malawi, and Zambia; The World Bank – Rural population for Zambia, Malawi, and Rwanda. [all accessed on 23/12/2022]

46. See The World Bank (2023) Overviews on Malawi, Zambia, and Rwanda. [all accessed on 23/12/2022]

47. WHO (2010) The Abuja Declaration: Ten years on

48. See UNICEF (2021) Health Budget Brief: Investing in Children’s Health in Rwanda, 2021/22; UNICEF (2021) Health – Malawi Budget Brief; and UNICEF (2022) Zambia Health Budget Brief.

49. See UNICEF (2021) Health Budget Brief: Investing in Children’s Health in Rwanda, 2021/22; UNICEF (2021) Health – Malawi Budget Brief; and Global Financing Facility – Data Portal on Zambia [accessed on 23/12/2022].

50. Health Services Joint Fund [accessed on 23/12/2022]

51. See Republic of Malawi (2017) Health Sector Strategic Plan II (2017-2022); Republic of Rwanda (2018) Health Financing Strategic Plan 2018-2024; and Republic of Zambia (2016) National Health Strategic Plan 2017-2021.

52. See Republic of Rwanda (2020) National Strategy and Costed Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases in Rwanda, June 2020 – June 2025; and Republic of Malawi (2017) National Action Plan for the Prevention and Management of Non-Communicable Diseases in Malawi, 2017-2022.

53. WHO (2022) Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor 2022

54. Aidsmap (2011) HIV and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) [accessed on 23/12/2022]; The World Bank – Incidence of HIV in Malawi and Zambia [accessed on 23/12/2022].

55. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (2019) Global Burden of Disease study results [accessed on 23/12/2022]

56. Bukhman G. et al (2020) Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission Study Group. The Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission: bridging a gap in universal health coverage for the poorest billion. Lancet. 3;396(10256):991-1044.

57. WHO Global Health Expenditure Database [accessed on 29/12/2022]

58. WHO’s Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor 2022

59. Republic of Rwanda (2020) National Strategy and Costed Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases in Rwanda, June 2020 – June 2025; and Republic of Malawi (2021) Malawi PEN-Plus Operational Plan

60. See Republic of Malawi (2017) Health Sector Strategic Plan II (2017-2022); Republic of Rwanda (2018) Health Financing Strategic Plan 2018-2024; and Republic of Zambia (2016) National Health Strategic Plan 2017-2021; and Boudreaux, C. et al (2022) Addressing severe chronic NCDs across Africa: measuring demand for the Package of Essential Non-Communicable Disease Interventions-Plus (PEN-Plus). Health Policy Plan, Volume 12, Issue 4, pp.452-460.

61. WHO Africa (2022) Pen-Plus – A Regional Strategy to Address Severe Noncommunicable Diseases at First Level Referral Health Facilities

62. WHO (2010) The Abuja Declaration: Ten years on

63. WHO (2019) PEN-Plus meeting in Kigali – The management and treatment of non-communicable diseases at primary level strengthened

64. Bukhman G. et al (2020) Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission Study Group. The Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission: bridging a gap in universal health coverage for the poorest billion. Lancet. 3;396(10256):991-1044.

65. Tripathy, J.P. and Mishra, S. (2021) How effective was implementation of the package of essential non-communicable disease (PEN) interventions: A review of evidence? Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome, Volume 15, Issue 5.

66. The World Bank – Physicians per 1,000 people in Malawi [accessed on 29/12/2022]

67. NCD Alliance – Women and NCDs [accessed on 27/3/2023]

68. Gouda, H.B. et al (2019) Burden of non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, 1990–2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Global Health. Volume 7, Issue 10, E1375-E1387.

69. Ibid.

70. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (2019) Global Burden of Disease study results

71. Riha, J. (2020) Women and Noncommunicable Diseases in Africa: Mapping the scale, actors, and extent of rights-based work to address the impact of NCDs on African women. Ghana: African Women’s Development Fund.

72. Riha, J. (2020) Women and Noncommunicable Diseases in Africa: Mapping the scale, actors, and extent of rights-based work to address the impact of NCDs on African women. Ghana: African Women’s Development Fund.

73. See: Republic of Malawi Ministry of Health (2017) National Action Plan for the Prevention and Management of Non-Communicable Diseases in Malawi, 2017-2022; Republic of Rwanda (2015) Rwanda Non-communicable Diseases Risk Factors Report; Republic of Zambia (2017) Zambia Steps Survey for Non-Communicable Diseases Report

74. Republic of Malawi (2017) Malawi National STEPwise Survey for Non-Communicable Diseases Risk Factors 2017 Report

75. Ibid.; Republic of Zambia (2017) Zambia Steps Survey for Non-Communicable Diseases Report

76. Republic of Malawi (2017) Malawi National STEPwise Survey for Non-Communicable Diseases Risk Factors 2017 Report

77. Riha, J. (2020) Women and Noncommunicable Diseases in Africa: Mapping the scale, actors, and extent of rights-based work to address the impact of NCDs on African women. Ghana: African Women’s Development Fund.

78. Republic of Rwanda (2015) Rwanda Non-communicable Diseases Risk Factors Report; and Republic of Malawi (2017) Malawi National STEPwise Survey for Non-Communicable Diseases Risk Factors 2017 Report

79. Republic of Zambia (2017) Zambia Steps Survey for Non-Communicable Diseases Report

80. Republic of Rwanda (2015) Rwanda Non-communicable Diseases Risk Factors Report

81. Riha, J. (2020) Women and Noncommunicable Diseases in Africa: Mapping the scale, actors, and extent of rights-based work to address the impact of NCDs on African women. Ghana: African Women’s Development Fund.

82. Republic of Zambia (2017) Zambia Steps Survey for Non-Communicable Diseases Report

83. Hjelm, K. and Atwine, F. (2011) Health-care seeking behaviour among persons with diabetes in Uganda: an interview study. BMC International Health and Human Rights, Volume 11, Article number 11; and Mufunda, E., Albin, B. and Hjelm, K. (2012) Differences in Health and Illness Beliefs in Zimbabwean Mena and Women with Diabetes. The Open Nursing Journal, Volume 6, pp.117-125.

84. Umubyeyi, A. et al (2015) Help-seeking behaviours, barriers to care and self-efficacy for seeking mental health care: a population-based study in Rwanda. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, Volume 51, Issue 1, pp.81-92.

85. The Scottish Government (2020) Zambia Development Programme 2017-2022: Grant Awards and The Scottish Government (2018) International Development Fund: Malawi projects 2018-2023

86. The Scottish Government (2022) International Development – 2023 programming

87. Introductory Meeting with hon. Minister Nancy Tembo, Malawi Minister of Foreign Affairs. London; 2022 Jun.

88. The NCDI Poverty Network – PEN-Plus; WHO Africa (2022) Pen-Plus – A Regional Strategy to Address Severe Noncommunicable Diseases at First Level Referral Health Facilities

89. Bukhman G. et al (2020) Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission Study Group. The Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission: bridging a gap in universal health coverage for the poorest billion. Lancet. 3;396(10256):991-1044.

90. The NCDI Poverty Network – PEN-Plus

91. Please note Public Health Scotland is already part of the network.

92. Bukhman G. et al (2020) Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission Study Group. The Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission: bridging a gap in universal health coverage for the poorest billion. Lancet. 3;396(10256):991-1044

93. Bukhman G. et al (2020) Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission Study Group. The Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission: bridging a gap in universal health coverage for the poorest billion. Lancet. 3;396(10256):991-1044

94. Marquez, P.V.; Farrington, J.L. (2013) The challenge of non-communicable diseases and road traffic injuries in Sub-Saharan Africa: an overview. Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.

95. Republic of Rwanda (2015) Rwanda Non-communicable Diseases Risk Factors Report

96. Exchange rate as of 3 February 2023.

97. WHO (2017) Tackling NCDs: 'best buys' and other recommended interventions for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases.

98. Bukhman G. et al (2020) Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission Study Group. The Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission: bridging a gap in universal health coverage for the poorest billion. Lancet. 3;396(10256):991-1044. Permission to reproduce content secured via RightsLink.

99. Please note Public Health Scotland is already part of the network.

100. Exchange rate as of 3 February 2023

101. Bukhman G. et al (2020) Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission Study Group. The Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission: bridging a gap in universal health coverage for the poorest billion. Lancet. 3;396(10256):991-1044.

102. Malawi population, 2022

103. Malawi population, 2022; Average age of the population, Malawi 1950-2050

104. World Bank Group – Global Financing Facility: Malawi

105. World Bank Group – Global Financing Facility: Malawi; Republic of Malawi (2017) Malawi National STEPwise Survey for Non-Communicable Diseases Risk Factors 2017 Report

106. Malawi population, 2022; The World Bank – Malawi data

107. Measles, Mumps and Rubella

108. Global Financing Facility (2022) GFF Partnership annual report 2021-22

109. Republic of Malawi (2017) Malawi National STEPwise Survey for Non-Communicable Diseases Risk Factors 2017 Report

110. The World Bank: Rwanda overview

111. Rwanda population, 2022

112. UNICEF – Health Budget Brief: Investing in Children’s Health in Rwanda 2021/22.

113. Republic of Rwanda (2018) Health Financing Strategic Plan 2018-2024

114. The World Bank: Rwanda data

115. Measles, Mumps and Rubella

116. Republic of Rwanda (2015) Rwanda Non-communicable Diseases Risk Factors Report

117. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (2019) Global Burden of Disease study results

118. The World Bank – Zambia overview

119. Zambia population, 2022; Average age of the population, Zambia 1950-2015

120. UNICEF (2022) Health Budget Brief – Zambia

121. Global Financing Facility (2022) GFF Partnership annual report 2021-22

122. The World Bank – Zambia data

123. Measles, Mumps and Rubella

124. Republic of Zambia (2017) Zambia Steps Survey for Non-Communicable Diseases Report

125. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (2019) Global Burden of Disease study results

126. WHO (2022) Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor 2022. Reproduced under CC-BY license

127. WHO (2022) Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor 2022. Reproduced under CC-BY license.

128. WHO (2022) Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor 2022. Reproduced under CC-BY license.

129. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (2019) Global Burden of Disease study results

130. This is not intended to be comprehensive but a reflection of data gathered through KIIs and policy documents. Bubbles are indicative of spend size but are not accurate to scale.

131. This is not intended to be comprehensive but a reflection of data gathered through KIIs and policy documents. Bubbles are indicative of spend size but are not accurate to scale.

132. This is not intended to be comprehensive but a reflection of data gathered through KIIs and policy documents. Bubbles are indicative of spend size but are not accurate to scale.