Scottish Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2014

Section E. Further information, Glossary and Acknowledgements

Further Information

Methodology and Source data

Full details of the methodology used to estimate Scottish greenhouse gas emissions together with further breakdowns are provided on the National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory website in the publication:
Greenhouse Gas Inventories for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland: 1990-2014

Scottish Greenhouse Gas Inventory Uncertainties Project

The Scottish Government commissioned a project to understand the uncertainties associated with the estimates of Scottish Greenhouse gas Emissions in 2013:
http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Environment/Publications/GHGUncertainties2013Summary

Scotland's Carbon Footprint

Scottish Greenhouse Gas Emissions on a Consumption Basis (" Scotland's Carbon Footprint 1998-2012)

Scottish Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2013. Key Revisions since 2008

This paper was published in 2015 and provides a breakdown of the key revisions to the Scottish Greenhouse Gas Emissions Official Statistics publication over successive years from the 1990-2008 inventory to the 1990-2013 inventory.
http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Environment/Publications/ghgrevisions-2013

Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009

This legislation outlines the requirements for percentage reductions targets for 2020 and 2050 and fixed annual targets
http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Environment/climatechange/scotlands-action/climatechangeact

Relevant Secondary Legislation associated with Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009

Climate Change (Annual Targets) (Scotland) Order 2010

This Order sets the first batch of annual emissions reduction targets, for the period 2010-2022.
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2010/359/introduction/made

Climate Change (Annual Targets) (Scotland) Order 2011

This Order sets the second batch of annual emissions reduction targets, for the period 2023-2027.
http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Environment/climatechange/scotlands-action/climatechangeact/order2011

The Carbon Accounting Scheme (Scotland) Regulations 2010

These Regulations establish the scheme for monitoring compliance with the annual emissions reduction targets set for 2010-2012.
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2010/216/contents/made.

The Carbon Accounting Scheme (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 2015

These Regulations establish the scheme for monitoring compliance with the annual emissions reduction targets set for 2013.
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2015/189/contents/made

The Carbon Accounting Scheme (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 2016

These Regulations establish the scheme for monitoring compliance with the annual emissions reduction targets set for 2014.
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2016/46/contents/made

The Climate Change (Additional Greenhouse Gas) (Scotland) Order 2015

This legislates for the inclusion of the new greenhouse gas (nitrogen trifluoride) to be added to the basket of gases in Scotland's greenhouse gas inventory.
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2015/197/contents/made

National Performance Framework Sustainability Purpose Targets
http://www.gov.scot/About/Performance/scotPerforms/purpose/sustainability

Department of Energy and Climate Change ( DECC) statistics
https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-of-energy-climate-change/about/statistics#emissions-and-climate-change-statistics

UK greenhouse gas inventory national system
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-greenhouse-gas-emissions-statistics-user-guidance

UK greenhouse gas inventory summary factsheets
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-greenhouse-gas-inventory-summary-factsheets

Committee on Climate Change ( CCC)

The CCC is an independent body established under the Climate Change Act to advise the UK Government and devolved administrations on reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
http://www.theccc.org.uk

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC)

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty. The objective of the treaty is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.

The treaty itself set no binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions for individual countries and contains no enforcement mechanisms. In that sense, the treaty is considered legally non-binding. Instead, the treaty provides a framework for negotiating specific international treaties (called "protocols") that may set binding limits on greenhouse gases.
http://unfccc.int/

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC) assesses the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of the risk of human-induced climate change. They provide advice to the UNFCCC on the scientific evidence and developments which are used to inform National Inventories.
http://www.ipcc.ch/

Meteorological Office (Met Office)

The Meteorological (Met Office) publishes mean monthly and annual air temperature figures for Scotland from 1910 to 2015.
http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/pub/data/weather/uk/climate/datasets/Tmean/date/Scotland.txt

EU Emissions Trading System ( EU ETS)

Further information can be found in the Department for Energy and Climate Change ( DECC) website.
https://www.gov.uk/participating-in-the-eu-ets

Scottish Government Methodology Paper: Determining the Scottish EU ETS cap for 2014

This documents the calculations which determine the 'specified amounts' for emissions from (i) fixed installations located in Scotland and covered by the EU emissions trading system ( EU- ETS) and (ii) aviation covered by the EU- ETS.
http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Environment/Publications/EUETScap2014

Scottish Energy Statistics

The Scottish Government's Energy in Scotland 2016 statistics compendium publication presents statistics on the energy sector in Scotland. It presents statistics and analysis for the following topics

• An overview of the energy sector in Scotland - including an Energy Balance for Scotland
• Energy Consumption
• Electricity
• Heat
• Transport
• Oil and Gas
• Energy Prices
• Climate Change
• Low Carbon Economy

A Key Facts booklet has been published to give users, at a glance, the headline statistics and key information for each of the main topic areas covered in Energy in Scotland 2016.
http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Business/Energy

Scottish Transport Statistics

These statistics are produced by Transport Scotland on an annual basis, as part of a compendium publication on a wide range of transport issues.
http://www.transportscotland.gov.uk/statistics/scottish-transport-statistics-all-editions

Detailed inventory mapping

Table E1. Mapping between Scottish Government sectors, National Communication sectors, International Panel for Climate Change sectors and source

Note that the inventory data can be mapped in a variety of different ways. Further mappings of the 1990-2014 inventory can be found in the Excel tables and Pivot Table which accompany this publication.

SG Sector	NC Category	IPCC Sector	Source Name
Energy Supply	Energy Supply	1A1ai Public Electricity & Heat Production	Miscellaneous industrial/commercial combustion
			Power stations
			Public sector combustion
		1A1b Petroleum Refining	Refineries - combustion
		1A1ci Manufacture of solid fuels	Coke production
			Solid smokeless fuel production
		1A1cii Oil and gas extraction	Upstream Gas Production - fuel combustion
			Upstream oil and gas production - combustion at gas separation plant
			Upstream Oil Production - fuel combustion
		1A1ciii Other energy industries	Collieries - combustion
			Gas production
			Nuclear fuel production
			Town gas manufacture
		1B1ai Underground mines:Abandoned	Closed Coal Mines
		1B1ai Underground mines:Mining activities	Deep-mined coal
		1B1ai Underground mines:Post-mining activities	Coal storage and transport
		1B1aii Surface mines:Mining activities	Open-cast coal
		1B1b Solid Fuel Transformation	Charcoal production
			Coke production
			Iron and steel - flaring
			Solid smokeless fuel production
		1B2a1 Oil exploration	Upstream Oil Production - Offshore Well Testing
		1B2a2 Oil production	Petroleum processes
			Upstream Oil Production - process emissions
		1B2a3 Oil transport	Upstream Oil Production - Offshore Oil Loading
			Upstream Oil Production - Onshore Oil Loading
		1B2a4 Oil refining/storage	Upstream Oil Production - Oil terminal storage
		1B2b1 Gas exploration	Upstream Gas Production - Offshore Well Testing
		1B2b3 Gas processing	Upstream Gas Production - process emissions
		1B2b4 Gas transmission and storage	Gas leakage
			Upstream Gas Production - Gas terminal storage
		1B2b5 Gas distribution	Gas leakage
		1B2c Flaring Gas	Upstream Gas Production - flaring
		1B2c Flaring Oil	Upstream Oil Production - flaring
		1B2c Venting Gas	Upstream Gas Production - venting
		1B2c Venting Oil	Upstream Oil Production - venting
		2A4d Other process uses of carbonates:other	Power stations - FGD
Transport (excluding International Aviation and Shipping)	Transport	1A3a Domestic aviation	Aircraft - domestic cruise
			Aircraft - domestic take off and landing
		1A3bi Cars	Road transport - cars - cold start
			Road transport - cars - motorway driving
			Road transport - cars - rural driving
			Road transport - cars - urban driving
		1A3bii Light duty trucks	Road transport - LGVs - cold start
			Road transport - LGVs - motorway driving
			Road transport - LGVs - rural driving
			Road transport - LGVs - urban driving
		1A3biii Heavy duty trucks and buses	Road transport - buses and coaches - motorway driving
			Road transport - buses and coaches - rural driving
			Road transport - buses and coaches - urban driving
			Road transport - HGV articulated - motorway driving
			Road transport - HGV articulated - rural driving
			Road transport - HGV articulated - urban driving
			Road transport - HGV rigid - motorway driving
			Road transport - HGV rigid - rural driving
			Road transport - HGV rigid - urban driving
		1A3biv Motorcycles	Road transport - mopeds (<50cc 2st) - urban driving
			Road transport - motorcycle (>50cc 2st) - rural driving
			Road transport - motorcycle (>50cc 2st) - urban driving
			Road transport - motorcycle (>50cc 4st) - motorway driving
			Road transport - motorcycle (>50cc 4st) - rural driving
			Road transport - motorcycle (>50cc 4st) - urban driving
		1A3bv Other road transport	Road transport - all vehicles LPG use
		1A3c Railways	Rail - coal
			Railways - freight
			Railways - intercity
			Railways - regional
		1A3d Domestic navigation	Inland goods-carrying vessels
			Motorboats / workboats ( e.g. canal boats, dredgers, service boats, tourist boats, river boats)
			Personal watercraft e.g. jet ski
			Sailing boats with auxiliary engines
			Shipping - coastal
		1A3eii Other Transportation	Aircraft - support vehicles
		1A4ai Commercial/Institutional	Railways - stationary combustion
		1A4ciii Fishing	Fishing vessels
		1A5b Other:Mobile	Aircraft - military
			Shipping - naval
		2D1 Lubricant Use	Marine engines
			Road vehicle engines
		2D3 Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use:Other	Road transport - urea
International Aviation and Shipping	International Aviation and Shipping	Aviation Bunkers	Aircraft - international cruise
			Aircraft - international take off and landing
			Aircraft between UK and CDs - Cruise
			Aircraft between UK and CDs - TOL
			Aircraft between UK and Gibraltar - Cruise
			Aircraft between UK and Gibraltar - TOL
			Aircraft between UK and other Ots (excl Gib.) - Cruise
			Aircraft between UK and other OTs (excl Gib.) - TOL
			Aircraft engines
		Marine Bunkers	Shipping - international IPCC definition
			Shipping between UK and Gibraltar
			Shipping between UK and OTs (excl. Gib)
Agriculture and Related Land Use	Agriculture	1A4ci Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing:Stationary	Agriculture - stationary combustion
		1A4cii Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing:Off-road	Agriculture - mobile machinery
		2D1 Lubricant Use	Agricultural engines
		3A1 Enteric Fermentation dairy cattle	Agriculture livestock - dairy cattle enteric
		3A1 Enteric Fermentation non-dairy cattle	Agriculture livestock - other cattle enteric
		3A2 Enteric Fermentation sheep	Agriculture livestock - sheep enteric
		3A3 Enteric Fermentation swine	Agriculture livestock - pigs enteric
		3A4 Enteric Fermentation other:deer	Agriculture livestock - deer enteric
		3A4 Enteric Fermentation other:goats	Agriculture livestock - goats enteric
		3A4 Enteric Fermentation other:horses	Agriculture livestock - horses enteric
		3B1 Manure Management dairy cattle	Agriculture livestock - dairy cattle wastes
		3B1 Manure Management non-dairy cattle	Agriculture livestock - other cattle wastes
		3B2 Manure Management sheep	Agriculture livestock - sheep wastes
		3B3 Manure Management swine	Agriculture livestock - pigs wastes
		3B4 Manure Management other:deer	Agriculture livestock - deer wastes
		3B4 Manure Management other:goats	Agriculture livestock - goats wastes
		3B4 Manure Management other:horses	Agriculture livestock - horses wastes
		3B4 Manure Management other:poultry	Agriculture livestock - all poultry wastes
			Agriculture livestock - broilers wastes
			Agriculture livestock - laying hens wastes
			Agriculture livestock - other poultry wastes
		3B4 Other	Agriculture livestock - manure leaching (indirect)
			Agriculture livestock - manure liquid systems (indirect)
			Agriculture livestock - manure other (indirect)
			Agriculture livestock - manure solid storage and dry lot (indirect)
		3D Agricultural Soils	Agricultural soils
		3D1 Agricultural soils-Mineralization/Immobilization	Agricultural soils - Mineralization/Immobilization Associated with change in Soil Organic Matter
		3F Field burning	Field burning
		3G1 Liming - limestone	Liming
		3G2 Liming - dolomite	Liming
		3H Urea application	Agriculture - application of urea
	Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry	4B Cropland	Cropland - Drainage and rewetting and other management of organic and mineral soils
		4B1 Cropland remaining Cropland	Cropland remaining Cropland - Biomass Burning - Wildfires
			Cropland remaining Cropland - Carbon stock change
		4B2 1 Forest Land converted to Cropland	Forest Land converted to Cropland - Biomass Burning - Controlled Burning
			Forest Land converted to Cropland - Carbon stock change
			Forest Land converted to Cropland - Direct N 2O emissions from N Mineralization/Immobilization
		4B2 2 Grassland converted to Cropland	Grassland converted to Cropland - Carbon stock change
			Grassland converted to Cropland - Direct N 2O emissions from N Mineralization/Immobilization
		4B2 4 Settlements converted to Cropland	Settlements converted to Cropland - Carbon stock change
		4C Grassland	Grassland - Drainage and rewetting and other management of organic and mineral soils
		4C1 Grassland remaining Grassland	Grassland remaining Grassland - Biomass Burning - Wildfires
			Grassland remaining Grassland - Carbon stock change
			Grassland remaining Grassland - Direct N 2O emissions from N Mineralization/Immobilization
		4C2 1 Forest Land converted to Grassland	Forest Land converted to Grassland - Biomass Burning - Controlled Burning
			Forest Land converted to Grassland - Carbon stock change
			Forest Land converted to Grassland - Direct N 2O emissions from N Mineralization/Immobilization
		4C2 2 Cropland converted to Grassland	Cropland converted to Grassland - Carbon stock change
		4C2 3 Wetlands converted to Grassland	Wetlands converted to Grassland - Carbon stock change
		4C2 4 Settlements converted to Grassland	Settlements converted to Grassland - Carbon stock change
		4D Wetlands	Wetlands - Drainage and rewetting and other management of organic and mineral soils
		4D1 Wetlands remaining wetlands	Peat Extraction Remaining Peat Extraction - Carbon stock change
		4D2 Land converted to wetlands	Grassland converted to flooded land - Carbon stock change
			Land converted for Peat Extraction - Carbon stock change
Business and Industrial Process	Business	1A2a Iron and steel	Blast furnaces
			Iron and steel - combustion plant
		1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals	Autogeneration - exported to grid
			Autogenerators
			Non-Ferrous Metal (combustion)
		1A2c Chemicals	Chemicals (combustion)
		1A2d Pulp Paper Print	Pulp, Paper and Print (combustion)
		1A2e food processing beverages and tobacco	Food & drink, tobacco (combustion)
		1A2f Non-metallic minerals	Cement production - combustion
			Lime production - non decarbonising
			Other industrial combustion
		1A2gvii Off-road vehicles and other machinery	Industrial off-road mobile machinery
		1A2gviii Other manufacturing industries and construction	Autogeneration - exported to grid
			Autogenerators
			Other industrial combustion
		1A4ai Commercial/Institutional	Miscellaneous industrial/commercial combustion
		2B1 Chemical Industry:Ammonia production	Ammonia production - combustion
		2B8g Petrochemical and carbon black production:Other	Chemicals (combustion)
		2D1 Lubricant Use	Industrial engines
			Other industrial combustion
		2D4 Other NEU	Non Energy Use: petroleum coke
		2E1 Integrated circuit or semiconductor	Electronics - HFC
			Electronics - NF 3
		2F1a Commercial refrigeration	Commercial Refrigeration
		2F1b Domestic refrigeration	Domestic Refrigeration
		2F1c Industrial refrigeration	Industrial Refrigeration
		2F1d Transport refrigeration	Refrigerated Transport
		2F1e Mobile air conditioning	Mobile Air Conditioning
		2F1f Stationary air conditioning	Stationary Air Conditioning
		2F2a Closed foam blowing agents	Foams
			Foams HFCs for the 2006 GLs
		2F2b Open foam blowing agents	One Component Foams
		2F3 Fire Protection	Firefighting
		2F5 Solvents	Precision cleaning - HFC
		2F6b Other Applications:Contained-Refrigerant containers	Refrigerant containers
		2G1 Electrical equipment	Electrical insulation
		2G2 Military applications	AWACS
		2G2 Particle accelerators	Particle accelerators
		2G2e Electronics and shoes	Electronics - PFC
			Electronics - SF 6
			Sporting goods
		2G2e Tracer gas	SF 6 used as a tracer gas
		2G3a Medical aplications	N 2O use as an anaesthetic
		5C2.2b Non-biogenic:Other	Accidental fires - other buildings
	Industrial Process	2A1 Cement Production	Cement - decarbonising
		2A2 Lime Production	Lime production - decarbonising
		2A3 Glass production	Glass - general
		2A4a Other process uses of carbonates:ceramics	Brick manufacture - all types
			Brick manufacture - Fletton
		2B1 Ammonia Production	Ammonia production - feedstock use of gas
		2B10 Chemical Industry:Other	Chemical industry - general
		2B2 Nitric Acid Production	Nitric acid production
		2B3 Adipic Acid Production	Adipic acid production
		2B6 Titanium dioxide production	Chemical industry - titanium dioxide
		2B7 Soda Ash Production	Chemical industry - soda ash
		2B8a Methanol production	Chemical industry - methanol
		2B8b Ethylene Production	Chemical industry - ethylene
		2B8c Ethylene Dichloride and Vinyl Chloride Monomer	Chemical Industry - ethylene dichloride
		2B8d Ethylene Oxide	Chemical industry - ethylene oxide
		2B8e Acrylonitrile	Chemical industry - acrylonitrile
		2B8f Carbon black production	Chemical industry - carbon black
		2B9a1 Fluorchemical production:By-product emissions	Halocarbons production - by-product
		2B9b3 Fluorchemical production:Fugitive emissions	Halocarbons production - fugitive
		2C1a Steel	Basic oxygen furnaces
Electric arc furnaces
Ladle arc furnaces
2C1b Pig iron		Iron and steel - flaring
2C1d Sinter		Sinter production
2C3 Aluminium Production		Primary aluminium production - general
		Primary aluminium production - PFC emissions
2C4 Magnesium production		Magnesium cover gas
2C6 Zinc Production		Non-ferrous metal processes
2G3b N 2O from product uses: Other		Other food - cream consumption
2G4 Other product manufacture and use		Chemical Industry - other process sources
Residential	Residential	1A4bi Residential stationary	Domestic combustion
		1A4bii Residential:Off-road	House and garden machinery
		2D2 Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use:Paraffin wax use	Non-aerosol products - household products
		2F4a Metered dose inhalers	Metered dose inhalers
		2F4b Aerosols:Other	Aerosols - halocarbons
		5B1a composting municipal solid waste	Composting (household)
		5C2.2b Non-biogenic:Other	Accidental fires - dwellings
		5C2.2b Non-biogenic:Other Accidental fires (vehicles)	Accidental fires - vehicles
Waste Management	Waste Management	5A1a Managed Waste Disposal sites anaerobic	Landfill
		5B1a composting municipal solid waste	Total composting (non-household)
		5B2a Anaerobic digestion municipal solid waste	Anaerobic Digestion (other)
			Mechanical Biological Treatment
		5C1.1b Biogenic:Sewage sludge	Incineration - sewage sludge
		5C1.2a Non-biogenic:municipal solid waste	Incineration
		5C1.2b Non-biogenic:Clinical waste	Incineration - clinical waste
		5C1.2b Non-biogenic:Other Chemical waste	Incineration - chemical waste
		5D1 Domestic wastewater treatment	Sewage sludge decomposition
			Sewage sludge decomposition in private systems
		5D2 Industrial wastewater treatment	Industrial Waste Water Treatment
Development	Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry	4E1 Settlements remaining Settlements	Settlements remaining Settlements - Carbon stock change
			Settlements remaining Settlements - Direct N 2O emissions from N Mineralization/Immobilization
		4E2 1 Forest Land converted to Settlements	Forest Land converted to Settlements - Biomass Burning - Controlled Burning
			Forest Land converted to Settlements - Carbon stock change
			Forest Land converted to Settlements - Direct N 2O emissions from N Mineralization/Immobilization
		4E2 2 Cropland converted to Settlements	Cropland converted to Settlements - Carbon stock change
			Cropland converted to Settlements - Direct N 2O emissions from N Mineralization/Immobilization
		4E2 3 Grassland converted to Settlements	Grassland converted to Settlements - Carbon stock change
			Grassland converted to Settlements - Direct N 2O emissions from N Mineralization/Immobilization
Public Sector Buildings	Public	1A4ai Commercial/Institutional	Public sector combustion
Forestry	Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry	4A Forest Land	Forest Land - Drainage and rewetting and other management of organic and mineral soils
		4A1 Forest Land remaining Forest Land	Forest Land remaining Forest Land - Biomass Burning - Wildfires
			Forest Land remaining Forest Land - Carbon stock change
		4A2 1 Cropland converted to Forest Land	Cropland converted to Forest Land - Carbon stock change
		4A2 2 Grassland converted to Forest Land	Grassland converted to Forest Land - Carbon stock change
		4A2 4 Settlements converted to Forest Land	Settlements converted to Forest Land - Carbon stock change
		4A2 5 Other land converted to Forest Land	Other land converted to Forest Land - Carbon stock change
		4A2 Land converted to Forest Land	Direct N 2O emission from N fertilisation of forest land
		4G Harvested Wood Products	HWP Produced and Consumed Domestically - Carbon stock change
			HWP Produced and Exported - Carbon stock change

Why are some greenhouse gas emissions not considered in this statistics release?

The methods used to compile the Scottish Greenhouse Gas Inventory are consistent with international reporting and are therefore comparable to the greenhouse gas emission estimates reported by all other EU Member States and other Annex 1 parties ^[25] to the UNFCCC. All countries estimate and submit their greenhouse gas inventory estimates to be consistent with methods set out in international guidance for national inventory methods from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC), known as the IPCC (2006) guidelines. The IPCC (2006) guidelines state that national inventories should report on all anthropogenic (human) emissions and removals of greenhouse gas emissions, as a result of human activities within a country's territorial sphere.

However, there are some emissions and removals of carbon dioxide that occur as a result of short-cycle biogenic processes. This biocarbon has only recently been abstracted from the atmosphere before it is then re-released as carbon dioxide. In accordance with the IPCC (2006) guidelines, these emissions and sinks are therefore excluded from the greenhouse gas inventory, as they could lead to double counting. If countries do choose to estimate these biocarbon emissions, they are reported outside of the national inventory total, as a memo item to that country's submission to the UNFCCC. This means that some sources and sinks of greenhouse gases are not included in the Scottish and UK inventory totals.

Examples of reasons for why some sources and sinks of greenhouse gases are not included in the greenhouse gas inventory

1. Due to short-cycle biocarbon (carbon only been recently abstracted from the atmosphere)

• Carbon dioxide ( CO ₂) emissions from biomass combustion. For example, this includes CO ₂ emissions from biomass power stations
• Process emissions in food and drink production. These include CO ₂ emissions from brewing, fermenting and malting and in the production of food.
• CO ₂ emissions from biodegradable waste to landfill. Emissions are not estimated where they arise from biogenic sources of waste such as food. Fossil-derived organic matter (such as plastic) is assumed to be non-biodegradable and there are no emissions associated with its decomposition.

However, methane ( CH ₄) emissions from biodegradable waste sent to landfill are considered in these greenhouse gas statistics as they are formed by the anaerobic (oxygen-free) decay of organic matter in solid waste disposal sites.

2. Where there has been no anthropogenic influence

• Natural accumulation and storage of carbon in peatland. For emissions or removals of peatland to be considered for IPCC reporting, they require humans to alter the peatland - either through wetland drainage, rewetting, peatland extraction or through another land use change. The UK and Scotland has elected to include the IPCC (2006) Wetlands Supplement as part of their inventory reporting: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/home/wetlands.html http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/wetlands/. The Wetlands Supplements will estimate the carbon effects of drainage and rewetting peatland, although these not categories will not be fully included in the greenhouse gas inventory for a number of years.

3. Beyond the territorial definitions as prescribed by the IPCC (2006) reporting requirements

• "Blue carbon". Blue carbon refers to the carbon captured by the world's oceans and coastal ecosystems. The carbon captured by living organisms in oceans is stored in the form of biomass and sediments from mangroves, salt marshes and seagrasses. However, it is worth pointing out that that coastal wetlands will included in the IPCC (2006) wetlands supplement when it becomes included in the greenhouse inventory.

Glossary

Adjusted emissions

Greenhouse gas emissions that have taken into account purchases/sales through the EU ETS. Adjusted emissions may be higher or lower than actual emitted emissions depending on the quantity of purchases or sales. Scottish Government emissions reduction targets are assessed using adjusted emissions.

Afforestation

The act or process of establishing a forest on land that has not been forested in recent history.

Baseline Period

Emissions reduction is based on a Baseline Period. For the greenhouse gases CO ₂, CH ₄ and N ₂O, 1990 was specified as the baseline. 1995 is the baseline for emissions of the F-gases.

Carbon dioxide ( CO ₂)

Carbon dioxide is one of the main gases responsible for climate change. It is mostly emitted through the oxidation of carbon in fossil fuels, e.g. burning coal.

Carbon sink

A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores CO ₂ for an indefinite period.

Climate change

Climate change is a long-term change in the earth's climate. This can be accelerated by human activity, e.g. by releasing CO ₂ into the atmosphere.

Deforestation

The removal of forest stands by cutting and burning to provide land for agricultural purposes, residential or industrial building sites, roads, etc., or the harvesting of trees for building materials or fuel.

EU ETS

The European Union Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading System ( EU ETS) is the largest multi-national emissions trading system in the world. Launched in 2005, the EU ETS is an EU policy aimed at mitigating climate change by limiting greenhouse gas emissions from industry sectors and aviation. Operating across Europe the system is mandatory for large energy-intensive industrial installations. Compared with 2005 levels, the EU ETS aims to deliver a 21 per cent reduction in emissions by 2020 and a 43 per cent reduction by 2030. Participants include more than 11,000 heavy energy-using installations in power generation, the manufacturing industry and airlines across 31 countries in the European Economic Area ( EEA).

Over 11,000 installations throughout the EU are covered by the system, accounting for around 45 per cent of the EU's total CO ₂ emissions.

The EU ETS began in 2005. Phase III started in January 2013 and runs to December 2020.

Fluorinated gases (F-gases)

F-gases are the generic name given to HFCs, PFCs, SF ₆ and NF ₃. These have been used as replacements for CFCs, which are ozone depleting substances that have been banned under the Montreal Protocol. They have very high global warming potentials.

Greenhouse effect

The greenhouse effect is the process by which heat from the sun is trapped within the Earth's atmosphere by greenhouse gases. This process is also known as radiative forcing.

Greenhouse gas

A greenhouse gas is a gas which absorbs infrared radiation emitted from the surface of the Earth, helping to retain a portion of that energy in the atmosphere as heat.

Global warming potential ( GWP)

GWP is a measure of how much a greenhouse gas is estimated to contribute to global warming. It is a relative scale which compares the potency of each gas to CO ₂.

Hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs)

HFCs are produced commercially as a substitute for chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons ( HCFCs). HFCs are largely used in refrigeration and insulating foam. Their Global Warming Potentials range from 12 to 14,800 times that of CO ₂, depending on the gas type.

Inventory

The inventory contains greenhouse gas emissions estimates for Scotland and the UK. The Inventory is a disaggregation of the UK Inventory, which is based on five major sectors: energy, industrial processes, agriculture, land-use, land-use change and forestry, and waste.

IPCC

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC) assesses the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of the risk of human-induced climate change. They provide advice to the UNFCCC on the scientific evidence and developments which are used to inform National Inventories.

LULUCF

Estimates of emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry ( LULUCF) depend critically on assumptions made on the rate of loss or gain of carbon in Scotland's carbon rich soils. In Scotland, LULUCF activities, taken as a whole, acts as a sink, absorbing more greenhouse gas emissions than it releases.

Methane ( CH ₄)

Methane is a greenhouse gas that is around 25 times more potent in the atmosphere than CO ₂ over a 100-year time horizon. Main sources include agriculture and landfill.

National Communication ( NC) Sectors

The UK NC sectors are agreed groupings of the more detailed sectors reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change by the UK. This report uses Scottish Government sectors. Mapping of these to NC sectors and IPCC sectors can be seen in Section E.

Nitrogen trifluoride ( NF ₃)

Nitrogen trifluoride is a greenhouse gas that is around 17,200 times more potent in the atmosphere than CO ₂ over a 100-year time horizon. The main source of nitrogen trifluoride is in the making of semiconductors.

Nitrous oxide ( N ₂O)

Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas that is around 298 times more potent in the atmosphere than CO ₂ over a 100-year time horizon. The main source is agricultural soil.

Other Petroleum Gas ( OPG)

This consists mainly of ethane plus some other hydrocarbons, excluding butane and propane.

Perfluorocarbons ( PFCs)

PFCs are a by-product of aluminium smelting. They are also the replacement for CFCs in manufacturing semiconductors. The Global Warming Potentials of PFCs ranges from 7,390 - 17,340 times that of CO ₂ over a 100-year time horizon.

Radiative forcing

An externally imposed perturbation in the radiative energy budget of the Earth's atmosphere. Such a perturbation can be brought about by changes in the concentrations of radiatively active species ( e.g. greenhouse gases), changes in the solar irradiance incident upon the planet, or other changes that affect the radiative energy absorbed by the surface ( e.g. changes in surface reflection properties).

Sequestration

The process by which carbon sinks remove carbon dioxide ( CO ₂) from the atmosphere.

Source ( UNFCCC definition)

Any process or activity which releases a greenhouse gas or a precursor greenhouse gas to the atmosphere.

Sulphur hexafluoride ( SF ₆)

It is largely used in heavy industry to insulate high-voltage equipment and to assist in the manufacturing of cable-cooling systems. Its global warming potential is 22,800 times that of CO ₂ over a 100-year time horizon.

UNFCCC

In 1992, the UNFCCC was adopted as the basis for a global response to climate change. The ultimate objective of the Convention is to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that will prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank our contractors, Ricardo- AEA, in consortium with Aether, Rothamsted Research and the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology for their invaluable support in compiling and improving the Scottish greenhouse gas inventory every year. Links to the Devolved Administrations inventories for each year can be found here: http://naei.defra.gov.uk/reports/reports?section_id=4