The Scottish Health Survey 2011: Volume 1 - Adults

GENERAL HEALTH AND MENTAL WELLBEING: REFERENCES AND NOTES

1. Inequalities in Health. Report of the Measuring Inequalities in Health Working Group. Measuring Inequalities in Health Working Group, 2003. [online] Available from: <www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/47171/0013513.pdf>

2. See: <www.scotland.gov.uk/About/Performance/scotPerforms/indicator/generalhealth>

3. See: <www.scotland.gov.uk/About/scotPerforms/indicator/wellbeing>

4. Scottish Budget Spending Review 2007, Edinburgh: Scottish Government, 2007. [online] Available from: <www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2007/11/13092240/0>

5. National Performance Framework: Changes to the National Indicator Set, Edinburgh: Scottish Government, 2012. [online] Available from: <www.scotland.gov.uk/About/scotPerforms/NIchanges> See also: <www.scotlandperforms.com>

6. Given, L. (2009). Chapter 1: General Health and Mental Wellbeing. In Bromley, C., Bradshaw, P. and Given, L. [eds.] The 2008 Scottish Health Survey - Volume 1: Main Report. Edinburgh, Scottish Government. <www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2009/09/28102003/0>

7. Given, L. (2010). Chapter 1: General Health and Mental Wellbeing. In Bromley, C., Given, L. and Ormston, R. [eds.] The 2009 Scottish Health Survey - Volume 1: Main Report. Edinburgh, Scottish Government. <www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2010/09/23154223/6>

8. McManus, S. (2011). Chapter 1: General Health and Mental Wellbeing. In Bromley, C. and Given, L. [eds.] The 2010 Scottish Health Survey - Volume 1: Main Report. Edinburgh, Scottish Government. <www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2011/09/27084018/6>

9. Equally Well - Report of the Ministerial Taskforce on Health Inequalities, Edinburgh: Scottish Government, 2008.

10. Towards a Mentally Flourishing Scotland: Scottish Government, 2009. Available from: www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2007/10/26112853/0

11. See: <www.chooselife.net/home/Home.asp>

12. National Suicide Prevention Working Group.(2010). Refreshing the national strategy and action plan to prevent suicide in Scotland. Edinburgh: Scottish Government. <www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2010/10/26112102/0>

13. The 2007 Better Health, Better Care action plan for improving health and health care in Scotland set out how NHS Scotland's HEAT performance management system (based around a series of targets against which the performance of its individual Boards are measured) would feed into the Government's overarching objectives. The HEAT targets derive their name from the four strands in the performance framework: the Health of the population; Efficiency and productivity, resources and workforce; Access to services and waiting times; and Treatment and quality of services.

14. HEAT Targets due for delivery in 2010/11 - Summary of performance. (2012). NHS Scotland Performance and Business Management. <www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0039/00391013.pdf>

15. Parkinson, J. (2007). Establishing a core set of national, sustainable mental health indicators for adults in Scotland: Final report. Glasgow: NHS Health Scotland.

16. A parallel set of national mental health indicators for children and young people has also been developed and is discussed in Volume 2 of this Report.

17. Stiglitz, J., Sen, A. and Fitoussi, J-P. (2009). Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress. <www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi.fr/documents/rapport_anglais.pdf>

18. Waldron, S. Measuring Subjective Wellbeing in the UK. London: Office for National Statistics, 2010.

19. Mental Health Strategy for Scotland: 2012-2015, Edinburgh: Scottish Government, 2012.

20. Idler, E.L. and Benyamini, Y. (1997). Self-rated health and mortality: a review of twenty-seven community studies. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour. 38 (1), 21-37.

21. Hanlon, P., Lawder, R., Elders, A., Clark, D., Walsh, D., Whyte, B. and Sutton, M. (2007). An analysis of the link between behavioural, biological and social risk factors and subsequent hospital admission in Scotland. Journal of Public Health. 29, 405-412.

22. The briefing paper on the development of WEMWBS is available online from: <www.wellscotland.info/indicators.html>

23. Stewart-Brown, S. and Janmohamed, K. (2008). Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS). User Guide Version 1. Warwick and Edinburgh: University of Warwick and NHS Health Scotland.

24. The translation was carried out solely to ensure that speakers of other languages were not excluded from the Scottish Health Survey. There were insufficient numbers of non-English speaking people in the sample to enable comparisons of their health with the rest of the population. As the primary intention was to prevent the exclusion of people due to language barriers, the translated WEMWBS questions were not subject to the full extent of validation that would need to take place if the questionnaire was being used to assess wellbeing in a whole population of non-English speakers. It is therefore possible that the translated WEMWBS scale (and other questions in the survey) is not directly comparable to the English version. However, the number of interviews that used translated materials was judged to be too small to affect the national estimates presented here so all cases have been included in the analysis.

25. A subset of the stress at work questions was selected for use in the chapter. The question wording for these items was:

I have unrealistic time pressures at work
I have a choice in deciding how I do my work
Answer options: Always, Often, Sometimes, Seldom, Never

My line manager encourages me at work
I get the help and support I need from colleagues at work
Answer options: Strongly agree, tend to agree, neutral, tend to disagree, strongly disagree, does not apply.

How satisfied are you with the balance between the time you spend on your paid work and the time you spend on other aspects of your life? Please take your answer from this card.
Answer options: 0- Extremely dissatisfied, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10- Extremely satisfied

In general, how do you find your job?
Answer options: Not at all stressful, mildly stressful, moderately stressful, very stressful, extremely stressful.

26. Siegrist, J, Starke, D, Chandola, T, Godin, I, Marmot, M, Niedhammer, I, Peter, R. (2004) The measurement of effort-reward imbalance at work: European comparisons. Soc Sci Med. 58(8):1483-99.

27. Karasek, R, Brisson, C, Kawakami, N, Houtman, I, Bongers, P, Amick, B. (1998) The Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ): An instrument for internationally comparative assessments of psychosocial job characteristics. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(4), 322-355.

28. The question wording was:

Have you personally been unfairly treated or discriminated against in the last 12 months, that is since (date 12 months ago), for any of the reasons on this card?

Have you personally experienced harassment or abuse in the last 12 months, that is since (date 12 months ago), for any of the reasons on this card?

Answer options: your accent, your ethnicity, your age, your language, your colour, your nationality, your mental ill-health, any other health problems or disability, your sex, your religious beliefs or faith, your sexual orientation, where you live, other reason, I have not experienced this.

29. Blanchflower, DG and Oswald, AJ. (2007) Is well-being U-shaped over the life cycle? Working Paper. Coventry: University of Warwick, Department of Economics.

30. Lewis, G. & Pelosi, A. J. (1990) Manual of the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule CIS-R. London: Institute of Psychiatry; Lewis G, Pelosi AJ, Araya R, Dunn G. (1992) Measuring psychiatric disorder in the community; a standardised assessment for use by lay interviewers. Psychological Medicine, 22, 465-486.

31. The nurse interview is conducted with one adult at a time, whereas the main interview can be conducted concurrently with up to four household members present. It was therefore easier to ensure that these questions could be answered in confidence. Nurses were also thought to be better placed to handle very sensitive topics such as these than interviewers conducting a general health survey who would have required additional specialist briefing. A leaflet with various help lines was handed to all participants in the nurse visit. From 2012, these questions are included in the biological module of the survey, conducted by specially trained interviewers, and will be completed by participants using a self-completion computer aided questionnaire.

32. The HEAT targets derive their name from the four strands in the performance framework: the Health of the population; Efficiency and productivity, resources and workforce; Access to services and waiting times; and Treatment and quality of services.

33. In 2011, the National Records of Scotland (NRS) changed its coding practice to take account of changes made by the World Health Organisation (WHO) to coding rules for certain causes of death. As a result there is a difference in how death data were coded for 2011 compared to previous years, with some deaths previously coded under 'mental and behavioural disorders' now being classed as 'self-poisoning of undetermined intent' and consequently as suicides. The figures presented are based on the new coding rules. Further details available from: http://www.scotpho.org.uk/health-wellbeing-and-disease/suicide/data/national-trends

34. For estimates of deaths by suicide in Scotland in 2011 see: http://www.scotpho.org.uk/health-wellbeing-and-disease/suicide/data/national-trends

35. McManus S, Meltzer H, Brugha T, Bebbington P, Jenkins R (eds) (2009). Adult Psychiatric Morbidity in England 2007: results of a household survey. The NHS Information Centre.