Scottish Health Survey 2013 - volume 1: main report

References and notes

1 Mathers, C., Stevens, G. and Mascarenhas, M. Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009. <http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GlobalHealthRisks_report_full.pdf>

2 Grant, I., Springbett, A., and Graham, L. Alcohol attributable mortality and morbidity: alcohol population attributable fractions for Scotland, 2009. ISD Scotland/Scottish Public Health Observatory. <www.scotpho.org.uk/downloads/scotphoreports/scotpho090630_alcoholfractions_rep.pdf>

3 http://www.scotpho.org.uk/behaviour/alcohol/data/health-harm

4 http://www.isdscotland.org/Health-Topics/Drugs-and-Alcohol-Misuse/Publications/datatables.asp?id=1203#1203

5 Beeston C., Robinson M., Craig, N and Graham, L. Monitoring and Evaluating Scotland's Alcohol Strategy. Setting the Scene: Theory of change and baseline picture. Edinburgh: NHS Health Scotland; 2011. <www.healthscotland.com/documents/5072.aspx>

6 Beeston, C., McAuley, A., Robinson, M., Craig, N., and Graham, L (on behalf of the MESAS project team). Monitoring and Evaluating Scotland's Alcohol Strategy. 2nd Annual Report. Edinburgh: NHS Health Scotland; 2012. <www.healthscotland.com/documents/6182.aspx>

7 http://www.healthscotland.com/uploads/documents/22621-MESAS%203rd%20annual%20report%206.12.13.pdf

8 Hope, A., Curran, J., Bell, G. & Platts, A. (2013). Unrecognised and under-reported: the impact of alcohol on people other than the drinker in Scotland. Glasgow, Scotland: Alcohol Focus Scotland. www.alcohol-focus-scotland.org.uk

9 http://www.sps.gov.uk/Publications/Publication-5335.aspx

10 Scottish Emergency Department Alcohol Audit (SEDAA) Group (2006a). Understanding Alcohol Misuse in Scotland: Harmful Drinking: One: the size of the problem. NHS Quality Improvement Scotland, Edinburgh.

11 Changing Scotland's relationship with alcohol use: a discussion paper on our strategic approach. Scottish Government, 2008.

12 http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0039/00395549.pdf

13 York Health Economics Consortium. The Societal Cost of Alcohol Misuse in Scotland for 2007. Scottish Government; 2010. <www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2009/12/29122804/21>

14 http://www.scotcen.org.uk/media/338791/ssa-2013-alcohol-report-final.pdf

15 Further information on Scotland Performs can be found at : www.scotland.gov.uk/About/Performance/scotPerforms

16 http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2009/03/04144703/0

17 Alcohol (Minimum Pricing) (Scotland) Act 2012. See: <http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2012/4/pdfs/asp_20120004_en.pdf>

18 Meier, P., Meng, Y., Hill-McManus, D. and Brennan, A. Model-Based Appraisal Of Alcohol Minimum Pricing And Off-Licensed Trade Discount Bans In Scotland Using The Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model (V 2):- Second Update Based On Newly Available Data. University of Sheffield; 2012 Available from: <www.shef.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.156503!/file/scotlandjan.pdf>

19 SPICe Briefing 12/34. 17 May 2012. Alcohol (Minimum Pricing) (Scotland) Bill: Stage 3. Scottish Parliament Information Centre. Available from: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefingsAndFactsheets/S4/SB_12-34.pdf

20 Beeston C, Reid G, Robinson M, Craig N, McCartney G, Graham L, Grant I. Monitoring and Evaluating Scotland's Alcohol Strategy. Third Annual Report. Edinburgh: NHS Health Scotland; 2013.

21 Maclennan B, Kypri K, Lamgley J, Room R. Non-response bias in a community survey of drinking, alcohol-related experiences and public opinion on alcohol policy. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 126 (1-2):189-94

22 Caetano R. (2001) Non-response in alcohol and drug surveys: a research topic in need of further attention. Addiction 96:1541-5.

23 Fartein Ask Torvik, Kamilla Rognmo, Kristian Tambs Alcohol use and mental distress as predictors of non-response in a general population health survey: the HUNT study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2012 May; 47(5): 805-816. Published online 2011 May 5. doi: 10.1007/s00127-011-0387-3

24 Robinson, M., Beeston, C.. Monitoring and Evaluating Scotland's Alcohol Strategy (MESAS) - An update of alcohol sales and price band analyses. Edinburgh: NHS Health Scotland; 2013. Available from: <www.healthscotland.com/documents/21782.aspx>

25 www.scotland.gov.uk/scottishhealthsurvey

26 https://gss.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Comparability-Report-Final.pdf

27 Reid, S. (2009). Chapter 3: Alcohol consumption. In Bromley, C., Bradshaw, P. and Given, L. [eds.] The 2008 Scottish Health Survey - Volume 1: Main Report. Edinburgh: Scottish Government. <www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2009/09/28102003/0>

28 For participants aged 16 and 17, details on alcohol consumption were collected as part of a special smoking and drinking self-completion questionnaire. Some 18 and 19 year olds also completed the self-completion if the interviewer felt it was appropriate. For all other adult participants, the information was collected as part of the face-to-face interview. The method of estimating consumption follows that originally developed for use in the General Household Survey and is also used in the Health Survey for England. For six types of alcoholic drink (normal strength beer/lager/cider/shandy, strong beer/lager/cider, spirits/liqueurs, fortified wines, wine, and alcoholic soft drinks), participants were asked about how often they had drunk each one in the past twelve months, and how much they had usually drunk on any one day. The amount given to the latter question was converted into units of alcohol, with a unit equal to half a pint of normal strength beer/lager/cider/alcoholic soft drink, a single measure of spirits, one glass of wine, or one small glass of fortified wine. A half pint of strong beer/lager/cider was equal to 1.5 units. The number of units was then multiplied by the frequency to give an estimate of weekly consumption of each type of drink. The frequency multipliers were:

Drinking frequency	Multiplying factor
Almost every day	7.0
5 or 6 times a week	5.5
3 or 4 times a week	3.5
Once or twice a week	1.5
Once or twice a month	0.375
One every couple months	0.115
Once or twice a year	0.029

The separate consumption figures for each type of drink were rounded to two decimal places and then added together to give an overall weekly consumption figure. The results were then banded, using the same bands as the ones used in the 1995 Scottish Health Survey and in all years of the Health Survey for England. The bandings for men are as follows:
1 Under 1 unit (less than or equal to 0.50 units)
2 1-10 units (over 0.50 units, but less than or equal to 10.00 units)
3 Over 10-21 units (over 10.00 units, but less than or equal to 21.00 units)
4 Over 21-35 units (over 21.00 units, but less than or equal to 35.00 units)
5 Over 35-50 units (over 35.00 units, but less than or equal to 50.00 units)
6 Over 50 (over 50.00 units)
The bands for women were similar, but with breaks at 7, 14, 21 and 35 units, instead of 10, 21, 35 and 50.

29 Participants were first asked if they had drunk alcohol in the past seven days. If they had, they were asked on how many days and, if on more than one, whether they had drunk the same amount on each day or more on one day than others. If they had drunk more on one day than others, they were asked how much they drank on that day. If they had drunk the same on several days, they were asked how much they drank on the most recent of those days. If they had drunk on only one day, they were asked how much they had drunk on that day.

30 See for example the North West Public Health Observatory's Local Alcohol Profiles for England, which use these definitions - <http://www.nwph.net/nwpho/>

31 Babor, T.F., Higgins-Biddle, J.C., Saunders, J.B. and Monteiro, M.G. AUDIT - The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test - Guidelines for Use in Primary Care, Second Edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001.

32 AUDIT questionnaire

Questions	0	1	2	3	4
1. How often do you have a drink containing alcohol?	Never	Monthly or less	2-4 times a month	2-3 times a week	4 or more times a week
2. How many drinks containing alcohol do you have on a typical day when you are drinking?	1 or 2	3 or 4	5 or 6	7 to 9	10 or more
3. How often do you have six or more drinks on one occasion?	Never	Less than monthly	Monthly	Weekly	Daily or almost daily
4. How often during the last year have you found that you were not able to stop drinking once you had started?	Never	Less than monthly	Monthly	Weekly	Daily or almost daily
5. How often during the last year have you failed to do what was normally expected of you because of drinking?	Never	Less than monthly	Monthly	Weekly	Daily or almost daily
6. How often during the last year have you needed a first drink in the morning to get yourself going after a heavy drinking session?	Never	Less than monthly	Monthly	Weekly	Daily or almost daily
7. How often during the last year have you had a feeling of guilt or remorse after drinking?	Never	Less than monthly	Monthly	Weekly	Daily or almost daily
8. How often during the last year have you been unable to remember what happened the night before because of your drinking?	Never	Less than monthly	Monthly	Weekly	Daily or almost daily
9. Have you or someone else been injured because of your drinking?	No		Yes, but not in the last year		Yes, during the last year
10. Has a relative, friend, doctor, or other health care worker been concerned about your drinking last year?	No		Yes, but not in the last year		Yes, during the last year