Scottish Health Survey 2013 - volume 1: main report

References and notes

1 World Health Organisation. Fact Sheet No 311 Obesity and Overweight. WHO, Geneva, 2012. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/index.html

2 Moody A. Adult anthropemetric measures, overweight and obesity. Chapter 10 in Craig R, Mindell J (eds). Health Survey for England 2012. Volume 1: Health, social care and lifestyles. Health and Social Care Information Centre, Leeds, 2013.

3 Oude Luttikhuis, H. et al. (2009). Interventions for treating obesity in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1, CD001872.

4 Summerbell, C. D. et al. (2005). Interventions for preventing obesity in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3, CD001871.

5 Nathan, B. M. and Moran, A. (2008). Metabolic complications of obesity in childhood and adolescence: more than just diabetes. Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity. 15(1): 21-29.

6 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network Management of Obesity - A National Clinical Guideline. SIGN guideline no. 115. Edinburgh: SIGN, 2010. http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/115/index.html

7 Grant, I., Fischbacher, C., and Whyte, B. (2007). Obesity in Scotland - An Epidemiology Briefing. Edinburgh: NHS National Services Scotland/Scottish Public Health Observatory. www.scotpho.org.uk/home/Publications/scotphoreports/pub_obesityinscotland.asp

8 Anstey, K. J., Cherbuin, N., Budge, M., and Young, J. (2011). Body mass index in midlife and late-life as a risk factor for dementia: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Obesity Reviews 12(5): e426-37.

9 Xu, W. L., Atti, A. R., Gatz, M., Pedersen, N. L., Johansson, B., and Fratiglioni, L. (2011). Midlife overweight and obesity increase late-life dementia risk: a population-based twin study. Neurology 76(18): 1568-74.

10 Loef, M. and Walach, H. (2013). Midlife obesity and dementia: meta-analysis and adjusted forecast of dementia prevalence in the United States and China. Obesity 21(1): e51-5.

11 Preventing Overweight and Obesity in Scotland: A Route Map Towards Healthy Weight Edinburgh: the Scottish Government, 2010. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2010/02/17140721/0

12 Health Analytical Services Scottish Government and Information and Statistics Division, NHS National Services Scotland (2011). Indicators to Monitor Progress of the Obesity Route Map. Edinburgh: Scottish Government. www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/346011/0115167.pdf

13 Available from: www.scotland.gov.uk/About/scotPerforms/indicator/healthyweight

14 The HEAT targets derive their name from the four strands in the performance framework: the Health of the population; Efficiency and productivity, resources and workforce; Access to services and waiting times; and Treatment and quality of services.

15 See: www.scotland.gov.uk/About/scotPerforms/partnerstories/NHSScotlandperformance/childhealthyweight

16 https://isdscotland.scot.nhs.uk/Health-Topics/Child-Health/Publications/2014-07-29/2014-07-29-ChildHealthyWeight-Summary.pdf?34925478697

17 Parkinson, J. (2012). Establishing a Core Set of National, Sustainable Mental Health Indicators for Children and Young People in Scotland: Final Report. Glasgow: NHS Health Scotland. http://www.healthscotland.com/documents/5878.aspx

18 See: www.takelifeon.co.uk

19 See: www.legacy2014.co.uk/what-is-legacy/legacy-programmes

20 See: www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/ArtsCultureSport/Sport/MajorEvents/Glasgow-2014/Commonwealth-games/Indicators/PAIP

21 Keith, SW, Fontaine KR, Pajewski NM, Metha, T, Allison D. Use of self-reported height and weight biases the body mass index-mortality association. International Journal of Obesity. 2011; 35:401-8.

22 Merrill RM, Richardson JS. Validity of Self-Reported Height, Weight and Body Mass Index: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2006. Preventing Chronic Disease, 2009; 61-10.

23 www.scotland.gov.uk/scottishhealthsurvey

24 https://gss.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Comparability-Report-Final.pdf

25 The Frankfort Plane is an imaginary line passing through the external ear canal and across the top of the lower bone of the eye socket, immediately under the eye. Participants' heads are positioned with the Frankfort Plane in a horizontal position when height is measured using a stadiometer as a means of ensuring that, as far as possible, the measurements taken are standardised.

26 These cut-offs differ to those used in the previous surveys. In 1995 and 1998 the normal weight range was defined as 20-25 kg/m2, in 2003 it was changed to 18.5-25 kg/m2. From 2008 onwards the ranges are defined as set out below. This brings the definition in line with WHO recommendations. The impact of the change of definition is very marginal as very few people have a BMI measurement that is exactly 18.5, 25, 30 or 40 kg/m2.

	2003	2008 onwards
Underweight	18.5 or under	Less than 18.5
Normal weight	Over 18.5 - 25	18.5 to less than 25
Overweight	Over 25 - 30	25 to less than 30
Obese	Over 30 - 40	30 to less than 40
Morbidly obese	Over 40	40+

27 For a full review of obesity measures see: National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (2006). CG43 Obesity: Full Guideline, Section 2: Identification and Classification. See: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/index.jsp?action=download&o=38295

28 Romero-Corral, A. et al (2008). Accuracy of body mass index in diagnosing obesity in the adult general population. International Journal of Obesity 32: 959-966.

29 Lean M, Han T, Morrison C. Waist circumference as a measure for indicating need for weight management. BMJ 1995; 311:158-61.

30 Schneider HJ, Friedrich N, Klotsche J et al. The predictive value of different measures of obesity for incident cardiovascular events and mortality. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 201; 95(4):1777-1785.

31 National Institutes of Health. Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health 2001. NIH Publication 01-3670.

32 A high waist circumference of 94 cm for men is equivalent to one of 94.6cm following the interviewer protocol. A very high waist circumference of 102 cm is equivalent to one of 102.75cm. A high waist circumference of 80cm for women is equivalent to one of 82.4cm following the interviewer protocol. A very high waist circumference of 88cm is equivalent to one of 91.35cm.

33 Flegal KM. Waist circumference of healthy men and women in the United States. Int J Obes. 2007;31:1134-9.

34 Bellizzi MC, Dietz WH. Workshop on childhood obesity: summary of the discussion. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999; 70:173S-175

35 Daniels, S. R., Khoury, P. R. and Morrison, J. A. (1997). The utility of body mass index as a measure of body fatness in children and adolescents: Differences by race and gender. Pediatrics 99: 804-807.

36 Cole, T., Freeman, J.V. and Preece, M.A. (1990). Body mass index reference curves for the UK. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 73, 25-29.

37 Cole, T., Freeman, J.V. and Preece, M.A. (1998). British 1990 growth reference centiles for weight, height, body mass index and head circumference fitted by maximum penalised likelihood. Statistics in Medicine. 17, 407-429.

38 Reilly, J. J. (2002). Assessment of childhood obesity: National reference data or international approach? Obesity Research 10: 838-840.

39 Reilly, J. J., Wilson, M. L., Summerbell, C. D., and Wilson, D. C. (2002). Obesity: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment; evidence based answers to common questions. Archives of Disease in Childhood 86: 392-395.

40 Jotangia, D., Moody, A., Stamatakis, E., et al. (2005). Obesity Among Children Under 11. London: Department of Health in collaboration with the Health and Social Care Information Centre. See: http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/5841/1/dh_065358.pdf

41 Reilly, J., Dorosty, A., and Emmett, P. (1999). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in British children: cohort study. British Medical Journal. 319: 1039.

42 Bundred, P., Kitciner, D. and Buchan, I. (2001). Prevalence of overweight and obese children between 1989 and 1998: population based series of cross sectional studies. British Medical Journal 322: 1-4.

43 Rudolf, M. C. J., Sahota, P., Barth, J. H., and Walker, J. (2001). Increasing prevalence of obesity in primary school children: cohort study. British Medical Journal 322: 1094-1095.

44 This method has been developed by ISD Scotland, full details of the procedure are available on request from the Scottish Government Scottish Health Survey Team.

45 See: www.scotland.gov.uk/About/scotPerforms/indicator/healthyweight

46 Gray, Linsay., and Leyland, H.Alastair (2013) Chapter 7: Obesity in Scottish Health Survey 2012: Volume 1. See: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0043/00434590.pdf