Scottish House Condition Survey 2015: Key Findings

4. Fuel Poverty

• In 2015 fuel poverty declined by about 4 percentage points compared to 2014: 30.7% or around 748,000 households were fuel poor and 8.3% (or 203,000 households) were living in extreme fuel poverty ( Table 29). This is a reduction of 97,000 households compared to 2014 when 34.9% or 845,000 households were fuel poor.
• Just over half (2.3 percentage points) of the reduction in fuel poverty rates between 2014 and 2015 can be attributed to the drop in the price of domestic fuels over this period. Around a third (1.3 points) can be attributed to improvements in the energy efficiency performance of the housing stock and the rest (0.6 points) can be explained by higher household incomes.
• Around half (52%) of fuel poor households have incomes above the poverty threshold, defined as £291 per week before housing costs for a couple without children ( section 4.5).

Figure 18: Fuel Poverty and Extreme Fuel Poverty since 2003/4

Note: Energy requirement underpinning fuel poverty estimate modelled on the following basis: 2003/4 - 2009: BREDEM - 12; 2010 - 2013: BREDEM 2012 v.1.0 and 2014 and 2015: BREDEM 2012 v.1.1.

4.1 Definition and Measurement of Fuel Poverty

136. As set out in the Scottish Fuel Poverty Statement, a household is in fuel poverty if, in order to maintain a satisfactory heating regime, it would be required to spend more than 10% of its income on all household fuel use ^[41] .

137. Under the 2001 Housing (Scotland) Act (section 88), the Scottish Government was committed to eradicating fuel poverty as far as practically possible by November 2016 ^[42] .

138. Extreme fuel poverty indicates that a household would have to spend more than 20% of its income to maintain a satisfactory heating regime.

139. A satisfactory heating regime is defined as follows:

• For "vulnerable" households ^[43] , 23°C in the living room (zone 1) and 18°C in other rooms (zone 2), for 16 hours in every 24.
• For other households, this is 21°C in the living room (zone 1) and 18°C in other rooms (zone 2) for 9 hours a day during the week and 16 hours a day during the weekend.

140. Although space heating is the largest component of the energy spend which underpins the fuel poverty estimate, there are other types of energy use that are also taken into account, such as water heating, lighting and appliance use, and cooking. These types of energy expenditure are estimated on the basis of a standard set of behavioral assumptions and do not reflect the actual energy use of the household, which may vary considerably depending on personal preference and priorities relative to other types of household expenditure.

141. Figure 19 shows that in 2015, on average, around 74% of the modelled household energy demand was from space heating, 13% from water heating, 11% from lighting and appliance usage, and 3% was accounted for by cooking.

142. The energy costs of maintaining a satisfactory heating regime and other uses of energy are modelled using data from the physical inspection of dwellings and the household interview conducted as part of the SHCS, as well as information on consumer fuel prices. The methodology for modelling the cost of energy use was updated for the 2014 Key Findings report and details were provided in the accompanying Methodology Notes ^[44] . The current report is based on the same method. The cost of the energy requirement includes an allowance for the bill rebate provided under the Warm Home Discount ( WHD) scheme and the £12 contribution of the Government Electricity Rebate (GER) delivered in Autumn 2015 to all electricity customers ^[45] .

Figure 19: Average Household Energy Consumption by End Use, 2015

Note: Figures do not add to 100% due to rounding

4.2 Fuel Poverty and Extreme Fuel Poverty

143. Between 2014 and 2015 the rate of fuel poverty declined by around 4 percentage points. In 2015 there were around 748,000 fuel poor households representing 30.7% percent of all households. The number of fuel poor households fell by about 97,000 compared to 2014 when 34.9%, or around 845,000 households, were living in fuel poverty ( Table 29).

144. This is the lowest rate recorded by the survey since 2008.

145. Around 203,000 households, or 8.3% were living in extreme fuel poverty in 2015, compared to 229,000 households (or 9.5%) in the previous year.

Table 29: Estimates of Fuel Poverty and Extreme Fuel Poverty since 2011

	Fuel Poverty		Extreme Fuel Poverty
	000s	%	000s	%
2011	779	32.9%	209	8.8%
Oct 2011	911	38.5%	257	10.9%
2012	824	34.5%	222	9.3%
2013	860	35.8%	236	9.8%
2014	845	34.9%	229	9.5%
2015	748	30.7%	203	8.3%

Note: There are some discontinuities in the underlying methods as follows: figures for 2011 and 2012 allow for WHD adjustment only; 2013 include WHD and price source adjustment; 2014 and 2015 include WHD and price source adjustment and an updated BREDEM model

4.3 Drivers and Trends

146. Fuel poverty is affected by levels of household income, the price of fuel and the energy efficiency of housing. It is distinct from poverty in that, while low income is an important driver, it is not a prerequisite. As shown in Table 35, fuel poor households are found in all income bands. Around 15% of all fuel poor households had weekly income above £400 before housing cost, which places nearly all of these households in the top half of the income distribution ( Table 35). Fuel poverty also depends on the condition of the home and the cost of energy for space and water heating, cooking, lighting and running appliances.

147. In Table 30 and Figure 20 we have constructed indexes to compare trends in the three key drivers of fuel poverty since 2003. Measures of energy efficiency and household incomes are derived from SHCS data. The fuel price index is constructed from BEIS quarterly prices as described in section 4.3.1. Prices and incomes are presented in nominal, cash terms.

Figure 20: Trends in Fuel Price, Energy Efficiency and Median Income, 2003/4 - 2015

Note: All values indexed to 100 in 2003/4. Data for this chart are provided in Table 33. Fuel Price index constructed as described in section 4.4.1.
Fuel poverty energy requirement modelled on the following basis: 2003/4 - 2009: BREDEM - 12; 2010 - 2013: BREDEM 2012 v.1.0; 2014 and 2015: BREDEM 2012 v.1.1.
Fuel poverty costs as follows: 2011 and 2012 include WHD adjustment only; 2013, 2014 and 2015 include WHD and price source adjustments.

148. Since 2003 the proportion of dwellings rated A-D has increased by 37% and median household income has grown by 36%. Fuel prices have risen much faster, so that by 2015 they were more than two and half times (170%) their level in 2003.

149. Until 2012 the increase in fuel poverty has broadly mirrored the growth in the fuel price index ^[46] . Between 2013 and 2014 the rate of fuel poverty did not increase in line with the rise in the average fuel price index, and there are a number of factors that may have contributed ^[47] . In the last year, the decline in the price of fuel was reflected in a reduction in the fuel poverty rate.

Table 30: Fuel Price, Energy Efficiency and Income Indices

Key Drivers of Fuel Poverty: Indices 2003/4=100
Survey year	Fuel poverty		Fuel Price Index		EE: A-D rated		Median income
	%	Ix	Ix	Rebased	%	Ix	£	Ix
2003/4	16.0	100	47	100	62%	100	16,000	100
2004/5	18.9	118	52	110	65%	104	16,000	101
2005/6	24.7	154	60	126	69%	111	17,000	105
2007	26.5	166	79	167	69%	111	18,000	113
2008	27.2	170	95	201	71%	114	18,000	113
2009	34.4	215	103	218	72%	116	18,000	115
2010	34.7	217	100	211	73%	118	18,000	114
2011	32.9	206	111	236	77%	124	20,000	123
Oct 2011	38.5	240	122	259	77%	124	20,000	123
2012	34.5	216	121	257	80%	129	20,000	128
2013	35.8	224	130	275	81%	130	20,000	128
2014	34.9	218	135	286	83%	134	22,000	136
2015	30.7	192	128	270	85%	137	22,000	136

Source: BEIS Quarterly Prices; SHCS.
Note: Fuel poverty rates shown on BREDEM-12 basis (old energy model) up to 2009 and on BREDEM 2012 basis (new energy model) from 2010.
EE ratings shown on SAP 2005 basis up to 2009 and on SAP 2009 basis from 2010.

4.3.1 Fuel Costs

150. Data published by the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy ( BEIS) on the price of key fuels enables us to construct time series for the price of fuels for the average Scottish household over the longer term.

151. Using information from SHCS about the fuels used for space and water heating we can weigh the national quarterly fuel price indices published by BEIS ^[48] and produce an average index value for the price of the heating fuel requirement for Scotland. The results are shown in Figure 21.

152. Since the majority of Scottish households heat their properties with gas (79%), the national average index follows the gas index closely. Between 2003 and 2014 the price of the fuel mix required by the average Scottish household almost trebled. Between 2014 and 2015 the average index fell by 5.6%, primarily due to the drop in the price of oil and gas.

Figure 21: BEIS Fuel Price Indices and a Weighted Average for Scotland: 2003 - 2016

153. BEIS has published fuel price data up to September 2016. As in reality fuel use changes slowly, we assume that the fuel mix in Scotland in 2015 remains the same in order to provide a complete series into 2016. In the third quarter of 2016 the composite price of heating fuels continued to fall. This amounts to approximately 5.4% decrease on average 2015 levels to September 2016 ( Table 31).

Table 31: BEIS Current Fuel Price Indices and a Weighted Average for Scotland: 2003/04 - September 2016

Year	Current fuel price indices
	Gas	Electricity	Liquid fuels	Solid fuels	Other fuels	Weighted Average
2003/04	45.7	55.5	38.7	53.7	50.6	47.3
2004/05	50.1	60.0	51.0	57.7	55.4	52.0
2005/06	57.4	66.3	69.5	63.0	62.7	59.7
2007	78.1	84.9	73.2	71.4	81.2	78.8
2008	93.4	98.1	109.3	84.9	96.2	95.1
2009	105.9	102.6	77.0	100.0	102.9	103.2
2010	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
2011	110.9	107.3	126.6	104.8	110.0	111.5
Oct 2011	123.2	114.9	128.5	109.7	119.6	122.3
2012	122.5	113.4	130.5	108.6	118.7	121.5
2013	131.9	121.7	130.8	110.2	127.2	130.2
2014	138.2	128.5	116.0	113.2	132.8	135.2
2015	131.9	128.0	81.8	113.5	128.4	127.6
to Sep 2016	124.5	127.7	68.2	112.8	124.5	120.7

BEIS Quarterly Energy Prices, Table 2.1.3. Indices supplied with 2010 = 100 https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/monthly-domestic-energy-price-stastics
Weighted average based on SHCS heating fuel use proportions, 2003/4 to 2015. 2016 proportions assumed unchanged from 2015.

4.3.2 Household Income

The SHCS is not designed to capture income comprehensively. Whole household income is not recorded, only that of the highest income householder and their partner. Income is reported in nominal terms and is not equivalised to take into account that households of different size and composition have different needs. Figures in this section therefore may not align with official statistics on household income and inequality.

154. In 2015, 50% of households earned £21,600 or more after tax, which was unchanged from 2014. This median income has increased by 19% in cash terms since 2010 (representing around £3,500).

155. Between 2014 and 2015 there was a 2% nominal increase in the average income of the surveyed households ( Table 32). This was not uniform across the distribution. There was a small decrease for the bottom income decile, and increase in the 2 ^nd and 3 ^rd bottom income deciles, while around the middle of the distribution average income remained broadly unchanged. The largest increase was observed in the second highest income decile.

Table 32: Mean Annual Income in Each Decile Group, SHCS 2014-2015

Income Decile	Year		Percentage change
	2014	2015
1	£6,700	£6,500	-3%
2	£11,000	£11,200	2%
3	£13,700	£14,000	2%
4	£16,600	£16,800	1%
5	£19,800	£19,900	0%
6	£23,700	£23,700	0%
7	£28,500	£28,800	1%
8	£34,100	£34,900	2%
9	£42,200	£43,800	4%
10	£67,500	£68,400	1%
All	£26,400	£26,800	2%
Median	£21,600	£21,600	0%

4.3.3 Housing Stock

156. As we have seen from the analysis in Chapter 3, on some measures the energy efficiency of the housing stock increased between 2014 and 2015. There were improvements in the depth of loft insulation, the energy efficiency profile of domestic gas and oil boilers and the SAP ratings for pre-1919 dwellings and properties with electric heating. As shown in Table 33, the average modelled energy required to meet the fuel poverty heating regime for 2015 was 27,398 kWh, compared to 27,609 kWh for 2014, a reduction of just under 1%.

157. At the same time running costs have dropped more dramatically, by 6.4%, which reflects the additional contribution of the lower price of domestic fuels in 2015 compared to the previous year.

Table 33: Modelled Annual Energy Consumption and Running Costs, 2014 and 2015

Year	Energy requirement		Running Costs
	Mean(kWh)	Annual change	Mean (kWh)	Annual change
2010	29,752	-	1,531	-
2011	28,881	-2.9%	1,594	4.1%
2012	28,077	-2.8%	1,704	6.9%
2013	27,425	-2.3%	1,764	-
2014	27,609	-	1,826	-
2015	27,398	-0.8%	1,709	-6.4%

Fuel poverty energy requirement modelled on the following basis: 2003/4 - 2009: BREDEM - 12; 2010 - 2013: BREDEM 2012 v.1.0; 2014 and 2015: BREDEM 2012 v.1.1. Fuel poverty costs as follows: 2011 and 2012 include WHD adjustment only; 2013, 2014 and 2015 include WHD and price source adjustments.

4.3.4 Impact on Fuel Poverty

158. To understand how the changes in the price of domestic fuels and the incomes of the households included in the SHCS sample interact with the performance of the housing stock, we carried out a micro-simulation which sought to isolate the impact of each set of factors on the level of fuel poverty recorded in 2015. The results are illustrated in Figure 22 and Table 34.

159. Between 2014 and 2015 fuel poverty fell by 4.2 percentage points The results from the micro-simulation analysis indicate that just over half (2.3 percentage points) of this reduction could be attributed to the lower price of domestic fuels in 2015 compared to the previous year. The remainder was due to higher household incomes and improved energy efficiency performance of the housing stock, 0.6 and 1.3 percentage points respectively. Just under a third of the overall reduction in fuel poverty can therefore be attributed to the energy efficiency performance of the housing stock ^[49] .

160. The analysis which underpins these findings involves modelling of hypothetical rates of fuel poverty under different scenarios. Using SHCS data from 2014 and 2015 one set of factors was altered at a time, holding the other two constant. This included the following steps as shown in Table 34.

Figure 22. Contributions to Change in Fuel Poverty Rate Between 2014 and 2015

• First, 2015 fuel prices were applied to the 2014 survey sample to determine the effect of price change alone under 2014 levels of energy demand and household income.
• Next, the income of households in this sample was increased by the mean gain observed for their decile group between 2014 and 2015. This demonstrated the additional effect of income on fuel poverty change between 2014 and 2015.
• The remaining difference between the fuel poverty rate modelled at the previous step and the observed rate for 2015 was attributed to the change in energy performance of the housing stock between 2014 and 2015. ^[50]

Table 34. Steps in Attributing Change in the Fuel Poverty Rate Between 2014 and 2015

	Fuel Poverty Rate	Step Difference
Fuel Poverty 2014	34.9%
- Step 1: Fuel price change	32.6%	-2.3 points
- Step 2: Income change	32.0%	-0.6 points
- Step 3: Attributed to energy efficiency change		-1.3 points
Fuel Poverty 2015	30.7%

4.4 Characteristics of Fuel Poor Households

161. Figure 23 illustrates some of the key attributes of the fuel poor population in 2015. Around 13% of households living in fuel poverty are families with children. The remaining 87% are almost equally split between older one- or two-person households, on the one hand (43%), and all other types of households with adult residents (44%), on the other.

162. The large majority of fuel poor households are owner occupiers (59%), 27% are social housing residents and the remaining 15% rent in the private sector. Two-thirds of fuel poor households live in houses (67%), broadly equally split between detached, semi-detached and terraced properties. The remaining one-third live in flats (33%).

163. One quarter (25%) of the dwellings of fuel poor households were built before 1919, and 16% were built since 1982. The remaining 59% were constructed in the intervening years.

Figure 23 : Composition of Fuel Poor Households by Selected Household and Dwelling Characteristics, 2015

4.4.1 Household Characteristics

164. Table 35 shows fuel poverty rates by a number of household characteristics for 2015 and in comparison to the previous year. Some of the highest and lowest rates of fuel poverty can be seen among private sector residents: 45% of outright owners and 13% of those with a mortgage are assessed to be fuel poor.

165. Older households make up a substantial part of those who own their property outright; they have generally lower income than working age households and their energy needs are assessed under an enhanced heating regime in accordance with the fuel poverty definition. The properties in which they live are often larger, requiring more energy to heat, and are more likely to be detached which leads to greater heat loss. Correspondingly, at 45% older households have higher fuel poverty rates.

Table 35: Fuel Poverty Rates by Household Characteristics, 2015 and 2014

	2015			2014
	000s	%	Sample	000s	%	Sample
Tenure
Owned	341	45%	900	354	47%	889
Mortgaged	97	13%	800	125	17%	780
LA/ public	129	38%	377	151	42%	382
HA/co-op	70	28%	275	96	36%	279
PRS	111	33%	345	120	37%	304
Private	549	30%	2,045	599	33%	1,973
Social	199	33%	652	246	39%	661
Household type
Older households	321	45%	823	404	50%	915
Families	97	16%	676	127	21%	667
Other households	330	29%	1,198	315	31%	1,052
Weekly Household Income
< £200	273	92%	318	282	90%	352
£200-300	244	56%	475	268	61%	465
£300-400	117	27%	463	154	38%	439
£400-500	50	18%	322	67	24%	300
£500-700	48	11%	480	49	11%	501
£700+	16	3%	639	25	5%	577
Council Tax Band
Band A	169	36%	537	213	42%	555
Band B	173	31%	633	207	37%	619
Band C	136	33%	460	125	34%	418
Band D	90	27%	361	91	29%	338
Band E	107	31%	371	105	32%	350
Band F	40	23%	195	57	27%	216
Band G - H	30	23%	133	41	36%	126
All Scotland	748	31%	2,697	860	35%	2,634

Note: The age threshold for older households in 2015 has changed to 65 for both men and women. This affects comparability with 2014 across household types, except for families .

166. On average the private and the social housing sector have similar rates of fuel poverty: 30 and 33% respectively. There is more noticeable decline in fuel poverty in the social sector, reducing the social-private gap we saw in the SHCS sample for 2014.

167. As in previous years, fuel poverty has a strong association with income and households in the lower income bands have the highest rates of fuel poverty : 92% for the bottom income decile and 56% for the 2 ^nd bottom decile. Households with income between £300 and £400 a week have seen above average reductions in fuel poverty in the last year, while changes at both the top and the bottom of the household income distribution have been negligible.

4.4.2 Dwelling Characteristics

168. Table 36 shows how the level of fuel poverty varies across dwelling characteristics.

169. The lowest rates of fuel poverty are associated with higher energy efficiency standards. Around one fifth (20%) of households living in post-1982 dwellings are fuel poor, similarly to those living in properties rated C or better. Both of these categories have seen no change since 2014 in terms of fuel poverty levels. Gains in reducing fuel poverty have taken place among those living in pre-1982 dwellings or dwellings rated band D or below.

170. Households using oil as primary heating fuel have seen the largest improvement in fuel poverty levels since 2014, presumably in large part due to the falling price of oil. Just over a quarter of them are now assessed as fuel poor (26%) which is comparable to the level of fuel poverty among those using mains gas (27%). Similarly, the gas network differential has also declined, with 30% of households within the coverage of the gas network being fuel poor, compared to 36% among other households.

171. Rural households have gained disproportionately in the last year with fuel poverty levels falling to 35% from 50% in 2014, at least partly thanks to the lower price of domestic liquid fuels (down by about 30% in the last year). Rural fuel poverty is now close to the level of fuel poverty in urban areas (30% in 2015) and the difference between the two is no longer statistically significant.

172. Levels of fuel poverty among households using electricity as main heating fuel have remained among the highest, at 54%. Although the results suggest that this group may have also experienced some gains since 2014, the sample size is too small to provide enough confidence.

Table 36: Fuel Poverty by Dwelling Characteristics, 2015 and 2014

	2015			2014
	000s	%	Sample	000s	%	Sample
Dwelling Type
Detached	188	35%	678	198	37%	672
Semi	155	32%	586	175	37%	547
Terraced	160	30%	616	192	37%	610
Tenement	153	27%	490	169	30%	475
Other flats	91	29%	327	111	34%	330
Age of dwelling
pre-1919	190	39%	476	206	43%	488
1919-1944	86	32%	314	110	39%	286
1945-1964	170	32%	595	200	38%	617
1965-1982	184	33%	632	205	38%	605
post-1982	118	20%	680	125	21%	638
Primary Heating Fuel
Gas	527	27%	1,987	573	30%	1,957
Oil	41	26%	233	66	49%	210
Electric	154	54%	394	182	60%	388
Other	21	36%	78	24	39%	79
EPC Band ( SAP 2012)
B - C	163	18%	923	158	18%	833
D	320	30%	1,161	359	34%	1,171
E	184	50%	452	222	59%	458
F - G	80	70%	161	106	75%	172
Location
urban	603	30%	2,098	637	32%	2,064
rural	145	35%	599	208	50%	570
SIMD: Most deprived 15%
Yes	115	31%	364	149	38%	377
No	633	31%	2,333	696	34%	2,257
Gas Grid
On	607	30%	2,090	685	34%	2,077
Off	141	36%	607	161	43%	557
All Scotland	748	31%	2,697	845	35%	2,634

173. The fuel poverty rate in the 15% most deprived areas in 2015 stands at 31%, which is the same as the average for Scotland as a whole.

4.5 Fuel Poverty and Income Poverty

174. Although fuel poverty is correlated with low income, it is not equivalent to income poverty. This sections updates previous analysis of how these two conditions relate in the household population.

175. According to the official poverty definition, individuals are considered to be in relative (income) poverty if their equivalised net household income is below 60 per cent of the median income in the same year. Official poverty estimates are calculated using the Department for Work and Pensions' ( DWP) Family Resources Survey ( FRS). The latest estimates for Scotland were published on 28 June 2016 and relate to 2014/15. ^[51]

176. It is possible to use the SHCS to determine how fuel poverty and income poverty relate, although there are some caveats to this approach. One of the main caveats is that the SHCS does not collect the full range of household income data used to derive the official measure of poverty. For example, income information is only collected for the head of the household and their spouse/partner. As a result, the SHCS would underestimate the income of households with more than two earners, and therefore over-estimate levels of income poverty. To correct to some extent for this we make a corresponding adjustment to the equivalisation method used for producing official poverty statistics. It is therefore important to note that the results presented here do not reproduce exactly the official measure of fuel poverty and are only approximate.

177. A further caveat is that the latest published income poverty estimates relate to 2014/15. In order to derive a poverty threshold figure for 2015 we use the relationship between the SHCS and the FRS estimates of the median equivalised household income for the previous year, 2014. We adjust the 2015 SHCS median by the ratio between the two estimates observed in 2014 to obtain a 2015 poverty threshold. We estimate this as £291 per week before housing costs ( BHC) for a couple without children.

178. As Table 37 shows around half of all fuel poor households would be considered poor in terms of their income (48% or 359,000) while the other half have incomes above the relative poverty threshold (52% or 389,000 households).

Table 37: Estimated Number and Proportion of Households by Fuel Poverty and Income Poverty Status, SHCS 2015

		Income Poor	Not Income Poor	All
Fuel Poor	000s	359	389	748
	%	48%	52%	100%
Not Fuel Poor	000s	87	1,599	1,686
	%	5%	95%	100%
All	000s	446	1,988	2,434

179. Figure 24 sets out this information graphically. While those living in income poverty have a very high risk of experiencing fuel poverty (8 out of 10 do), the opposite is not necessarily true. Around half of all fuel poor households are not income poor.

Figure 24: Fuel Poor and Income Poor Households, SHCS 2015

180. Table 38 provides further information about the characteristics of the households who fall into the different sub-groups.

181. Households who are both poor and fuel poor tend to live in more energy efficient dwellings. They are more likely to use gas for heating and live in urban locations, compared to other fuel poor households. These characteristics point to low income as a key reason for their experience of fuel poverty. These households are more likely to include families with children compared to other fuel poor households.

182. On the other hand, those who are not poor but experience fuel poverty have high likelihood of living in low energy efficiency properties, more than other fuel poor households and well in excess of the average for Scotland. Among these households the share of electricity use for heating is higher and the use of mains gas is lower. Such households are more likely to live in rural locations and include a higher share of older households compared to other fuel poor households and the rest of Scotland.

Table 38: Household and Dwelling Characteristics by Poverty and Fuel Poverty, 2015

		Fuel, not Income Poor	Fuel & Income Poor	All Fuel Poor	Income, not Fuel Poor	All Scotland
EPC Band ( SAP 2012)
B-C	000s	49	115	163	55	897
	col %	12%	32%	22%	63%	37%
D	000s	151	169	320	29	1,057
	col %	39%	47%	43%	34%	43%
E-G	000s	189	75	264	3	480
	col %	49%	21%	35%	3%	20%
Household Type
Older	000s	177	145	321	14	713
	col %	45%	40%	43%	16%	29%
Families	000s	40	57	97	44	594
	col %	10%	16%	13%	50%	24%
Other	000s	172	157	330	29	1,126
	col %	44%	44%	44%	34%	46%
Urban-Rural
Urban	000s	281	322	603	78	2,020
	col %	72%	90%	81%	89%	83%
Rural	000s	107	37	145	10	414
	col %	28%	10%	19%	11%	17%
Primary Heating Fuel
Gas	000s	241	286	527	77	1,926
	col %	62%	80%	70%	88%	79%
Oil	000s	29	12	41	3	160
	col %	7%	3%	6%	3%	7%
Electric	000s	106	48	154	6	284
	col %	27%	13%	21%	6%	12%
Other fuels	000s	11	10	21	2	59
	col %	3%	3%	3%	2%	2%
Gas Grid
On grid	000s	286	320	607	82	2,038
	col %	74%	89%	81%	94%	84%
Off grid	000s	102	39	141	5	396
	col %	26%	11%	19%	6%	16%
Sample size		486	395	881	86	2,697