Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2006: General Report

Employment Domain

The employment domain is a measure of 'exclusion from the world of work' and identifies the proportion of the working age population ³ who are unemployed or are not involved in the labour market due to ill health or disability. It is widely acknowledged that being out of work is a key factor of deprivation and consequently the employment domain has a large weighting in the overall SIMD.

The 2004 employment domain was based on 2001/2002 data and the 2006 domain is based on 2005 data (for a breakdown of indicators used see Annex 2). Unlike the other domains in the SIMD 2006, all the indicators used to construct the employment domain are identical for the SIMD 2004 and SIMD 2006. Therefore, it is possible to assess change in terms of both the data zone ranks (relative change) and in terms of changes in the numbers and distribution of employment deprived people (absolute change). Information about the indicators used in the employment domain is summarised in Annex 2 and covered in detail in the SIMD 2006 Technical Report.

Key Points

• The number of employment deprived people in Scotland has fallen from 435,037 to 409,907 a drop of 25,130 (just under six per cent) between the SIMD 2004 and SIMD 2006.
• A third of employment deprived people in Scotland live in the 15% most employment deprived data zones.
• In the SIMD 2006, 30 per cent of people living in the 15% most deprived areas were employment deprived, compared with 10 per cent in the rest of Scotland.
• Glasgow City has 45 less data zones in 15% most employment deprived areas between SIMD 2004 and SIMD 2006. Aberdeen City and Fife each have 18 more data zones in 15% most employment deprived areas.
• Glasgow City continues to show the highest percentage of working age population who are employment deprived (20 per cent) but has seen the largest improvement in the proportion of working age population who are employment deprived (fall of three per cent from 23 per cent of the working age population in SIMD 2004).
• Aberdeen City has seen the largest increase in the proportion of the working age population who are employment deprived (an increase of 811 people) from 9 per cent to 10 per cent of the working age population of Aberdeen City.
• Within the CtOG target A ⁴ areas the number of data zones in the 15% most employment deprived dropped by 75 data zones (from 694 to 619 data zones) between SIMD 2004 and SIMD 2006.

Employment deprived areas in SIMD 2006

The most employment deprived data zone in Scotland is in the Craigmillar area of Edinburgh. The next four highest ranked data zones are all within Glasgow City.

The distribution of 15% most employment deprived data zones by local authority area is shown in table 2.1. Glasgow City has the highest proportion of data zones in the 15% most employment deprived areas in Scotland. Of the 694 data zones in Glasgow City, 45 per cent (310 data zones) are in the 15% most employment deprived areas in Scotland in SIMD 2006.

Inverclyde has the second highest proportion of data zones in the 15% most employment deprived areas in Scotland. Of the 110 data zones in Inverclyde, 42 per cent (46 data zones) are in the 15% most employment deprived. Dundee City has the third highest proportion of its data zones in the 15% most employment deprived areas in Scotland (30 per cent: 53 out of 179 data zones).

Table 2.1 Local share of data zones in the 15% most employment deprived in SIMD 2004 and SIMD 2006, by local authority area

Local Authority	No. of data zones in LA	15% Most deprived data zones
		SIMD 2004		SIMD 2006
		no. of data zones	local share (%)	no. of data zones	local share (%)
Aberdeen City	267	9	3.4	27	10.1
Aberdeenshire	301	2	0.7	6	2.0
Angus	142	4	2.8	7	4.9
Argyll & Bute	122	9	7.4	9	7.4
Clackmannanshire	64	13	20.3	16	25.0
Dumfries & Galloway	193	10	5.2	13	6.7
Dundee City	179	47	26.3	53	29.6
East Ayrshire	154	25	16.2	31	20.1
East Dunbartonshire	127	3	2.4	4	3.1
East Lothian	120	0	0.0	0	0.0
East Renfrewshire	120	7	5.8	6	5.0
Edinburgh, City of	549	49	8.9	57	10.4
Eilean Siar	36	0	0.0	0	0.0
Falkirk	197	22	11.2	22	11.2
Fife	453	49	10.8	67	14.8
Glasgow City	694	355	51.2	310	44.7
Highland	292	10	3.4	15	5.1
Inverclyde	110	37	33.6	46	41.8
Midlothian	112	2	1.8	1	0.9
Moray	116	1	0.9	0	0.0
North Ayrshire	179	35	19.6	36	20.1
North Lanarkshire	418	105	25.1	80	19.1
Orkney Islands	27	0	0.0	0	0.0
Perth & Kinross	175	1	0.6	7	4.0
Renfrewshire	214	44	20.6	39	18.2
Scottish Borders	130	2	1.5	2	1.5
Shetland Islands	30	0	0.0	0	0.0
South Ayrshire	147	13	8.8	15	10.2
South Lanarkshire	398	74	18.6	62	15.6
Stirling	110	7	6.4	6	5.5
West Dunbartonshire	118	32	27.1	29	24.6
West Lothian	211	9	4.3	10	4.7
Scotland	6,505	976	15.0	976	15.0

Employment deprived people in SIMD 2006

The SIMD 2006 shows that across Scotland 13 per cent of the working age population (409,907 people) are employment deprived. Of these, 33 per cent (134,838 people) live in one of the 15% most employment deprived data zones in Scotland. Therefore, two thirds (67 per cent) of employment deprived people do not live in the 15% most employment deprived areas.

Glasgow City has the highest number and proportion of Scotland's employment deprived people, with 76,250 employment deprived people, 20 per cent of Glasgow City's working age population.

Inverclyde has the second highest proportion of working age population who are employment deprived: 9,535 people, 19 per cent of Inverclyde's working age population. North Lanarkshire has the second highest number of employment deprived people: 33,505 people, 17 per cent of North Lanarkshire's working age population (see Table 2.4).

Change in employment deprived areas between SIMD 2004 and SIMD 2006

The 2006 and 2004 employment domain ranks are highly correlated with a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.96 (see Annex 4). The majority of data zone movement between the 2004 and 2006 employment domains was restricted to within one or two vigintiles of the previous rank: 31 per cent of all 6,505 data zones remained in the same employment vigintile; 72 per cent remained in the same or moved by one vigintile and 90 per cent remained in the same vigintile or moved by one or two vigintiles (see SIMD 2006 Statistical Compendium).

Table 2.1 shows the share of 15% most employment deprived data zones by local authority area. Of the 976 data zones in the 15% most employment deprived data zones in Scotland, 83 per cent (809 data zones) have remained in the 15% most employment deprived between SIMD 2004 and SIMD 2006. At the local authority area level, Glasgow City had the largest reduction, with 45 fewer data zones (a fall from 355 to 310 data zones) in the 15% most employment deprived areas. North and South Lanarkshire also saw large decreases (25 and 12 data zones respectively).

In both Fife and Aberdeen City the number of data zones in the 15% most employment deprived areas increased by 18 data zones.

Change in employment deprived people between SIMD 2004 and SIMD 2006

The number of employment deprived people has decreased by 25,130 across Scotland from 14 per cent of the working age population in the SIMD 2004 to 13 per cent in the SIMD 2006. Chart 2.2 shows the distribution of employment deprived people across the employment domain vigintiles in the SIMD 2004 and SIMD 2006. The proportion of working age population who are employment deprived has decreased in all employment domain vigintiles except vigintile 20, the 5% least employment deprived data zones, where only two per cent of the working age population are employment deprived.

Chart 2.2 Percentage of working age people who are employment deprived in SIMD 2004 and SIMD 2006, by employment domain vigintiles

Source: Working age population from General Register Office for Scotland, 2001 Census ( SIMD 2004) and SAPE 2004 ( SIMD 2006)

The largest decrease in the proportion of working age population who are employment deprived is in the most deprived vigintile (the 5% most employment deprived data zones), where there was a decrease of three percentage points (from 38 per cent in SIMD 2004 to 35 per cent in 2006).

Within the 15% most employment deprived areas the proportion of the working age population who are employment deprived decreased from 31.3 per cent in the SIMD 2004 to 29.7 per cent in the SIMD 2006, compared to a decrease of 0.7 per cent (from 10.8 per cent to 10.1 per cent) in the rest of Scotland. A full list is available in the SIMD 2006 Statistical Compendium.

Table 2.3 shows the distribution of data zones by the change in the proportion of working age population who are employment deprived. The proportion of working age population who are employment deprived decreased by more than 2.5 per cent in almost 20% of data zones (1,270 data zones). The change in proportion of the working age population who are employment deprived is mapped for Glasgow City and Aberdeen City (see Maps 2.6 and 2.7).

When examining change in the proportion of the working age population who are employment deprived it is important to also consider the impact of any changes to the size and structure of the working age population. Working age populations are available for all data zones in the SIMD 2006 Statistical Compendium.

Change in employment deprived people between SIMD 2004 and SIMD 2006, by local authority area

Table 2.4 shows the distribution of employment deprived people by local authority area in the SIMD 2004 and 2006. The proportion of working age population who are employment deprived fell in 24 local authorities areas, a fall of 1.2 per cent in total (from 14.8 per cent to 13.6 per cent) and increased in eight local authority areas, an increase of 0.4 per cent (from 9.4 to 9.8 per cent).

Table 2.3 Change in the proportion of working age people who are employment deprived between SIMD 2004 and SIMD 2006

Change between SIMD 2004 and 2006	Number of data zones	% of data zones
Over 2.5% decrease	1,270	19.5
Decrease of between 1% and 2.5%	1,444	22.2
Change of less than 1%	2,513	38.6
Increase of between 1% and 2.5%	803	12.3
Over 2.5% increase	475	7.3

Source: Working age population from General Register Office for Scotland 2001 Census ( SIMD 2004) and SAPE 2004 ( SIMD 2006)

The largest decrease in the proportion and number of employment deprived people was in Glasgow City where the proportion of working age population who are employment deprived fell by 2.9 percentage points (8,295 people) from 23.1 per cent in the 2004 employment domain to 20.2 per cent in the 2006 employment domain.

There was also a large decrease in North Lanarkshire where the proportion of working age population who are employment deprived fell by 2.3 percentage points (4,438 people). The large decreases in these two authority areas account for a big share of the fall in the number of employment deprived people across the seven Closing the Opportunity Gap ( CtOG) target A areas (see footnote 4 for more information about CtOG target A).

In both Aberdeen City and Aberdeenshire the proportion of the working age population who are employment deprived increased between the 2004 and 2006 SIMD. In Aberdeen City the proportion increased from 9.2 to 10.2 per cent (an increase of 811 people). In Aberdeenshire the number of employment deprived people increased by 973 people (from 6.6 per cent to 7.1 per cent). There was also a relatively large increase in the proportion of working age population who are employment deprived in the Shetland Islands, from 6.6 per cent to 7.5 per cent (an increase of 118 employment deprived people).

Employment deprivation in CtOG areas

Closing the Opportunity Gap ( CtOG) Target A aims to reduce worklessness amongst the working age population who are claiming benefits in seven local authority areas, (see footnote 4 for more information about CtOG Target A areas).

Over 60 per cent of the 15% most employment deprived data zones across Scotland in the SIMD 2006 are within a CtOG target A area. Within these areas the number of data zones in the 15% most employment deprived dropped from 694 to 619 (a decrease of 75 data zones) between the SIMD 2004 and SIMD 2006. The proportion of working age population who are employment deprived also fell in the target A area from 19.3 per cent in the SIMD 2006 to 17.2 per cent in the SIMD 2004 (a fall of 19,738 people). However, the proportion of the working age population who are employment deprived remains higher in the CtOG target A areas (17 per cent) compared to the rest of Scotland (11 per cent).

Table 2.4 Percentage of working age people who are employment deprived in the SIMD 2004 and SIMD 2006, by local authority area

Local Authority	Employment Deprived People				Change between SIMD 2004 and SIMD 2006
	SIMD 2004		SIMD 2006
	Count	% Working Age Population	Count	% Working Age Population	Percentage point change	Count
Aberdeen City	12,824	9.2	13,635	10.2	1.0	811
Aberdeenshire	9,362	6.6	10,335	7.1	0.5	973
Angus	6,763	10.3	6,720	10.4	0.1	-43
Argyll & Bute	6,115	11.2	5,530	10.2	-1.0	-585
Clackmannanshire	4,966	16.6	4,670	15.5	-1.1	-296
Dumfries & Galloway	10,284	11.8	9,885	11.4	-0.4	-399
Dundee City	15,604	17.3	14,915	16.9	-0.4	-689
East Ayrshire	11,836	16.1	11,295	15.3	-0.8	-541
East Dunbartonshire	6,000	9.1	5,245	8.1	-1.0	-755
East Lothian	5,135	9.6	5,180	9.5	-0.1	45
East Renfrewshire	4,739	8.8	4,255	7.9	-0.9	-484
Edinburgh, City of	28,828	9.8	29,300	9.6	-0.2	472
Eilean Siar	1,984	12.9	1,830	11.9	-1.0	-154
Falkirk	12,906	14.3	11,855	12.9	-1.4	-1,051
Fife	28,224	13.1	28,240	12.9	-0.2	16
Glasgow City	84,545	23.1	76,250	20.2	-2.9	-8,295
Highland	14,132	11.1	13,555	10.6	-0.5	-577
Inverclyde	9,546	18.6	9,535	18.8	0.2	-11
Midlothian	5,212	10.5	5,215	10.7	0.1	3
Moray	4,626	8.7	4,785	9.0	0.3	159
North Ayrshire	14,416	17.4	13,130	15.9	-1.5	-1,286
North Lanarkshire	37,943	18.8	33,505	16.5	-2.3	-4,438
Orkney Islands	949	8.2	900	7.7	-0.5	-49
Perth & Kinross	6,701	8.3	6,900	8.5	0.2	199
Renfrewshire	16,945	15.7	14,750	13.8	-1.9	-2,195
Scottish Borders	5,632	8.9	5,560	8.6	-0.3	-72
Shetland Islands	892	6.6	1,010	7.5	0.9	118
South Ayrshire	9,162	13.7	8,550	12.8	-0.9	-612
South Lanarkshire	29,212	15.5	26,270	13.8	-1.7	-2,942
Stirling	5,820	10.8	5,310	10.0	-0.8	-510
West Dunbartonshire	10,943	19.0	9,775	17.0	-2.0	-1,168
West Lothian	12,792	12.6	12,040	11.5	-1.1	-752
Scotland	435,037	13.8	409,907	12.9	-0.9	-25,130
CtOG Target A Areas	204,738	19.3	185,000	17.2	-2.1	-19,738
Non CtOG target A areas	230,299	11.0	224,930	10.7	-0.3	-5,369

Source: Working age population from General Register Office for Scotland 2001 Census ( SIMD 2004) and SAPE 2004 ( SIMD 2006)
Note: Columns may not sum to totals due to rounding of SIMD 2006 data

Employment deprivation in urban and rural areas

Table 2.5 shows the distribution of employment deprived people across urban and rural areas. The proportion of working age population who are employment deprived has fallen across all areas between SIMD 2004 and SIMD 2006, but the distribution of employment deprived people across Scotland has changed slightly, with a lower proportion of employment deprived people living in accessible areas and a higher proportion living in remote areas and other urban areas. The distribution of employment deprived people across urban areas is affected by the decrease in the number of employment deprived people in Glasgow City.

Table 2.5 Percentage of working age people who are employment deprived and share of employment deprived people in SIMD 2004 and SIMD 2006, by urban-rural classification

Urban Rural	Employment deprived people
	SIMD 2004			SIMD 2006
	Count	% of working age population	Urban-rural Share	Count	% of working age population	Urban-rural Share
Large Urban Area	201,645	16.2	46.4	188,417	14.8	46.0
Other Urban Area	128,455	14.3	29.5	126,084	13.4	30.8
Accessible Small Town	37,390	12.0	8.6	33,534	11.8	8.2
Remote Small Town	10,261	12.5	2.4	13,102	11.9	3.2
Accessible Rural	41,160	9.3	9.5	31,579	8.5	7.7
Remote Rural	16,106	9.4	3.7	17,191	8.9	4.2
Scotland	435,017	13.8	100.0	409,907	12.9	100.0

Source: SIMD 2004 data are grouped using the Scottish Executive Urban Rural Classification of 2003-2004 and the SIMD 2006 data are grouped using the Urban-Rural Classification 2005-2006.

Map 2.6 Change in the proportion of working age people who are employment deprived between SIMD 2004 and SIMD 2006 in Glasgow City and surrounding area

Map 2.7 Change in the proportion of working age people who are employment deprived between SIMD 2004 and SIMD 2006 in Aberdeen City and surrounding area