Scottish local government financial statistics 2016-2017

1. Local Government Revenue Expenditure and Funding

The revenue account is used for day-to-day costs, such as paying salaries, bills and rent.

Net Revenue Expenditure is the element funded through General Funding (which is made up of General Revenue Grant, Council Tax and Non-Domestic Rates).

Gross Revenue Expenditure is the total expenditure less inter/intra-authority transfers.

Gross Expenditure by Service and Type of Expenditure, 2016-17, £thousands

Revenue Income and Funding (£thousands)

• Gross Revenue Expenditure on services increased by 1.7% to £15.6 billion in 2016-17;
• Net Revenue Expenditure on services decreased by 0.9% to £10.0 billion;
• Net Revenue Expenditure on Education increased by 2.0% to £4.8 billion;
• Net Revenue Expenditure on Social work decreased by 1.1% to £3.1 billion;
• General Funding decreased by 2.5% to £11.7 billion;
• Service income increased by 6.6% to £5.6 billion.

1.1 Total Revenue Expenditure and Funding

The two main local authority accounts are the revenue account and the capital account. The revenue account is used for day-to-day costs, such as paying salaries, bills and rent. The capital account is used to fund expenditure that creates an asset, such as building a school, road or care home. Capital income and expenditure are presented in Chapter 2.

Figures are presented in cash terms throughout the publication, i.e. they have not been adjusted for inflation. Where income is presented alongside expenditure, a convention of presenting income in (brackets) and expenditure without brackets is used.

Table 1.1 summarises revenue income, expenditure, funding and reserves for 2016-17.

Total Gross Revenue Expenditure on services by Scottish local authorities in 2016-17 was £15,590 million, 1.7% higher than in 2015-16. Of this, £677 million was for the provision of housing through the Housing Revenue Account ( HRA).

Total service income raised by local authorities in 2016-17 was £5,578 million, an increase of 6.6% on the previous year. Of this, £1,176 million was raised through the Housing Revenue Account. Excluding Social Care, total service income increased by 3.2%. Due to changes to the way that Social Care is funded following implementation of Integration of Health and Social Care, the increase in total service income should be interpreted with care.

Net Revenue Expenditure is the element of expenditure on services to be funded by taxation and non-specific grant income (General Revenue Funding, Council Tax and Non-Domestic Rates), with any remaining expenditure to be met from reserves. Net revenue expenditure is calculated as gross service expenditure minus service income. This is sometimes referred to as the Net Cost of Service. Total Net Revenue Expenditure in 2016-17 was £10,012 million, which is a decrease of 0.9% on 2015-16.

The largest service area is education with gross expenditure of £5,070 million and service income of £240 million in 2016-17, which gives a net revenue expenditure on education of £4,830 million, an increase of 2.0% on 2015-16.

The second largest service area is social work with gross expenditure of £4,217 million and £1,081 million of service income. Net Revenue Expenditure on social work is £3,136 million, 1.1% lower than in 2015-16. This fall can be largely attributed to changes in the way that social care is funded following implementation of Integration of Health and Social Care, which means that an increasing proportion of social care expenditure is funded from Health Boards via Integration Joint Boards. Social care gross expenditure increased by 4.0% (or £173 million) and income (which includes contributions from the Health Boards) increased by 23.6%. This means that, although the total social work expenditure has increased by 4.0%, the element of social work expenditure that is paid for through General Funding (comprising General Revenue Funding, Council Tax and Non-Domestic Rates) has fallen by 1.1%.

Education and Social work account for three quarters of General Fund net revenue expenditure on services, with Education accounting for 46% and Social Work accounting for 30% of General Fund net revenue expenditure.

Total Other Income and Expenditure for 2016-17 was £1,686 million, a decrease of 5.8% on the previous year. Of this, £820 million was on interest charges and £668 million was used to repay debt. Authorities used £290 million of revenue resources to fund capital expenditure. Interest received, surplus or deficit from trading operations and other operating expenditure totalled income of £92 million.

Total General Funding available to authorities in 2016-17 was £11,708 million, 2.5% lower than in 2015-16. Of this, £6,839 million was General Revenue Funding, £2,769 million was Non-Domestic Rates Distributable Amount and £2,091 million was from Council Tax, with £10 million of other funding.

The surplus or deficit on the provision of services is calculated by taking the net cost of service, adding Other Income and Expenditure, then deducting General Funding, which gives a revenue surplus of £9.5 million in 2016-17. This comprises a £9.9 million deficit in the General Fund and a £19.4 million surplus in the Housing Revenue Account.

This surplus contributes to the reserves that local authorities hold. At the 1 ^st of April 2016, Local Authorities held £1,649 million of General Fund and HRA reserves. They transferred £0.4 million into General Fund and HRA reserves from other accounts within the authority, which meant that reserves increased by £9.9 million to give a closing balance at the 31 ^st March 2017 of £1,659 million.

(Surplus)/Deficit on Provision of Services

General Fund and HRA Revenue Reserves

Table 1.1 – Revenue Expenditure, Income and Reserves, 2016-17 ( £thousands)

	General Fund	Housing Revenue Account	Total
Income and Expenditure on Services
Gross Expenditure	14,912,703	677,338	15,590,041
Gross Income	(4,401,278)	(1,176,264)	(5,577,542)
Net Cost of Service	10,511,425	(498,926)	10,012,499
Other Income and Expenditure
Interest Payable and Similar Charges	677,084	142,960	820,044
Interest Receivable and Similar Income	(73,815)	(2,383)	(76,198)
Statutory Repayment of Debt	535,881	132,263	668,144
Capital Expenditure Funded from Revenue	81,891	207,714	289,605
(Surplus) or Deficit from Trading Operations	(20,533)	(1,573)	(22,106)
Other Operating Expenditure	6,026	516	6,542
Other Income and Expenditure	1,206,534	479,497	1,686,031
Funding Requirement	11,717,959	(19,429)	11,698,530
General Funding
General Revenue Funding	(6,839,251)	0	(6,839,251)
Non-Domestic Rates	(2,768,500)	0	(2,768,500)
Council Tax	(2,090,754)	0	(2,090,754)
Other	(9,540)	0	(9,540)
Total Funding	(11,708,045)	0	(11,708,045)
(Surplus) / Deficit to be met from reserves	9,914	(19,429)	(9,515)
Reserves
Balance at 1 April 2016	(1,494,546)	(154,909)	(1,649,455)
(Surplus) or Deficit for the year	9,914	(19,429)	(9,515)
Movement in Reserves	(5,315)	4,899	(416)
(Increase) or decrease in reserves	4,599	(14,530)	(9,931)
Balance 31 March 2017	(1,489,947)	(169,439)	(1,659,386)

Source: Local Financial Returns – LFR A0

1.2 General Fund Revenue Expenditure and Income

Chart 1.1 provides a breakdown of General Fund net revenue expenditure by service. The HRA has been excluded from this analysis as it is a separate, self-financing account. Education and social work account for three quarters of General Fund net revenue expenditure. The largest is Education with 46% (£4,830 million) of General Fund net revenue expenditure. Of this, £1,880 million was spent on primary education and £1,881 million on secondary education with the remainder spent on pre-primary, special and community education.

Social work is the next largest service with net revenue expenditure of £3,136 million (30% of General Fund net expenditure). Data on social work expenditure is collected on the basis of client groups. Of the client groups identified in the Local Financial Returns ( LFRs), older persons has the highest expenditure with £1,356 million followed by children and families with £897 million and adults with learning disabilities with £518 million.

A full breakdown of expenditure by sub-service is available in the accompanying excel tables.

Chart 1.1: General Fund Net Revenue Expenditure on Services: 2016-17

Table 1.2 provides a time series of net revenue expenditure by service. Education is the only service area that has shown increases in expenditure each year since 2012-13, increasing by 6% from £4,571 million in 2012-13 to £4,830 million in 2016-17. Over the period from 2012-13 to 2016-17, net revenue expenditure on Social Work increased by 6% from £2,959 million in 2012-13 to £3,136 million in 2016-17. Planning & Development Services showed the largest percentage fall (16%) from £279 million in 2012-13 to £235 million in 2016-17.

Table 1.2 – Net Revenue Expenditure by Service, 2012-13 to 2016-17 ( £millions)

	2012-13 a	2013-14	2014-15	2015-16	2016-17
Education	4,571	4,579	4,612	4,736	4,830
Cultural & Related Services	609	614	643	598	576
Social Work	2,959	3,031	3,110	3,169	3,136
Roads & Transport	457	436	420	418	399
Environmental Services	644	659	666	684	680
Planning & Development Services	279	279	278	243	235
Central Services	386	484	439	465	390
Non- HRA Housing	306	321	342	294	292
Trading Services	(4)	(2)	(5)	(17)	(27)
General Fund Net Expenditure	10,208	10,400	10,504	10,590	10,511
Housing Revenue Account	(425)	(439)	(465)	(490)	(499)
General Fund + HRA Net Revenue Expenditure	9,783	9,961	10,039	10,101	10,012

a) Following the Police and Fire Reform (Scotland) Act 2012, the new bodies that replaced Police and Fire boards were classified as Central Government. To allow comparability over time, Police and Fire has been excluded from the 2012-13 figures. See section 5.2 for details.
Source: Local Financial Returns – LFR 00

Type of Expenditure

The element with the highest gross revenue expenditure is operating costs (which includes property costs, supplies and services costs, transport and payments to agencies and other bodies) which account for £6,828 million of expenditure. The second largest element was employee costs which account for £6,713 million.

Transfer payments are those made to individuals for which no goods or services are received in return by the local authority. The majority of transfer payments are under Non- HRA Housing, which will include the payment of Housing Benefits, and make up around £1,912 million of the total £2,218 million of transfer payments.

An adjustment for Inter-Account and Inter-Authority Transfers is made to the gross expenditure to eliminate transfers between different services within an authority and between local authorities. This prevents double counting expenditure when aggregating the individual returns.

Support services include Finance, Legal, Human Resources, IT, Internal Audit, Procurement and Asset Management.

Local authorities can receive service income from a variety of sources.

The largest element of service income is Customer and Client Receipts, with £2,539 million of income. Of this, £1,166 million is from the Housing Revenue Account, the vast majority of which will be rent income.

The second largest element of service income is Government Grants (excl General Revenue Funding) with £2,072 million, however £1,806 million of this is under Non- HRA Housing, which will include the grant from the DWP to be used by authorities to pay out Housing Benefits.

Table 1.3 Net Revenue Expenditure by Service and Type of Income / Expenditure, 2016-17 (£thousands)

	Education	Culture and Related Services	Social Work	Roads and Transport	Environmental Services	Housing (non- HRA)	Central and Other	Total General Fund	Housing Revenue Account	Total General Fund plus HRA
Expenditure
Employee Costs	3,506,753	198,915	1,361,466	190,732	298,475	102,716	909,683	6,568,740	144,232	6,712,972
Operating Costs	1,367,468	442,009	2,501,471	532,345	477,799	353,545	677,459	6,352,096	476,247	6,828,343
Transfer Payments	32,799	19,302	214,646	(6,073)	6,496	1,911,555	34,648	2,213,373	4,939	2,218,312
Support Services	196,575	36,892	172,867	38,267	56,030	23,925	225,164	749,720	74,359	824,079
Adjustment for Inter Account and Inter Authority Transfers	(33,472)	(26,018)	(33,491)	(160,076)	(35,596)	(14,188)	(668,385)	(971,226)	(22,439)	(993,665)
Gross Expenditure	5,070,123	671,100	4,216,959	595,195	803,204	2,377,553	1,178,569	14,912,703	677,338	15,590,041
Income
Government Grants (excl GRF)	(75,783)	(3,694)	(104,856)	(6,078)	(2,279)	(1,806,358)	(70,229)	(2,069,277)	(2,748)	(2,072,025)
Other Grants, Reimbursements and Contributions	(33,223)	(13,490)	(713,373)	(22,632)	(6,557)	(113,076)	(56,271)	(958,622)	(7,540)	(966,162)
Customer and Client Receipts	(131,164)	(77,793)	(262,974)	(167,044)	(114,424)	(166,188)	(453,765)	(1,373,352)	(1,165,976)	(2,539,328)
Other Income	0	(27)	0	0	0	0	0	(27)	0	(27)
Total Income	(240,170)	(95,004)	(1,081,203)	(195,754)	(123,260)	(2,085,622)	(580,265)	(4,401,278)	(1,176,264)	(5,577,542)
Net Revenue Expenditure	4,829,953	576,096	3,135,756	399,441	679,944	291,931	598,304	10,511,425	(498,926)	10,012,499

Source: Local Financial Returns – LFR 00

Chart 1.2: Gross Expenditure by Service, 2016-17, £millions

Source: Local Financial Returns – LFR 00

Chart 1.3 shows net revenue expenditure on services per head of population by council. Valuation Joint Boards, Tay Road Bridge and Regional Transport Partnerships have been excluded from the figure here. The chart shows that on average in Scotland council's spent £1,866 per person in 2016-17, down slightly from £1,881 in 2015-16. Spend per head ranged from £1,476 per person in Edinburgh to £3,874 per person in Shetland.

Chart 1.3 – Net Revenue Expenditure per Head Population by Council, 2016-17 (£)

Source: Local Financial Returns – LFR 00 and NRS Mid-Year Population Estimates (2016)

1.3 Revenue Income and Funding

Revenue expenditure by local authorities is funded by three main sources:

• Grants from Central Government;
• Local Taxation (Council Tax and Non Domestic Rates);
• Sales, fees and charges for services (Customer and Client Receipts).

The main source of revenue income for local government is General Revenue Funding, (formerly referred to as the Revenue Support Grant). General Revenue Funding ( GRF) is paid by the Scottish Government to support the delivery of local services.

Local taxation contributed almost £4.9 billion to the funding of local government in 2016-17 and further information on these taxes is set out in the following sections. General Revenue Funding and local taxation combined together are sometimes referred to as "Taxation and non-specific grant income". Other income is mostly composed of grants and subsidies received from central government and other parts of the public sector.

Table 1.4 – Revenue Income by Source, 2012-13 to 2016-17 ( £millions)

	2012-13	2013-14 a	2014-15	2015-16	2016-17
General Funding:	12,543	11,724	11,923	12,003	11,708
General Revenue Funding	7,782	7,225	7,167	7,147	6,839
Non-Domestic Rates Distributable Amount	2,297	2,436	2,656	2,791	2,769
Council Tax 2	2,319	1,978	2,022	2,055	2,091
Other Funding	145	85	78	10	10
Service Income:	5,777	5,066	5,185	5,230	5,578
Government Grants (excl GRF)	2,640	1,974	1,984	2,040	2,073
Other Grants, Reimbursements and Contributions	807	774	833	768	966
Customer and Client Receipts	2,330	2,317	2,368	2,423	2,539
Total Revenue Income	18,320	16,790	17,108	17,233	17,287

a) Figures for 2013-14 and later are not comparable with prior years due to changes to the way that Police and Fire are funded following the formation of Police Scotland and the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service. See section 5.2 for more details.
2. Pre-2013-14 Council Tax figures are not comparable with later years as Council Tax Reduction ( CTR) was introduced from 1 April 2013 to replace Council Tax Benefit ( CTB), which was abolished by the UK Government as part of its welfare reform programme. Due to differences in the administration of the two schemes, Council Tax figures before 2013-14 include CTB, whereas figures from 2013-14 onwards do not include CTR.
Source: Local Financial Returns – LFR 00

Chart 1.4 – Revenue Income and Funding, 2016-17

Source: Local Financial Returns ( LFRs): LFR A0 and 00

1.4 Council Tax

In 2016-17, Council Tax bills were issued to 2.47 million dwellings in Scotland. Over £2 billion of Council Tax revenue was raised across all local authorities in Scotland in 2016-17.

Council Tax was introduced in Scotland on the 1 ^st April 1993 to replace the Community Charge. It is a tax system based on dwellings and is used as a source of funding in addition to that received from other sources (General Revenue Grant, Non-Domestic Rates, ring-fenced revenue grants and other locally raised income from rent, fees and charges).

There are three factors that determine the amount of Council Tax that a dwelling is liable for. These are:

1. The market value of the dwelling as at the 1 ^st April 1991. Each dwelling is placed into one of eight bands from A to H, with Band A dwellings liable for the lowest rates of Council Tax and Band H attracting the highest.

2. The Band D rate which is set by the local authority, with other bands calculated as a ratio to Band D. The ratios determining the charges for properties in bands E-H changed for the 2017-18 Council Tax year, which is the year after the data included in this report.

3. A range of exemptions, discounts and reductions that are available in certain circumstances, or in some cases an increase in Council Tax due to the application of a levy.

The valuation range and ratio for each band is given in Table 1.5.

Table 1.5 – Council Tax valuation range and ratios by band

	Valuation band ranges as at 1 st April 1991	Ratio to Band D (to 2016-17)	No. of chargeable dwellings as at September 2017	Proportion of chargeable dwellings
Band A	Under £27,000	6/9	505,129	20%
Band B	£27,001 to £35,000	7/9	572,271	23%
Band C	£35,001 to £45,000	8/9	399,508	16%
Band D	£45,001 to £58,000	9/9	332,640	13%
Band E	£58,001 to £80,000	11/9	333,611	13%
Band F	£80,001 to £106,000	13/9	192,916	8%
Band G	£106,001 to £212,000	15/9	124,270	5%
Band H	Over £212,000	18/9	13,150	1%
Total			2,473,497	100%

Source: CTAXBASE 2017 Return

Collection and Potential Yield of Council Tax

Local authorities are responsible for billing and collecting Council Tax. Before the start of each financial year, local authorities issue Council Tax bills to householders in each dwelling. Each bill is calculated by applying the appropriate band rate for the local authority, then applying any discounts, exemptions, reductions or increases: further details are provided in Tables 1.10 and 1.11. Chart 1.5 illustrates the breakdown of the gross Council Tax potential yield into Council Tax billed and the amounts not billed due to Council Tax Reduction ( CTR), discounts and exemptions.

Chart 1.5 – Council Tax Potential Yield (£ millions), 2016-17

Source: CTAXBASE 2016 Return and CTRR 2016-17 Q4 Returns

Local authorities collect Council Tax relating to these bills over the year, and also continue to collect late amounts from previous billing years. The provisional in-year Council Tax collection rate for 2016-17 was 95.8 per cent and the total amount collected for Scotland as a whole (after CTR) was £2.091 billion, including late amounts for previous years. Table 1.6 shows the amount of Council Tax collected by each local authority in 2016-17. More information about bills issued in 2016-17 and the provisional amounts collected are available in the statistics publication 'Council Tax Collection Statistics, 2016-17' which is available at:
http://www.gov.scot/publications/council-tax-collection-statistics-2016-17/

Table 1.6 – Council Tax income after CTR by local authority, 2016-17 ^a

Local Authority	Net Council Tax income (£'000s)
Aberdeen City	104,192
Aberdeenshire	119,646
Angus	43,110
Argyll & Bute	44,051
Clackmannanshire	18,895
Dumfries & Galloway	56,841
Dundee City	49,212
East Ayrshire	42,460
East Dunbartonshire	51,302
East Lothian	43,937
East Renfrewshire	42,325
Edinburgh, City of	221,390
Eilean Siar	9,324
Falkirk	55,336
Fife	139,838
Glasgow City	189,732
Highland	105,560
Inverclyde	28,387
Midlothian	36,415
Moray	36,342
North Ayrshire	47,908
North Lanarkshire	104,405
Orkney Islands	7,998
Perth & Kinross	69,420
Renfrewshire	67,836
Scottish Borders	47,842
Shetland Islands	8,542
South Ayrshire	47,117
South Lanarkshire	115,570
Stirling	42,043
West Dunbartonshire	31,592
West Lothian	62,186
Scotland	2,090,754

^a Figures relate to income collected in financial year 2016-17, which can include amounts that were billed in previous years.
Source: Local Financial Returns, 2016-17

Chargeable Dwellings

Table 1.7 shows the number of dwellings in Scotland for each September from 2012 to 2017. There were a total of 2.595 million dwellings in Scotland in 2017, of which 121,300 dwellings were exempt for Council Tax purposes. This gave 2.473 million chargeable dwellings in 2017: an increase of around 3.0 per cent (71,600 dwellings) since 2012.

Table 1.7 – Total number of dwellings in Scotland, 2012 to 2017

	Total Dwellings	Exempt Dwellings	Chargeable Dwellings
2012	2,515,042	113,173	2,401,869
2013	2,526,703	116,372	2,410,331
2014	2,540,330	112,525	2,427,805
2015	2,557,365	116,847	2,440,518
2016	2,575,495	120,089	2,455,406
2017	2,594,821	121,324	2,473,497

Source: CTAXBASE Return

Chart 1.6 shows the distribution of chargeable dwellings across Council Tax bands in each local authority. Across the whole of Scotland, just under three-quarters of all chargeable dwellings are in Bands A to D. The distribution varies across local authorities due to variations in property market values. Comhairle nan Eilean Siar has the largest proportion of dwellings in Bands A to D (90 per cent), whereas East Renfrewshire has the lowest proportion in Bands A to D (44 per cent). Dwellings in Band E to H, just over a quarter of the total, will be subject to revised ratios, and therefore higher charges, from 2017-18.

The three local authorities with the highest number of chargeable dwellings were Glasgow, Edinburgh and Fife, with over a quarter of the chargeable dwellings in Scotland between them. Further data on the number of chargeable dwellings by local authority and Council Tax band can be found in the supplementary tables at the link below.
http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Local-Government-Finance/DatasetsCouncilTax

Chart 1.6 - Percentage of chargeable dwellings by Council Tax band for each local authority as at September 2017

Source: CTAXBASE 2017 Return

Council Tax Rates & Average Bills

Each local authority determines their own Band D rate of Council Tax as part of their budget setting process. The rate for other bands is then calculated as a set ratio of the Band D rate: the ratios up to and including 2016-17 can be found in Table 1.5. As a result, each local authority has different Council Tax rates. The Band D Council Tax levels for each local authority are shown in Chart 1.7, and range from £1,024 in Comhairle nan Eilean Siar to £1,230 in Aberdeen City.

Chart 1.7 – Band D Council Tax rate by local authority, 2016-17 (£)

Source: CTAS 2016 Return

From 2007-08 to 2016-17, the Scottish Government and local government worked in partnership to freeze Council Tax rates each year. The one exception is Stirling, where the council reduced the Band D rate from £1,223 in 2007-08 to £1,209 in 2008-09, and subsequently to £1,197 in 2012-13. The Council Tax freeze has caused the Scotland average Band D Council Tax rate to remain steady at £1,149 since 2007-08 – a fall in real terms.

Table 1.8 shows how the average Band D Council Tax bill for Scotland has changed each year from 2011-12. The average Council Tax bill per dwelling in 2016-17 was £997. This differs from the average Band D rate due to the distribution of dwellings across Council Tax bands, as can be seen in Table 1.5 and Chart 1.5, and the application of discounts.

Table 1.8 – Average Council Tax bills, 2011-12 to 2016-17

	Average CT bill per dwelling
	Before CTB/ CTR	After CTB/ CTR
2011-12	£984	£826
2012-13	£985	£830
2013-14	£988	£838
2014-15	£989	£846
2015-16	£991	£856
2016-17	£997	£867

Source: CTAS, CTAXBASE Returns and Local Financial Returns ( LFR12)

Council Tax Reduction ( CTR)

Scotland's CTR scheme was introduced in 2013 following localisation of Council Tax support and the UK Government's abolition of Council Tax Benefit ( CTB). The CTR scheme reduces the Council Tax liability of vulnerable people in Scotland, including people on low incomes, pensioners and lone parents. The impact of CTB/ CTR on the average Council Tax bill is also shown in Table 1.8. After taking these reductions in liability into account, the average bill per dwelling for 2016-17 reduced by £130 from £997 to £867.

Scotland's CTR scheme is funded by the UK Government, Scottish Government and local government. In 2016-17, CTR funding from government totalled £343 million (£320 million from UK Government and £23 million from Scottish Government). Local authorities agreed to contribute up to £17 million of additional funding from their own budgets to the cost of the scheme, as part of the joint commitment between Scottish Government and local government to mitigate the 10% funding cut by the UK Government.

The amounts distributed to each local authority and the final total costs are shown in Table 1.9. The total cost of the CTR scheme across Scotland in 2016-17 was around £320 million. This figure is £23 million less than the £343 million funding provided by the UK Government and Scottish Government.

Table 1.9 – CTR funding and final liability for local authorities, 2016-17

Local Authority	UKG and SG funding (£'000s)	Final total reduction in liability (£'000s)
Aberdeen City	9,231	9,340
Aberdeenshire	7,318	7,234
Angus	5,285	5,067
Argyll & Bute	5,475	5,070
Clackmannanshire	3,461	3,316
Dumfries & Galloway	8,577	8,101
Dundee City	12,436	11,675
East Ayrshire	9,428	8,618
East Dunbartonshire	4,522	4,174
East Lothian	5,276	4,810
East Renfrewshire	3,726	3,463
Edinburgh, City of	26,252	23,775
Eilean Siar	1,458	1,344
Falkirk	8,329	7,609
Fife	20,597	19,499
Glasgow City	68,990	64,020
Highland	12,139	11,374
Inverclyde	6,657	6,226
Midlothian	5,126	4,731
Moray	3,748	3,604
North Ayrshire	11,630	10,939
North Lanarkshire	24,094	21,962
Orkney Islands	747	730
Perth & Kinross	6,544	6,155
Renfrewshire	13,131	12,133
Scottish Borders	5,508	4,970
Shetland Islands	637	623
South Ayrshire	8,445	7,838
South Lanarkshire	20,696	19,273
Stirling	4,347	3,994
West Dunbartonshire	9,263	8,658
West Lothian	9,927	9,265
Scotland	343,000	319,590

Source: Local Financial Returns ( LFR23), CTR Extract

Changes to Council Tax Liabilities

Not all dwellings are liable to pay the full rate of Council Tax; discounts, exemptions and increased rates can be charged for certain types of dwellings, and the CTR scheme is available to support vulnerable people in meeting their Council Tax liabilities. Table 1.10 summarises the range of discounts, exemptions and reductions available and the change in liability that applies to each type. Please note that, in some cases, more than one type of discount, exemption or reduction may apply. The examples given in Table 1.10 are typical but not exhaustive. For a full explanation of Council Tax discounts and exemptions, go to: www.gov.scot/Topics/Government/local-government/17999/counciltax/Secondhomes.

Table 1.10 – Council Tax discounts, exemptions, reductions and increases

Type of Support	Typical dwellings that are eligible	Variation in liability
Discounts
Single Person Discount	Chargeable dwellings in which there is only one resident or only one resident is not disregarded.	25% discount
Second Homes	Chargeable dwellings which are no one's sole or main residence, but are furnished and lived in for at least 25 days during any 12 month period.	10 - 50% discount or discount removed 1
Long Term Empty (6 - 12 months)	Empty properties not meeting the criteria of a second home.	10 – 50% discount
Long Term Empty (> 12 months)	Empty properties not meeting the criteria of a second home.	Up to 50% discount or an increase of up to 100% 1
Occupied entirely by disregarded adults	Chargeable dwellings occupied entirely by residents who are disregarded for discount.	50% discount
Exemptions
Occupied	Dwellings occupied solely by any combination of students, those with a severe mental impairment, school leavers or persons under the age of 18.	100% reduction
Unoccupied	Dwellings which are; empty and unfurnished for less than 6 months or empty and under repair for less than 12 months. Dwellings which are empty because their former residents have moved out for the purpose of receiving personal care by reason of old age, disablement or illness.	100% reduction
Reductions
Disability reduction	Homes that have been adapted for a disabled person.	One CT Band or 5/9 of the Band A charge reduction 2
Council Tax Reduction (Passported)	In receipt of Pension Credit (Guarantee), JSA (income based), ESA (income related) or Income Support.	100% reduction
Council Tax Reduction (Not passported)	Low income household.	Up to 100% reduction 3

1 The actual change in liability depends on local authority policy. In 2013-14, local authorities gained the discretionary power to remove the empty properties discount or set a council tax increase of 100 per cent on properties which have been empty for more than 12 months.
2 For example, a Band D rate property that was eligible for the disability reduction would be charged the Band C rate.
3 The exact change in liability is dependent on a means-test.

Table 1.11 shows the number of dwellings eligible for Council Tax discounts and reductions. Of the 2.47 million chargeable dwellings in Scotland, around 1 million were eligible for a discount in 2017. The most common type of discount was the Single Person Discount, with around two-fifths of chargeable dwellings entitled to the discount in 2017. The CTR scheme supports almost half a million dwellings, or around one-fifth of chargeable dwellings, in meeting their Council Tax liability.

Around 59,200 dwellings are classified as second homes or long term empty properties: further statistics on these are available at:
http://www.gov.scot/publications/housing-statistics-scotland-quarterly-update-published-12-december-2017/

Table 1.11 – Number of dwellings ¹ in receipt of Council Tax discounts and reductions as at September

Type of Support	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
All chargeable dwellings	2,401,869	2,410,331	2,427,805	2,440,518	2,455,406	2,473,497
Disability reduction	13,994	13,791	13,736	13,505	13,463	13,705
Single Person Discount	948,208	952,251	953,612	955,505	963,297	972,537
Second Homes 2	40,599	35,734	27,879	27,317	26,140	22,101
Long Term Empty (empty > 6 months)	25,454	27,327	31,884	36,419	36,236	37,135
Occupied entirely by disregarded adults	1,809	1,579	2,802	1,378	1,411	1,352
Dwellings not subject to a discount	1,385,799	1,393,440	1,411,628	1,419,899	1,428,322	1,440,372
CTR/ CTB 3	560,880	548,070	533,980	512,340	495,660	489,560

¹ Some dwellings may be eligible for more than one type of support, in these cases the dwelling will be counted under each type of support it is eligible for.
² It is not possible for some councils to separately identify second homes and long term empty dwellings. For these councils, the total number of second homes and long term empty dwellings have been recorded under second homes
³ CTB figures to 2012 were published by DWP and are available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/229795/hbctb_release_may13_revised.xls

Source: CTAXBASE Return, CTR Extract and DWP CTB figures

1.5 Non-Domestic Rates

Non-Domestic Rates ( NDR) is a property tax paid by the owner/occupier or tenant of a non-domestic property.

In 2016-17, the income raised from NDR was £2.73 billion.

The principles of non-domestic rates were established in the Lands Valuation (Scotland) Act 1854. This act also provided for the appointment of the Scottish Assessors, who are responsible for determining the classification and valuation of non-domestic and domestic properties, and are independent of both the Scottish Government and local authorities. A non-domestic property is an individual property used for non-domestic purposes. Examples include business premises and third and public sector properties.

The value given to a property for NDR purposes is called its rateable value ( RV).

The RV of a property is a legally defined valuation provided by the Assessor, broadly based on the rental values the property could achieve. As such it is not necessarily a reflection of the profitability, turnover or output of the business. It is established at revaluation where the Scottish Assessors assess rateable values for all non-domestic properties in Scotland, taking account of the type and nature of the property. All non-domestic properties and their corresponding RVs are listed on the Valuation Roll, which is maintained by the Scottish Assessors. Rateable values are periodically updated at non-domestic rate revaluations. Scottish Assessors undertook a non-domestic rates revaluation in 2017, assigning updated rateable values to all non-domestic properties in Scotland. ^[1]

NDR bills are calculated using the rateable value ( RV) of non-domestic properties, multiplied by a poundage set nationally by Scottish Ministers, less any relief or exemption entitlement.

( NDR bill ) = ( RV ) x ( Poundage ) - ( Reliefs )

In 2016-17, for properties with a rateable value greater than £35,000, the Large Business Supplement ( LBS) applies in addition to the poundage (the poundage is effectively increased slightly by adding the LBS). ^[2]

Table 1.12 shows the composition of properties (and associated RV) on the Valuation Roll by property type. As at 1 ^st April 2017, there were 233,386 properties with a total RV of £7.4 billion. Shops were the most prevalent type of property on the valuation roll, making up nearly a quarter (23%) of the number of properties and RV on the roll. Industrial subjects and offices are the next two largest categories in terms of numbers and RV. Together, these three categories account for 63% of properties on the valuation roll, and 54% of the RV.

Table 1.12 – Non-Domestic Rates Properties by Classification (as at 1 April 2017)

	Number of properties	Rateable value (£)	% of Properties on Valuation Roll	% of RV on Valuation Roll
Category	1st April 2017	1st April 2017	1st April 2017	1st April 2017
Advertising	1,924	10,538,430	1%	0%
Care Facilities	2,975	118,542,034	1%	2%
Communications	349	24,645,995	0%	0%
Cultural	1,419	53,810,920	1%	1%
Education and Training	3,705	559,765,675	2%	8%
Garages and Petrol Stations	4,245	74,937,080	2%	1%
Health and Medical	3,233	228,000,365	1%	3%
Hotels	5,469	275,073,193	2%	4%
Industrial Subjects	49,050	1,256,125,440	21%	17%
Leisure, Entertainment, Caravans etc.	22,299	281,406,378	10%	4%
Offices	44,061	1,082,525,979	19%	15%
Other	16,156	141,617,533	7%	2%
Petrochemical	142	122,224,305	0%	2%
Public Houses	3,732	132,642,075	2%	2%
Public Service Subjects	10,082	356,549,995	4%	5%
Quarries, Mines, etc.	660	17,990,509	0%	0%
Religious	6,101	56,293,665	3%	1%
Shops	53,709	1,611,664,302	23%	22%
Sporting Subjects	3,010	18,120,492	1%	0%
Statutory Undertaking	1,065	935,200,808	0%	13%
Total All Non-Domestic Properties	233,386	7,357,675,173	100%	100%

Source: Scottish Assessors Valuation Roll, 1st April 2017

Table 1.13 provides a breakdown of properties on the Valuation Roll by local authority and RV band.

In terms of the Small Business Bonus Scheme ( SBBS) and the application of the Large Business Supplement ( LBS), £18,000 and £51,000 currently (2017/18) represent the rateable value thresholds for small and large businesses respectively. ^[3]

Around 78% of all properties (180,886 properties) have a rateable value less than or equal to £18,000, and around 9% of properties have a rateable value of more than £51,000.

Table 1.13 – Non-Domestic Rates Subjects by Local Authority (as at 1 April 2017) ¹

Local Authority	Rateable Value Band			Total Non-Domestic Properties
	<= £18,000	£18,001 to £51,000	> £51,000
Scotland	180,886	30,498	22,002	233,386
Aberdeen City	5,435	1,962	2,146	9,543
Aberdeenshire	9,488	1,430	966	11,884
Angus	4,135	475	274	4,884
Argyll & Bute	7,686	564	266	8,516
Clackmannanshire	1,234	206	113	1,553
Dumfries & Galloway	8,310	698	388	9,396
Dundee City	4,280	881	692	5,853
East Ayrshire	3,229	447	277	3,953
East Dunbartonshire	1,813	377	198	2,388
East Lothian	2,836	394	253	3,483
East Renfrewshire	1,314	301	136	1,751
Edinburgh, City of	15,876	3,863	3,116	22,855
Eilean Siar	2,221	159	90	2,470
Falkirk	3,765	737	496	4,998
Fife	10,811	1,801	1,032	13,644
Glasgow City	19,143	4,507	3,596	27,246
Highland	15,242	1,528	1,091	17,861
Inverclyde	1,880	275	190	2,345
Midlothian	2,323	394	306	3,023
Moray	3,853	435	321	4,609
North Ayrshire	4,124	586	353	5,063
North Lanarkshire	7,426	1,542	1,045	10,013
Orkney Islands	1,919	185	71	2,175
Perth & Kinross	7,275	807	539	8,621
Renfrewshire	4,889	900	714	6,503
Scottish Borders	6,244	630	317	7,191
Shetland Islands	1,768	178	110	2,056
South Ayrshire	3,844	611	386	4,841
South Lanarkshire	7,358	1,557	1,046	9,961
Stirling	4,195	687	420	5,302
West Dunbartonshire	2,290	369	267	2,926
West Lothian	4,680	1,012	787	6,479

1. Includes a small percentage of properties with zero rateable value.

Source: Scottish Assessors Valuation Roll, 1st April 2017 Table 1.14 shows a time series of annual NDR Income, total rateable value, and poundage rate. Revaluations typically take place on a 5-year cycle and are intended to be 'revenue neutral'. As a consequence of the 2010 revaluation, the poundage was reduced from 48.1p in 2009-10 to 40.7p in 2010-11 and the total RV of non-domestic properties (the tax base) increased from £5.3 billion in 2009-10 to £6.6 billion in 2010-11. The next revaluation took effect on 1 April 2017. Total rateable value at 1 ^st April 2017 was £7.4 billion and the poundage for 2017-18 is currently 46.6p, reduced from 48.4p in 2016-17.

Table 1.14 – Non-Domestic Rates Income, Total Rateable Values and Poundage Rate

	2009-10	2010-11 1	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	2015-16	2016-17
Non Domestic Rates Income (£m) 2	2,010	2,138	2,251	2,347	2,367	2,511	2,579	2,731
Total Rateable Value (£m) 3	5,299	6,612	6,678	6,718	6,716	6,681	6,719	6,796
Poundage Rate (pence)	48.1	40.7	42.6	45.0	46.2	47.1	48.0	48.4
Large Business Supplement (pence) 4	0.4	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.9	1.1	1.3	2.6

1. Revaluation occurred in 2010
2. All income figures, including 2016-17, are the final audited income collected by councils, and paid to SG. These figures are net of reliefs, apart from those for which the cost is met by local authorities.
3. As at start of financial year
4. The Large Business Supplement was applied in addition to the poundage for properties with a rateable value over £35,000. (The RV threshold was increased to £51,000 from April 2017 though the supplement remained at 2.6p).
Source: NDR Income – Non-domestic Rate Income Returns, Rateable Value – Scottish Assessors Valuation Roll as at 1st April

Table 1.14 also shows that the total RV has increased slightly since the 2010 revaluation from £6.6 billion to £6.8 billion in 2016-17. This is due to the net impact of several factors including increases in the tax base from new properties or extension of existing properties and decreases as demolished properties are deleted from the valuation roll or as the RV is reduced as a result of appeals. ^[4] As non-domestic rates bills in Scotland are directly related to the rateable values of individual non-domestic properties, changes in the total RV impact on the amount of NDR available for collection, along with other factors such as the poundage rate and backdated revaluation appeals losses which also affect the final income.

Inflation is a key driver of growth in NDR income as the poundage rate, set nationally by Scottish Ministers ^[5] , has typically been tied to the Retail Price Index ^[6] (other than in the first year of a revaluation). NDR bills are calculated by multiplying the RV of a property by the poundage rate, and then applying discounts and exemptions. Large business properties (those with a RV greater than £35,000 in 2016-17 and £51,000 from 2017-18) also pay a supplement to the poundage rate, known as the Large Business Supplement ( LBS). The LBS was 2.6p in 2016-17 ^[7] . For the period 2012-13 to 2014-15, large retailers with RV of £300,000 or more that sold both alcohol and tobacco also paid the Public Health Supplement ( PHS) - an additional 13p on the poundage rate in 2014-15. These supplements increase the amount paid in NDR bills. Conversely, exempt properties (which do not pay rates), and relief schemes such as the Small Business Bonus Scheme can significantly reduce the amount paid in NDR bills, and therefore the NDR income.

Table 1.15 summarises the total number of properties and rateable value as at 1 ^st April 2017 and the NDR income collected in 2016-17 by local authority (net of reliefs). This is net of reliefs, apart from those for which the cost is met by local authorities. Consequently, it is slightly greater than the net amount actually paid.

Table 1.15 – Non-Domestic Rates Properties, Rateable Values and Income By Local Authority ¹

Authority	Non-Domestic Properties 2 Apr-17	Non-Domestic Rateable Values Apr-17 (£000s)	Non-Domestic Rate Income 2016-17 3 (£000s)
Scotland	233,386	7,357,675	2,731,481
Aberdeen City	9,543	593,767	207,535
Aberdeenshire	11,884	286,633	95,174
Angus	4,884	80,431	26,440
Argyll & Bute	8,516	109,931	30,957
Clackmannanshire	1,553	42,498	15,519
Dumfries & Galloway	9,396	123,270	45,050
Dundee City	5,853	186,886	69,702
East Ayrshire	3,953	80,366	29,414
East Dunbartonshire	2,388	68,991	24,610
East Lothian	3,483	74,989	25,402
East Renfrewshire	1,751	43,253	14,768
Edinburgh, City of	22,855	945,618	368,712
Eilean Siar	2,470	26,491	8,028
Falkirk	4,998	184,691	72,291
Fife	13,644	427,587	179,772
Glasgow City	27,246	1,016,782	374,123
Highland	17,861	359,803	126,516
Inverclyde	2,345	57,341	21,820
Midlothian	3,023	84,100	28,933
Moray	4,609	108,444	38,585
North Ayrshire	5,063	115,161	41,665
North Lanarkshire	10,013	291,967	118,782
Orkney Islands	2,175	28,851	9,725
Perth & Kinross	8,621	159,642	54,511
Renfrewshire	6,503	316,839	99,740
Scottish Borders	7,191	106,773	33,034
Shetland Islands	2,056	60,817	23,259
South Ayrshire	4,841	115,179	42,446
South Lanarkshire	9,961	744,327	288,977
Stirling	5,302	122,596	44,936
West Dunbartonshire	2,926	185,733	79,461
West Lothian	6,479	207,919	91,593

1. Rates bills for specific utilities are collected by specified councils on behalf of all 32 councils, and appear on the valuation roll for those councils: South Lanarkshire (Electricity), West Dunbartonshire (Gas), Fife (Water), Falkirk (Docks and Harbours), Highland (Railways), Renfrewshire (Telecommunications). This increases the take for those authorities.
2. Includes properties with a zero rateable value
3. Audited income collected by councils. This is net of reliefs apart from those for which the cost is met by local authorities.
Source: Number of Properties and Rateable Value - Scottish Assessors Valuation Roll 1st April 2017 NDR Income - Non-domestic Rate Income Returns provided by Councils

Table 1.15 shows geographical variations in the number of properties, rateable value and NDR income. It should be noted however that some councils have responsibility for collection of NDR for specific utilities as detailed in the footnote to the table. For these councils, the entries on the valuation roll and NDR income include Scotland-wide data for the specified utilities sectors. To avoid the need for revisions, only final (audited) NDR income figures are included in this publication. The deadline for NDR income returns was accelerated for 2014-15 and subsequent years to allow audited NDR income data to be included.

There are a number of types of NDR relief that reduce the NDR bill for qualifying properties. Table 1.16 shows the main types of relief available ^[8] and the amount of relief provided each year from 2010-11 to 2016-17. It should be noted that the reliefs here are both mandatory reliefs, and the element of discretionary relief funded by Scottish Government. The elements of discretionary reliefs funded by local authorities are not included.

Table 1.16 – Amount of Non-Domestic Rates Relief Provided by Relief Type ^1,2 ( £thousands)

	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	2015-16	2016-17
Empty Property Relief	145,936	157,862	169,134	146,496	140,962	141,604	93,682
Charities	136,731	151,276	164,979	173,623	181,242	189,312	201,215
Sports Clubs	11,476	12,059	12,431	12,911	13,487	13,852	13,851
Disabled persons relief	51,901	54,372	57,580	58,299	59,648	60,599	61,498
SBBS	123,259	134,719	150,196	161,002	170,635	179,544	187,029
Religious Properties	24,016	22,960	24,573	25,205	26,113	26,625	27,014
Rural Rate Relief	4,129	4,218	4,305	4,323	4,244	4,235	4,114
Renewable Energy Relief Scheme 3	3,560	4,126	4,811	7,333	9,280	9,545	647
New Start 4				130	484	188	398
Fresh Start 4				189	536	573	607
Other 5	4	43	10	63	221	422	730
Gross Amount	501,013	541,635	588,018	589,574	606,852	626,497	590,784

1. Estimates include mandatory and discretionary elements of relief where applicable, but exclude backdated payments of relief and excludes councils own contributions to reliefs
2. Reliefs for all years, including 2016-17, are final audited figures.
3. The Renewable Energy Relief Scheme was introduced at 1 April 2010.
4. The new start an fresh start relief schemes were introduced at 1 April 2013.
5. Other includes Hardship and Enterprise Areas.
Source: Non-domestic Rate Income Returns from Councils

The gross amount of relief provided has increased substantially from £501 million in 2010-11 to £626 million in 2015-16. It then fell slightly to £591m in 2016-17 due to a change in empty property relief entitlement. Key reasons for change in total relief costs include changes to the poundage, changes to the tax base (recent growth in overall rateable value), changes in relief entitlement, increased awareness of a relief scheme, or introduction of new reliefs. For example the Small Business Bonus Scheme ( SBBS) has been expanded in recent years and a greater awareness of the scheme will have contributed to the rise in cost of SBBS. Changes were made to Empty Property Relief ( EPR) in 2013, reducing the amount of EPR for non-industrial properties from 100% for 3 months and then 50% thereafter, to 100% for 3 months then 10% thereafter, resulting in decreases to the cost of Empty Property Relief in the three years to 2014-15. EPR changed again in 2016-17 reducing the initial (3 months) relief for non-industrial properties from 100% to 50%, with a resultant decrease of EPR relief of almost £50m between 2015-16 and 2016-17. Table 1.16a shows the amount of relief paid in each local authority area in 2016-17.

Table 1.16a – Amount of Non-Domestic Rates Relief Provided by Relief Type, by Local Authority, 2016-17 ^1,2 (£thousands)

Authority	Empty Property Relief	Charities	Sports Clubs	Disabled persons relief	SBBS	Religious Exemption	Rural Rate Relief	Renewable Energy Relief Scheme 3	Other 4	All reliefs
Aberdeen City	6,968	11,006	242	2,866	5,093	1,064	0	0	31	27,269
Aberdeenshire	1,391	2,499	966	2,515	8,741	944	1,198	17	32	18,302
Angus	1,115	2,226	1,026	1,431	4,157	561	70	7	1	10,592
Argyll & Bute	591	2,118	240	628	5,696	454	243	90	9	10,068
Clackmannanshire	333	869	94	454	1,515	120	5	0	0	3,390
Dumfries & Galloway	1,061	2,047	351	1,045	6,861	486	196	0	7	12,054
Dundee City	3,121	9,833	157	2,366	5,380	735	0	0	20	21,612
East Ayrshire	1,077	2,514	136	1,218	3,663	458	6	0	14	9,085
East Dunbartonshire	211	2,673	418	888	2,759	571	0	0	0	7,519
East Lothian	653	2,761	972	1,004	3,232	426	33	58	7	9,146
East Renfrewshire	387	1,503	248	848	1,845	477	0	64	0	5,372
Edinburgh, City of	15,860	36,004	1,497	6,998	17,637	3,731	0	0	256	81,981
Eilean Siar	103	973	64	389	1,438	288	100	129	0	3,485
Falkirk	2,684	3,185	174	1,532	4,530	445	3	0	21	12,575
Fife	5,158	10,188	593	4,305	11,988	1,545	37	0	266	34,079
Glasgow City	27,342	48,306	618	8,475	22,724	3,455	0	0	194	111,114
Highland	1,956	9,443	338	3,782	12,326	1,327	1,169	100	39	30,481
Inverclyde	884	2,144	293	731	2,310	333	0	0	60	6,754
Midlothian	520	3,270	284	514	2,372	326	10	0	0	7,296
Moray	383	1,585	213	938	3,081	445	145	0	4	6,793
North Ayrshire	3,023	2,801	288	1,759	4,355	480	54	0	91	12,850
North Lanarkshire	3,808	8,745	337	2,573	8,996	2,426	0	0	161	27,047
Orkney Islands	75	875	62	224	1,336	162	275	82	26	3,116
Perth & Kinross	825	5,681	306	2,527	7,314	811	100	15	242	17,821
Renfrewshire	3,083	5,649	280	2,420	5,647	764	0	0	33	17,876
Scottish Borders	1,012	2,641	585	1,177	5,694	526	116	0	70	11,821
Shetland Islands	174	1,225	767	356	924	112	171	0	0	3,729
South Ayrshire	1,884	2,176	276	1,640	4,532	564	48	0	92	11,212
South Lanarkshire	2,735	6,775	472	3,080	8,908	1,667	35	61	22	23,755
Stirling	1,354	3,403	1,008	796	4,115	333	93	18	25	11,145
West Dunbartonshire	813	2,199	73	597	2,648	366	1	0	1	6,698
West Lothian	3,101	3,898	473	1,423	5,213	612	6	7	12	14,745
Scotland	93,682	201,215	13,851	61,498	187,029	27,014	4,114	647	1,734	590,784

1. Estimates include mandatory and discretionary elements of relief where applicable, but exclude backdated payments of relief. Figures exclude local reliefs, or top-ups to discretionary reliefs which the local authorities award themselves.
2. Figures are final audited figures.
3. The Renewable Energy Relief Scheme was introduced at 1 April 2010.
4. Other includes Hardship and Enterprise Areas, new start and fresh start.
Source: Non-domestic Rate Income Returns from Councils

Most of the NDR income collected by local authorities is pooled at the Scotland level and then redistributed back to local authorities. There are two exceptions to this.

A Business Rates Incentivisation Scheme ( BRIS) was introduced from April 2012 to incentivise councils to maximise existing business rates income and attract new economic growth by allowing all authorities that exceed their annual business rates target to retain 50% of any additional income. Between revaluation years, each year's retention is carried forward to the next year and added to any new retention awarded. In 2016-17 the amount retained under this scheme (according to the authorities' returns) was £8.9 million (£2.6 million in 2015-16).

The Scottish Government is also piloting Tax Incremental Financing ( TIF) which allows local authorities to fund public sector infrastructure, which unlocks private sector investment, contributing to sustainable and inclusive economic growth. This growth is funded from future incremental business rates that are generated as a result of attracting more businesses into the area because of upfront public sector enabling investment.

Six pilot TIF schemes were developed through secondary legislation under existing provisions of the Local Government Finance Act (1992). The pilot approach has allowed this model to be tested in Scotland, with four pilot projects currently in place, of which three have received full approval (Argyll & Bute, Falkirk and Glasgow) and one (Fife) has received approval in principle. In 2016-17 the amount of NDR retained by local authorities for TIF projects was (according to the authorities' returns) £1.2 million (£0.9 million in 2015-16).

Each council reports to the Scottish Government the amount of NDR collected which is to be included in the central pool. The amount to be re-distributed to each authority from the pool is known as the Distributable Amount ( DA) and is set by the Scottish Government before the start of the financial year in question.

From 1 ^st April 2011, the distribution methodology sees Councils retain the amount estimated they will collect in business rates (the previous policy saw NDR redistributed on the basis of population shares). As the combined total of NDR income and General Revenue Funding ( GRF) provided to councils is guaranteed by the Scottish Government, any reduction in the amount of NDR collected is compensated for by a corresponding increase in GRF and vice versa. Any changes from the assumed collection amount in any year is paid out or recovered from Councils in the calculation of future years distributable business rates totals. The Distributable Amount is based upon an estimate of the NDR income made prior to the year start, and includes prior year adjustments. It will not therefore match exactly the income received by the Scottish Government in any year (as given in tables 1.14 and 1.15), nor the total eventual contributions to the pool for any year.

The calculation of the distributable amount for 2016-17 is given in Annex F and the 2016-17 distributable amount per local authority is shown in Table 1.17.

Table 1.17 – Non-Domestic Rates Distributable Amount ¹ by Local Authority, 2016-17

	Non-Domestic Rate Distributable Amount (£000s) 1
Scotland	2,768,500
Aberdeen City	215,585
Aberdeenshire	98,450
Angus	29,410
Argyll & Bute	30,445
Clackmannanshire	16,269
Dumfries & Galloway	47,992
Dundee City	71,010
East Ayrshire	30,239
East Dunbartonshire	25,550
East Lothian	24,370
East Renfrewshire	15,622
Edinburgh, City of	374,650
Eilean Siar	8,019
Falkirk	68,028
Fife	183,330
Glasgow City	373,351
Highland	127,682
Inverclyde	23,331
Midlothian	32,026
Moray	35,581
North Ayrshire	41,458
North Lanarkshire	120,543
Orkney Islands	9,868
Perth & Kinross	57,555
Renfrewshire	96,105
Scottish Borders	33,593
Shetland Islands	17,821
South Ayrshire	40,754
South Lanarkshire	303,113
Stirling	46,216
West Dunbartonshire	82,792
West Lothian	87,725

Source: Amendment Order Scotland (2016)
1. The Distributable Amount is the amount distributed to local authorities as part of the annual local government finance settlement; it is based upon an estimate of the NDR income, including prior year adjustments. It is not guaranteed to match the income eventually received by the SG that year (as given in tables 1.14 and 1.15).

1.6 Customer and Client Receipts

Local authorities receive income from sales, rents, fees and charges as a result of providing a range of services. The amount of income associated with each service is detailed in Table 1.18 below.

The total customer and client receipts received by local authorities has increased by 4.8%, from £2,423 million in 2015-16 to £2,539 million in 2016-17. In the General Fund this has increased by 7.1%, from £1,282 million in 2015-16 to £1,373 million in 2016-17. Almost half (46%) of customer and client receipts are attributable to the HRA which has seen receipts increase by 2.2% from £1,141 million to £1,166 million in 2016-17.

Table 1.18 – Customer and Client Receipts – 2012-13 to 2016-17 ( £thousands)

	2012-13	2013-14 b	2014-15	2015-16	2016-17
Education	113,355	120,563	124,200	122,477	131,164
Cultural & Related Services	70,728	71,185	72,567	68,799	77,793
Social Work	276,450	276,012	275,301	264,079	262,974
Roads & Transport	154,197	175,384	182,690	182,978	167,044
Environmental Services	117,969	117,457	112,180	123,825	114,424
Planning & Development Services	116,541	121,077	120,161	134,682	119,161
Central Services	110,889	131,709	143,806	162,394	242,788
Non- HRA Housing	165,412	160,800	155,076	159,635	166,188
Trading Services	58,045	69,843	69,639	63,077	91,816
Total General Fund ( GF) Customer and Client Receipts	1,183,586	1,244,030	1,255,620	1,281,946	1,373,352
Housing Revenue Account ( HRA) 1	1,034,306	1,073,362	1,112,210	1,140,720	1,165,976
Total GF + HRA Customer and Client Receipts	2,217,892	2,317,392	2,367,830	2,422,666	2,539,328

1. The Housing Revenue Account ( HRA) records income and expenditure relating to the provision of Local Authority housing.
b. The Police and Fire Reform (Scotland) Act 2012 created Police Scotland and Fire Scotland, which replaced the former Police and Fire Boards. These new bodies are classified as Central Government, rather than Local Government and have been excluded from the 2012-13 figures to allow comparability over time.
Source: Local Financial Returns ( LFRs)