Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Vol 6 No 12: The demography of a phenotypically mixed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) population as discerned for an eastern Scottish river

References

Allendorf, F.W., England, P.R., Luikart, G., Ritchie, P.A. and Ryman, N. 2008. Genetic effects of harvest on wild animal populations. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 23: 327-337. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2008.02.008

Anon. 2009. Statistical Bulletin: Scottish Salmon and Sea Trout Catches 2008. Fisheries Series No. Fis/2012/1). September 2009. ISSN 0264-116X. www.gov.scot/

Anon. 2013. http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0044/00448588.pdf [Dec-2014]

AST 2014. Atlantic Salmon Trust review 2014. http://www.atlanticsalmontrust.org/ [Jan-2015]

Bacon, P.J., Palmer, S.C.F., MacLean, J.C., Smith, G.W., Whyte, B.D.M., Gurney, W.S.C. and Youngson, A.F. 2009. Empirical analyses of the length, weight and condition of adult Atlantic salmon on return to the Scottish coast between 1963 and 2006. ICES J Mar Sci. 66: 844-859. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsp096}

Bacon, P.J., Gurney, W.S.C., McKenzie, E., Whyte, B., Campbell, R., Laughton, R., Smith, G., and MacLean, .J.C. 2011. Objective determination of the sea-age of Atlantic salmon from the sizes and dates of capture of individual fish. ICES J Mar Sci. 68: 130-143. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsq142

Bacon, P.J., MacLean, J.C., Malcolm, I.A. and Gurney, W.S.C. 2012. Ova-fecundity in Scottish Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar: predictions, selective forces and causal mechanisms. Journal of Fish Biology 81: 921-938. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03311.x

Bacon, P.J., Malcolm, I.A., Fryer, R.J., Glover, R.S., Millar, C.P., and Youngson, A.F. 2015. Can conservation stocking enhance juvenile emigrant production in wild Atlantic Salmon ? Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 144:3, 642-654, DOI: 10.1080/00028487.2015.1017655

Beverton, R.J.H., and Holt, S.J. 1957. On the dynamics of exploited fish populations. London: UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Fisheries Investigations No 19, 1957.

Bjorkstedt, E.P. 2005. DARR 2.0: Updated software for estimating abundance from stratified mark-recapture data. U. S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFSNOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-368.

Carlson, S. M. and Seamons, T. R. 2008. A review of quantitative genetic components of fitness in salmonids: implications for adaptation to future change. Evolutionary Applications 1: 222-238. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00025.x

Chaput, G. 2012. Overview of the status of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the North Atlantic and trends in marine mortality. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1538-1548. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fss013.

Crozier, W. W., Potter, E. C. E., Prevost, E., Schon, P.-J., and O´Maoileidigh, N. 2003a. A coordinated approach towards development of a scientific basis for management of wild Atlantic salmon in the North-East Atlantic (SALMODEL). An EU Concerted Action-Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources Key Action 5: sustainable agriculture, fisheries and forestry, and integrated development of rural areas including mountain areas. EU Contract No. QLK5-CT1999-01546. 431 pp.

Crozier, W. W., Schon, P-J., Chaput, G., Potter, E. C. E., O´Maoileidigh, N., and MacLean, J. C. 2003b. Managing Atlantic salmon in the mixed stock environment: challenges and considerations. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 61: 1344-1358.

de Eyto, E., White, J., Boylan, P., Clarke, B., Cotter, D., Doherty, D., Gargan, P., Kennedy, R., McGinnity, P. , O'Maoiléidigh, N. and O'Higgins, K. 2015. The fecundity of wild Irish Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. and its application for stock assessment purposes. Fisheries Research 164; 159-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2014.11.017

Eriksson, T. 1994. Mortality risks of Baltic salmon during downstream migration and early sea-phase: effects of body size and season. Nordic Journal of Freshwater Research, 69:100

Fenberg, P.B., and Roy, K. 2008. Ecological and evolutionary consequences of size selective harvesting: how much do we know? Molecular Ecology 17: 209-220.

Friedland, K.D, Shank, B.V., Todd, C.D., McGinnity, P. and Nye J.A. 2013. Differential response of continental stock complexes of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Journal of Marine Systems 133: 77-87. doi.org/10.1016/j.marsys.2013.03.003

Gibson, A.J.F. and Bowlby, H.D. 2013. Recovery Potential Assessment for Southern Upland Atlantic Salmon: Population Dynamics and Viability. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2012/142. Pp129.

Gjerde, B. 1984. Response to individual selection for age at maturity in Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture, 38: 229-240.

Gurney, W.S.C., P.J. Bacon, and E. Mackenzie. 2010. Maturity dispersion, stock autocorrelation and management strategy in exploited salmon populations. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 72: 1271-1293. DOI 10.1007/s11538-009-9490-y

Gurney, W.S.C., Bacon, P.J., McKenzie, E., McGinnity, P., McLean, J.C., Smith, G.W., and Youngson, A.F. 2010 B. Form and uncertainty in stock-recruitment relations: observations and implications for Atlantic salmon management. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 67: 1040-1055. doi:10.1139/F10-038.

Gurney, W.S.C., Bacon, P.J., Speirs, D.C., McGinnity, P., and Verspoor, E. 2012. Sea-age variation in maiden Atlantic salmon spawners: phenotypic plasticity or genetic polymorphism? Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 74: 615-640. DOI 10.1007/s11538-011-9679-8

Haldane, J.B.S. 1924. A Mathematical Theory of Natural and Artificial Selection. Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 23: 19-40.

Hankin, D.G., Nicholas, J.W. and Downey, T.W. 1993. Evidence for the inheritance of age at maturity in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawyscha). Canadian Journal of Fhseries and Aquatic Sciences, 50: 347-358. DOI 10.1139/f93-040

Hansen, L.P. and B. Jonsson. 1991. Evidence of a genetic component in the seasonal return pattern of Atlantic slamon (Salmo salar). Journal of Fish Biology, 38: 251-258. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb03111.x

Heino, M. and Dieckmann, U. 2009. Fisheries-induced evolution. In: Encyclopaedia of Life Sciences. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Chichester. DOI: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0021213

ICES. 2011. Report of the Working Group on North Atlantic Salmon. ICES Document CM 2011/ACOM: 09. 380 pp.

ICES. 2014. Report of the Working Group on North Atlantic Salmon ( WGNAS), 19-28 March 2014, Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2014/ACOM:09. 433 pp.

ICES. 2015. Report of the Working Group on North Atlantic Salmon ( WGNAS), 17-26 March, Moncton, Canada. ICES CM 2015/ACOM:09. 332 pp.

Jonsson, N., Jonsson, B. and Hansen, L. P. 1998. The relative role of density-dependent and density-independent survival in the life cycle of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Journal of Animal Ecology 67; 751-762. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.1998.00237.x

Jonsson, B., Jonsson, N. and Finstad, A.G. 2013. Effects of temperature and food quality on age and size at maturity in ectotherms: an experimental test with Atlantic salmon. Journal of Animal Ecology 82: 201-210. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.02022.x

Jørgensen, C., Enberg, K., Dunlop, E.S., Arlinghaus, R., Boukal, D.S, Brander, K., Ernande B., et al. 2007. Managing Evolving Fish Stocks. Science 318: 1247-1248.

Kuparinen, A., and Merilä, J., 2007. Detecting and managing fisheries-induced evolution. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 22: 652-659. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2007.08.011

Laughton, R., and G.W. Smith. 1992. The realtionship between date of river entry and the estimated spawning position of adult Atlantic slamon (Salmo salar) in two major Scottish east coast rivers. In Wildlife Telemetry: Remote monitoring and tracking of animals. Edited by I.G. Priede and S.M. Swift, 423-433. Chichester: Ellis Horwood, 1992.

Law, R. 2007. Fisheries-induced evolution: Present status and future directions. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 335: 271-277.

Malcolm, I.A., Godfrey, J., and Youngson, A.F. 2010. Review of migratory routes and behaviour of Atlantic salmon, sea trout and European eel in Scotland's coastal environment: implications for the development of marine renewables. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Vol 1 No 14. 77 pgs. ISSN : 2043-7722, http://www.gov.scot/marinescotland

MacKenzie, K. M., Trueman, C. N., Palmer, M. R., Moore, A., Ibbotson, A. T., Beaumont, W. R. C., and Davidson, I. C. 2012. Stable isotopes reveal age-dependent trophic level and spatial segregation during adult marine feeding in populations of salmon from the UK. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1637-1645. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fss074

MacLean, J.C, Smith, G.W., and Laughton, R. 1996. An assessment of the grilse error associated with reported salmon, Salmo salar L., catches from two rod-and-line fisheries on the River Spey, Scotland, UK. Fisheries Management and Ecology 3: 119-128. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2400.1996.tb00136.x

MacLean, J.C. 2007. The development of conservation limits ( CL's) for Scottish salmon stocks III - estimation and transport of CL's. Edinburgh: Scottish Government - Scottish Fisheries Research Report No 66, 2007.

Massiot-Granier, F., Prévost, E., Chaput, G., Potter, T., Smith, G., White, J., Mäntyniemi, S., and Rivot, E. 2014. Embedding stock assessment within an integrated hierarchical Bayesian life cycle modelling framework: an application to Atlantic salmon in the Northeast Atlantic. ICES Journal of Marine Science; doi:10.1093/icesjms/fst240

McGurk, M.D. 1996. Allometry of marine mortality of Pacific salmon. Fishery Bulletin 94:77-88

Mousseau, T. A. and Roff, D. A. 1987. Natural selection and the heritability of fitness components. Heredity 59: 181-197.

Myers, R.A., Bowen, K.G., and Barrowman, N.J. 1999. The maximum reproductive rate of fish at low population sizes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56: 2404-2419)

Potter, E.C.E., MacLean, J.C., Wyatt, R.J. and Campbell, R. N.B. 2003. Managing the exploitation of migratory salmonids. Fisheries Research 62, 127-142. doi:10.1016/S0165-7836(02)00159-5

R Development Core Team. 2011. R language definition. www.r-project.org : R Project for Statistical Computing, 2011.

Radford, A., and Gibson, H. 2004. The economic impact of game and coarse angling in Scotland. Edinburgh: Scottish Government,.

Riddington, G., Radford, H., Paffrath, S., Bostock, J. and Shinn, A. 2002. An economic evaluation of the impact of the salmon parasite Gyrodactylus saliris (Gs) should it be introduced to Scotland. Edinburgh: Scottish Government.

Salminen, M., Kuikka, S., and Erkamo, E. 1995. Annual variability in survival of sea-ranched Baltic salmon, Salmo salar L.: significance of smolt size and marine conditions. Fisheries Management and Ecology 2:171-184.

Shearer, W.M. 1992. The Atlantic Salmon: natural history, exploitation and future management. Oxford: Blackwell's Scientific.

Stenseth, N., and Dunlop, E. 2009. Evolution: unnatural selection. Nature 457: 803-804. doi:10.1038/457803a

Stewart, D.C., Smith, G.W. and Youngson, A.F. 2002. Tributary-specific variation in timing of return of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmon salar) to fresh water has a genetic component. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59: 276-281.

Taggart, J.B., McLaren, I.S. , Hay, D.W. , Webb, J.H. and Youngson, A.F. 2001. Spawning success in Atlantic slamon (Salmo salar); a long-term DNA profiling based study conducted in a natural stream. Molecular Ecology, 10: 1047-1060.

Thorley, J. L., Youngson, A. F., and Laughton, R. 2007. Seasonal variation in rod recapture rates indicates differential exploitation of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, stock components. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 14: 191-198. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2400.2007.00540.x

Todd, C.D., Friedland, K.D., MacLean, J.C., Whyte, B.D., Russell, I.C., Lonergan, M.E. and Morrissey, M.B. 2012. Phenological and phenotypic changes in Atlantic salmon populations in response to a changing climate. ICES Journal of Marine Science 69: 1686-1698. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fss151

Vaha, J-P. Erkinaro, J., Niemela, E., Primmer, C.R., Saloniemi, I., Johansen, M., Svenning M., and Brørs, S. 2010. Temporally stable population-specific differences in run timing of one-sea-winter Atlantic slamon returning to a large river system. Evolutionary Applications 4: 39-53. doi:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00131.x

Vøllestad, L.A., Hirst, D., L'Abee-Lund, J.H., Armstrong, J.D., Maclean, J.C., Youngson, A.F. and Stenseth, N.C. 2009. Divergent trends in anadromous salmonid populations in Norwegian and Scottish rivers. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276: 1021-1027. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2008.1600

Webb, J.H., Verspoor, E. , Aubin-Horth, N. , Romakkaniemi, A. and Amiro, P. 2007. The Atlantic Salmon. In The Atlantic Salmon; Genetics, Conservation and Management. Edited by E Verspoor, L. Stradmeyer and J.L. Nielsen, pp 17-56. Oxford: Blackwell.

Young, K.A. 2013. The balancing act of captive breeding programmes: salmon stocking and angler catch statistics. Fisheries Management and Ecology 20: 434-444. doi: 10.1111/fme.12032

Youngson, A.F., MacLean, J.C., and Fryer, R.J. 2002. Rod-catch trends for early running MSW salmon in Scottish rivers (1952-1997); divergence among stock components. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59: 836-849. doi: 10.1006/jmsc.2002.1195

Youngson, A.F., Jordan, W.C., Verspoor, E., McGinnity, P., Cross, T., and Ferguson, A. 2003. Management of Salmonid Fisheries in the British Isles; towards a practical approach based on population genetics. Fisheries Research, 62: 193-209.