Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Volume 5 Number 13: Population consequences of displacement from proposed offshore wind energy developments for seabirds breeding at Scottish SPAs

Appendix D. Source literature for model parameters.

Guillemot

Birkhead, T.R. & Nettleship, D.N. (1984) Alloparental care in the common murre (Uria aalge). Canadian Journal of Zoology 62: 2121-2124

Birkhead, T.R. & Nettleship, D.N. (1987) Ecological relationships between common murres Uria aalge and thick-billed murres Uria lomvia at the Gannet Islands, Labrador. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65: 1621-1629

Croll, D. A. & McLaren, E. (1993) Diving metabolism and thermoregulation in common and thick-billed murres. J. Comp. Physiol. B, 163, 160-6.

Daunt, F. & Wanless, S. (2008) Determining marine Special Protection Areas ( mSPAs) for breeding seabirds. Report to RSPB.

Enstipp, M.R., Daunt, F., Wanless, S., Humphreys, E., Hamer, K.C., Benvenuti, S., & Gremillet, D. (2006). Foraging energetics of North Sea birds confronted with fluctuating prey availability. In: Top predators in marine ecosystems: their role in monitoring and management. (eds I.L. Boyd, S. Wanless & K. Camphuysen). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp191-210.

Grémillet, D., Wright, G., Lauder, A., Carss, D.N. & Wanless, S. (2003) Modelling the daily food requirements of wintering great cormorants: a bioenergetics tool for wildlife management. J. Appl. Ecol. 40:266-277

Harris, M.P., Newell, M., Daunt, F., Speakman, J.R. & Wanless, S. (2008) Snake pipefish Entelurus aequoreus are poor food for seabirds. Ibis 150:413-415

Harris MP, Wanless S (1985) Fish fed to young guillemots, Uria aalge, and used in display on the Isle of May, Scotland. J Zool 207: 441-458

Hilton GM, Ruxton GD, Furness RW, Houston DC (2000a) Optimal digestion strategies in seabirds: a modeling approach. Evol. Ecol. Res 2: 207-230.

Hilton GM, Furness RW, Housten DC (2000b) A comparative study of digestion in North Atlantic seabirds. J Avian Biol 31: 36-46

Pennycuick CJ (1989). Bird flight performance: a practical calculation manual. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.

Thaxter, C.B., Daunt, F., Grémillet, D., Harris, M.P., Benvenuti, S., Watanuki, Y., Hamer, K.C. & Wanless, S. Modelling the effects of prey size and distribution on prey capture rates of two sympatric marine predators. PLOS One in press

Thaxter, C.B., Wanless, S., Daunt, F., Harris, M.P., Benvenuti, S., Watanuki, Y., Grémillet, D & Hamer, K.C. (2010) Influence of wing loading on trade-off between pursuit-diving and flight in common guillemots and razorbills. Journal of Experimental Biology 213: 1018-1025

Wanless, S., Daunt, F., Camphuysen, C.J., Humphreys, E., Scott, B. & Wanless, S. (2005) Setting the scene: seabird foraging behaviour, diet and breeding success. In: Final report to EU, 'Interactions between the Marine environment, PREdators, and prey: implications for Sustainable Sandeel fisheries ( IMPRESS; Q5RS-2000-30864)' (Ed. Camphuysen. C.J.) pp88-134

Razorbill

Birt-Friesen WL, Montevecchi WA, Cairns DK, Macko SA (1989) Activity-specific metabolic rates of free-living northern gannets and other seabirds. Ecology 70: 357-36

Croll, D. A. & McLaren, E. (1993) Diving metabolism and thermoregulation in common and thick-billed murres. J. Comp. Physiol. B, 163, 160-6.

Enstipp, M.R., Daunt, F., Wanless, S., Humphreys, E., Hamer, K.C., Benvenuti, S., & Gremillet, D. (2006). Foraging energetics of North Sea birds confronted with fluctuating prey availability. In: Top predators in marine ecosystems: their role in monitoring and management. (eds I.L. Boyd, S. Wanless & K. Camphuysen). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp191-210.

Grémillet, D., Wright, G., Lauder, A., Carss, D.N. & Wanless, S. (2003) Modelling the daily food requirements of wintering great cormorants: a bioenergetics tool for wildlife management. J. Appl. Ecol. 40:266-277

Harris, M.P., Newell, M., Daunt, F., Speakman, J.R. & Wanless, S. (2008) Snake pipefish Entelurus aequoreus are poor food for seabirds. Ibis 150:413-415

Hilton GM, Ruxton GD, Furness RW, Houston DC (2000a) Optimal digestion strategies in seabirds: a modeling approach. Evol. Ecol. Res 2: 207-230.

Hilton GM, Furness RW, Housten DC (2000b) A comparative study of digestion in North Atlantic seabirds. J Avian Biol 31: 36-46

Hipfner, J.M. (2000) The effect of egg size on post-hatching development in the Razorbill: an experimental study. Journal of Avian Biology 31: 112-118

Pennycuick CJ (1989). Bird flight performance: a practical calculation manual. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.

Thaxter, C.B., Daunt, F., Grémillet, D., Harris, M.P., Benvenuti, S., Watanuki, Y., Hamer, K.C. & Wanless, S. Modelling the effects of prey size and distribution on prey capture rates of two sympatric marine predators. PLOS One in press

Thaxter, C.B., Wanless, S., Daunt, F., Harris, M.P., Benvenuti, S., Watanuki, Y., Grémillet, D & Hamer, K.C. (2010) Influence of wing loading on trade-off between pursuit-diving and flight in common guillemots and razorbills. Journal of Experimental Biology 213: 1018-1025

Kittiwake

Baird, P.N. (1994) Black-legged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla. The Birds of North America No. 92.

Daunt, F., Wanless, S., Peters, G., Benvenuti, S., Sharples, J., Gremillet, D. & Scott, B. (2006). Impacts of oceanography on the foraging dynamics of seabirds in the North Sea. In: Top predators in marine ecosystems: their role in monitoring and management. (eds I.L. Boyd, S. Wanless & K. Camphuysen). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp177-190.

Enstipp, M.R., Daunt, F., Wanless, S., Humphreys, E., Hamer, K.C., Benvenuti, S., & Gremillet, D. (2006). Foraging energetics of North Sea birds confronted with fluctuating prey availability. In: Top predators in marine ecosystems: their role in monitoring and management. (eds I.L. Boyd, S. Wanless & K. Camphuysen). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp191-210.

Grémillet, D., Wright, G., Lauder, A., Carss, D.N. & Wanless, S. (2003) Modelling the daily food requirements of wintering great cormorants: a bioenergetics tool for wildlife management. J. Appl. Ecol. 40:266-277

Harris, M.P., Newell, M., Daunt, F., Speakman, J.R. & Wanless, S. (2008) Snake pipefish Entelurus aequoreus are poor food for seabirds. Ibis 150:413-415

Hilton GM, Furness RW, Housten DC (2000b) A comparative study of digestion in North Atlantic seabirds. J Avian Biol 31: 36-46

Humphreys. E.M. (2002) Energetics of spatial exploitation of the North Sea by kittiwakes breeding on the Isle of May, Scotland. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Stirling

Nelson, B. (2013) Early warnings of climate change on ecosystems: hormonally-mediated life-history decisions in seabirds. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Glasgow.

Pennycuick CJ (1989). Bird flight performance: a practical calculation manual. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.

Visser GH (2002). Chick growth and development in seabirds. In: Biology of Marine Birds, pp 439-465. Schreiber EA and Burger J (Eds.); CRC Press, Boca Raton, 722 pp.

Puffin

Birkhead, T.R. & Nettleship, D.N. (1984) Alloparental care in the common murre (Uria aalge). Canadian Journal of Zoology 62: 2121-2124

Birt-Friesen WL, Montevecchi WA, Cairns DK, Macko SA (1989) Activity-specific metabolic rates of free-living northern gannets and other seabirds. Ecology 70: 357-36

Croll, D. A. & McLaren, E. (1993) Diving metabolism and thermoregulation in common and thick-billed murres. J. Comp. Physiol. B, 163, 160-6.

Daunt, F. & Wanless, S. (2008) Determining marine Special Protection Areas ( mSPAs) for breeding seabirds. Report to RSPB.

Enstipp, M.R., Daunt, F., Wanless, S., Humphreys, E., Hamer, K.C., Benvenuti, S., & Gremillet, D. (2006). Foraging energetics of North Sea birds confronted with fluctuating prey availability. In: Top predators in marine ecosystems: their role in monitoring and management. (eds I.L. Boyd, S. Wanless & K. Camphuysen). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp191-210.

Grémillet, D., Wright, G., Lauder, A., Carss, D.N. & Wanless, S. (2003) Modelling the daily food requirements of wintering great cormorants: a bioenergetics tool for wildlife management. J. Appl. Ecol. 40:266-277

Harris, M.P., Newell, M., Daunt, F., Speakman, J.R. & Wanless, S. (2008) Snake pipefish Entelurus aequoreus are poor food for seabirds. Ibis 150:413-415

Harris, M.P. & Wanless, S. (2011) The Puffin. T & A.D. Poyser.

Hilton GM, Ruxton GD, Furness RW, Houston DC (2000a) Optimal digestion strategies in seabirds: a modeling approach. Evol. Ecol. Res 2: 207-230.

Hilton GM, Furness RW, Housten DC (2000b) A comparative study of digestion in North Atlantic seabirds. J Avian Biol 31: 36-46

Pennycuick CJ (1989). Bird flight performance: a practical calculation manual. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.

Gannet

Birt-Friesen WL, Montevecchi WA, Cairns DK, Macko SA (1989) Activity-specific metabolic rates of free-living northern gannets and other seabirds. Ecology 70: 357-36

Enstipp, M.R., Daunt, F., Wanless, S., Humphreys, E., Hamer, K.C., Benvenuti, S., & Gremillet, D. (2006). Foraging energetics of North Sea birds confronted with fluctuating prey availability. In: Top predators in marine ecosystems: their role in monitoring and management. (eds I.L. Boyd, S. Wanless & K. Camphuysen). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp191-210.

Grémillet, D., Wright, G., Lauder, A., Carss, D.N. & Wanless, S. (2003) Modelling the daily food requirements of wintering great cormorants: a bioenergetics tool for wildlife management. J. Appl. Ecol. 40:266-277

Hamer,K.C., Humphreys, E. M. Garthe, S. Hennicke, J., Peters, G.,Grémillet, D., Phillips, R.A., Harris, M.P. & Wanless, S. (2007). Annual variation in diets, feeding locations and foraging behaviour of gannets in the North Sea: flexibility, consistency and constraint. Hamer et al 07, Marine Ecology Progress Series 338: 295-305.

Harris, M.P., Newell, M., Daunt, F., Speakman, J.R. & Wanless, S. (2008) Snake pipefish Entelurus aequoreus are poor food for seabirds. Ibis 150:413-415

Hilton GM, Furness RW, Housten DC (2000b) A comparative study of digestion in North Atlantic seabirds. J Avian Biol 31: 36-46

Kirkham, I.R. & Montevecchi, W.A. (1982) Growth and thermal development of northern gannets ( Sula bassanus) in Atlantic Canada. Colonial Waterbirds 5: 66-72.

Lewis, S., Sherratt, T.N., Hamer, K.C., Harris, M.P. & Wanless, S. (2003) Contrasting diet quality in northern gannets Morus bassanus at two coloonies. Ardea 91: 167-176.

Lewis, S., Benvenuti, S., Daunt, F., Wanless, S., Dall'Antonia,L., Luschi, P., Elston, D.A., Hamer, K.C. and Sherratt, T.N. (2004) Partitioning of diving effort in foraging trips of northern gannets. Canadian Journal of Zoology 82: 1910-1916

Pennycuick CJ (1989). Bird flight performance: a practical calculation manual. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.

Ropert-Coudert, Y., Daunt, F., Kato, A., Ryan, P.G., Lewis, S. Kobayashi, K., Mori, Y., Grémillet, D. & Wanless, S. (2009) Underwater wing beats extend depth and duration of plunge dives in a piscivorous seabird. Journal of Avian Biology 40: 380-387

Visser GH (2002). Chick growth and development in seabirds. In: Biology of Marine Birds, pp 439-465. Schreiber EA and Burger J (Eds.); CRC Press, Boca Raton, 722 pp.