Sectoral marine plan for offshore wind energy: strategic environmental assessment screening and scoping report

Footnotes

1 Environmental Assessment (Scotland) Act 2005, asp 15 [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2005/15/introduction (accessed 04/09/2017)

2 European Commission (1992) The Habitats Directive [online] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm (accessed 29/03/2017)

3 European Commission (2009) The Birds Directive [online] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/birdsdirective/index_en.htm (accessed 29/03/2017)

4 European Commission (2017) The Aarhus Convention [online] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/aarhus/legislation.htm (accessed 12/03/2018)

5 Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009, 2009/Chapter 23 [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/23/introduction (accessed 07/12/2017)

6 Scottish Government (2017) Habitats Regulations Appraisal [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Built-Environment/planning/Roles/Scottish-Government/Enviromental-Assessment/HRA (accessed 29/11/2017)

7 The Environmental Assessment of Plans and Programmes Regulations 2004, SI 2004/1663 [online] Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2004/1633/introduction/made (accessed 29/11/2017)

8 UK Government (2015) Guidance - Strategic environmental assessment and sustainability appraisal [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/strategic-environmental-assessment-and-sustainability-appraisal (accessed 29/11/2017)

9 Amongst other targets, Scottish Ministers have committed to generating 100% of Scotland’s gross annual electricity demand from renewable sources by 2020.

10 WindEurope (2017) Floating Offshore Wind Vision Statement – June 2017 [online] Available at: https://windeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/files/about-wind/reports/Floating-offshore-statement.pdf (accessed 16/10/2017)

11 European Wind Energy Association (2013) Deep water – The next step for offshore wind energy [online] Available at: http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/reports/Deep_Water.pdf (accessed 07/12/2017)

12 ibid

13 Scottish Government (2015) Scotland’s National Marine Plan – 11. Offshore Wind and Marine Renewable Energy [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-national-marine-plan//12 (accessed 01/11/2017)

14 Carbon Trust (2015) Floating Offshore Wind: Market and Technology Review [online] Available at: https://www.carbontrust.com/media/670664/floating-offshore-wind-market-technology-review.pdf (accessed 23/11/2017)

15 Scottish Government (2012) Draft Regional Locational Guidance – Offshore Wind in Scottish Waters [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0039/00398506.pdf (accessed 23/11/2017)

16 Scottish Government (2012) Draft Regional Locational Guidance – Offshore Wind in Scottish Waters [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0039/00398506.pdf (accessed 23/11/2017)

17 Scottish Government (2012) Draft Regional Locational Guidance – Offshore Wind in Scottish Waters [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0039/00398506.pdf (accessed 23/11/2017)

18 ibid

19 Scottish Government (2011) Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Report Volume 2 Number 13: Scoping Study for Offshore Wind Farm Development in Scottish Waters [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/363758/0123511.pdf (17/11/2017)

20 ibid

21 ibid

22 WindEurope (2017) Floating Offshore Wind Vision Statement – June 2017 [online] Available at: https://windeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/files/about-wind/reports/Floating-offshore-statement.pdf (accessed 16/10/2017)

23 ibid

24 Scottish Government (2013) Draft Sectoral Marine Plans for Offshore Renewable Energy in Scottish Waters – Strategic Environmental Assessment: Environmental Report and Appendix A [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2013/07/2403/0 (accessed 24/11/2017)

25 Scottish Government (2012) Offshore Wind – Regional Locational Guidance – Part 2 – Introduction – Scottish Overview [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Topics/marine/marineenergy/Planning/windrlg (accessed 24/11/2017)

26 Scottish Government (2013) Offshore Wind Energy in Scottish Waters – Initial Plan Framework (Draft Plan Options) [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0042/00423948.pdf (accessed 24/11/2017)

27 Moray Offshore Renewable Power (2018) Moray East – The Project [online] Available at: http://www.morayoffshore.com/moray-east/the-project/ (accessed 12/03/2018)

28 Seagreen Wind Energy Limited (2018) Home page [online] Available at: http://www.seagreenwindenergy.com/home.asp (accessed 12/03/2018)

29 Highlands & Islands Enterprise (2016) Talisman Beatrice Project [online] Available at: http://www.hi-energy.org.uk/HI-energy-Explore/talisman-beatrice-project.htm (accessed 23/11/2017)

30 Levenmouth Demonstration Turbine (2018) [online] Available at https://ore.catapult.org.uk/testing-validation/facilities/demonstration/levenmouth (accessed 21/03/2018)

31 2B Energy Forthwind Project [online] Available at http://22benergy.com/application_methil (accessed 21/03/2018)

32 Hexicon AB (2017) Dounreay Trì [online] Available at: http://www.hexicon.eu/dounreay-tri/ (accessed 24/11/2017)

33 4C Offshore (2017) Kincardine Offshore Windfarm Project Offshore Wind Farm [online] Available at: http://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms/windfarms.aspx?windfarmId=UK2H (accessed 24/11/2017)

34 Vattenfall (2016) European Offshore Wind Deployment Centre [online] Available at: https://corporate.vattenfall.co.uk/projects/wind-energy-projects/european-offshore-wind-deployment-centre/ (accessed 28/11/2017)

35 e-on (2017) Robin Rigg East and West [online] Available at: https://www.eonenergy.com/about-eon/our-company/generation/our-current-portfolio/wind/offshore/robin-rigg (accessed 24/11/2017)

36 The Crown Estate (2010) A Guide to an Offshore Wind Farm [online] Available at: https://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/media/5408/ei-km-in-sc-supply-012010-a-guide-to-an-offshore-wind-farm.pdf (accessed 23/11/2017)

37 OSPAR (undated) Offshore Renewables [online] Available at: https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/eiha/offshore-renewables (accessed 22/11/2017)

38 European Wind Energy Association (2013) Deep water – The next step for offshore wind energy [online] Available at: http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/reports/Deep_Water.pdf (accessed 23/11/2017)

39 4C Offshore (2013) Monopiles Support Structures [online] Available at: http://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms/monopiles-support-structures-aid4.html (accessed 23/11/2017)

40 The Crown Estate (2010) A Guide to an Offshore Wind Farm [online] Available at: https://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/media/5408/ei-km-in-sc-supply-012010-a-guide-to-an-offshore-wind-farm.pdf (accessed 23/11/2017)

41 4C Offshore (2016) Suction Bucket or Caisson Foundations [online] Available at: http://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms/suction-bucket-or-caisson-foundations-aid11.html (accessed 24/11/2017)

42 4C Offshore (2013) Monopiles Support Structures [online] Available at: http://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms/monopiles-support-structures-aid4.html (accessed 23/11/2017)

43 The Crown Estate (2010) A Guide to an Offshore Wind Farm [online] Available at: https://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/media/5408/ei-km-in-sc-supply-012010-a-guide-to-an-offshore-wind-farm.pdf (accessed 23/11/2017)

44 4C Offshore (2013) Gravity Based Support Structures [online] Available at: http://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms/gravity-based-support-structures-aid8.html (accessed 23/11/2017)

45 4C Offshore (2013) Jacket or Lattice Structures [online] Available at: http://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms/jacket-or-lattice-structures-aid5.html (accessed 23/11/2017)

46 Highlands & Islands Enterprise (2016) Talisman Beatrice Project [online] Available at: http://www.hi-energy.org.uk/HI-energy-Explore/talisman-beatrice-project.htm (accessed 23/11/2017)

47 van der Tempel, J. et al. (Department of Offshore Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands) (2010) Chapter 17: Design of support structures for offshore wind turbines [online] Available at: https://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/9781845642051/9781845642051017FU1.pdf (accessed 23/11/2017)

48 Danish Wind Industry Association (undated) Offshore Wind Energy [online] Available at: https://www.boem.gov/Offshore-Wind-Energy/ (accessed 23/11/2017)

49 SEAMARCO (2015) Effect of exposure duration to pile driving sounds on temporary hearing threshold shift in harbor porpoises ( Phocoena phocoena) [online] Available at: https://tethys.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Kastelein-et-al-2015.pdf (accessed 22/11/2017)

50 Teilmann, J. and Carstensen, J. (2012) Negative long term effects on harbour porpoises from a large scale offshore wind farm in the Baltic – evidence of slow recovery – in Environmental Research Letters [online] Available at: http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/045101/meta (accessed 22/11/2017)

51 Scheidat, M. et al. (2011) Harbour porpoises ( Phocoena phocoena) and wind farms: a case study in the Dutch North Sea – in Environmental Research Letters [online] Available at: http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/6/2/025102/meta (accessed 22/11/2017)

52 JNCC (2015) JNCC Report No: 568 – Seabird Displacement Impacts from Offshore Wind Farms: report of the MROG Workshop, 6-7 ^th May 2015 [online] Available at: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/568_web.pdf (accessed 22/11/2017)

53 ibid

54 OSPAR (2004) Problems and Benefits Associated with the Development of Offshore Wind-Farms [online] Available at: https://www.ospar.org/about/publications?q=offshore+wind&a=&y=2004&s [online] (accessed 24/11/2017)

55 IMARES Wageningen UR (2015) A first approach to deal with cumulative effects on birds and bats of offshore wind farms and other human activities in the Southern North Sea [online] Available at: http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/fulltext/329714 (accessed 22/11/2017)

56 JNCC (2015) JNCC Report No: 551 – Developing a Habitat Loss Method for Assessing Displacement Impacts from Offshore Wind Farms [online] Available at: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/Report%20551_web2.pdf (accessed 22/11/2017)

57 NERC (2016) Environmental and Consenting Barriers to Developing Floating Wind Farms Including Innovative Solutions [online] Available at: https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/media.ore.catapult/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/17113725/Floating-Wind-Farms-Workshop-Dec-2016.pdf (accessed 21/11/2017)

58 Lindeboom, H.J. et. al. (2011) Short-term ecological effects of an offshore wind farm in the Dutch coastal zone; a compilation – in Environmental Research Letters [online] Available at: http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/6/3/035101/meta (accessed 22/11/2017)

59 Aurore et al. (2017) Benthic and fish aggregation inside an offshore wind farm: Which effects on the trophic web functioning? – in Ecological Indicators [online] Available at: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00347/45843/46723.pdf (accessed 22/11/2017)

60 IUCN (2010) Greening blue energy [online] Available at: https://www.iucn.org/content/greening-blue-energy-0 (accessed 22/11/2017)

61 European Wind Energy Association (2013) Deep Water – The next step for offshore wind energy [online] Available at: http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/reports/Deep_Water.pdf (accessed 18/10/2017)

62 UN Chapter 22. Other Marine-Based Energy Industries [online] Available at: http://www.un.org/depts/los/global_reporting/WOA_RPROC/Chapter_22.pdf (accessed 22/11/2017)

63 Clark, S., Schroeder, F., and Baschek, B. (2014) The influence of large offshore wind farms on the North Sea and Baltic Sea – comprehensive literature review [online] Available at: https://www.hzg.de/imperia/md/content/hzg/zentrale_einrichtungen/bibliothek/berichte/hzg_reports_2014/hzg_report_2014_6.pdf (accessed 22/11/2017)

64 COWRIE (2009) Coastal Process Modelling for Offshore Wind Farm Environmental Impact Assessment: Best Practice Guidance [online] Available at: https://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/media/5903/ei-km-ex-pc-physical-092009-coastal-processes-modelling-for-offshore-wind-farm-environmental-impact-assessment-best-practice-guide.pdf (accessed 22/11/2017)

65 Scottish Government (2013) Draft Sectoral Marine Plans for Offshore Renewable Energy in Scottish Waters – Environmental Report Appendix C: Assessment of Technologies [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2013/07/9591/0 (accessed 24/11/2017)

66 OSPAR (2004) Problems and Benefits Associated with the Development of Offshore Wind-Farms [online] Available at: https://www.ospar.org/about/publications?q=offshore+wind&a=&y=2004&s [online] (accessed 24/11/2017)

67 OSPAR (2004) Problems and Benefits Associated with the Development of Offshore Wind-Farms [online] Available at: https://www.ospar.org/about/publications?q=offshore+wind&a=&y=2004&s [online] (accessed 24/11/2017)

68 UNESCO (2017) Developing the seabed: resource extraction and energy development at sea [online] Available at: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/underwater-cultural-heritage/protection/threats/developing-the-seabed/ (accessed 23/11/2017)

69 Department of Trade and Industry (2005) Guidance on the Assessment of the Impact of Offshore Wind Farms: Seascape and Visual Impact Report [online] Available at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.berr.gov.uk/files/file22852.pdf (accessed 22/11/2017)

70 UNESCO (2017) Developing the seabed: resource extraction and energy development at sea [online] Available at: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/underwater-cultural-heritage/protection/threats/developing-the-seabed/ (accessed 23/11/2017)

71 OSPAR (2004) Problems and Benefits Associated with the Development of Offshore Wind-Farms [online] Available at: https://www.ospar.org/about/publications?q=offshore+wind&a=&y=2004&s [online] (accessed 07/12/2017)

72 Karydis, M. (2013) Public Attitudes and Environmental Impacts of Wind Farms: A Review [online] Available at: https://journal.gnest.org/sites/default/files/Submissions/932/932_published.pdf (accessed 28/11/2017)

73 IFC (2015) Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Wind Energy [online] Available at: https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/2c410700497a7933b04cf1ef20a40540/FINAL_Aug+2015_Wind+Energy_EHS+Guideline.pdf?MOD=AJPERES (accessed 29/11/2017)

74 Statoil (2017) World’s first floating wind farm has started production [online] Available at: https://www.statoil.com/en/news/worlds-first-floating-wind-farm-started-production.html (accessed 14/11/2017)

75 CATAPULT (2015) Floating wind: technology assessment – Interim findings [online] Available at: https://ore.catapult.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Floating-wind-technology-assessment-June-2015.pdf (accessed 18/10/2017)

76 International Renewable Energy Association (2016) Floating Foundations: A Game Changer for Offshore Wind Power [online] Available at: http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_Offshore_Wind_Floating_Foundations_2016.pdf (accessed 19/10/2017)

77 European Wind Energy Association (2013) Deep water – The next step for offshore wind energy [online] Available at: http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/reports/Deep_Water.pdf (accessed 18/10/2017)

78 Carbon Trust (2015) Floating Offshore Wind: Market and Technology Review [online] Available at: https://www.carbontrust.com/media/670664/floating-offshore-wind-market-technology-review.pdf (accessed 14/11/2017)

79 4C Offshore (2017) Hywind Scotland Pilot Park Offshore Wind Farm [online] Available at: http://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms/hywind-scotland-pilot-park-united-kingdom-uk76.html (accessed 24/11/2017)

80 ibid

81 International Renewable Energy Agency (2016) Floating Foundations: A Game Changer for Offshore Wind Power [online] Available at: http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_Offshore_Wind_Floating_Foundations_2016.pdf (accessed 19/10/2017)

82 Muelhner, E. (2017) Tension Leg Platform (TLP) – Encyclopedia of Maritime and Offshore Engineering [online] Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118476406.emoe400/abstract;jsessionid=D3E0027CCB57F4D0137AAB67FE0AB443.f03t02?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage= (accessed 14/11/2017)

83 International Renewable Energy Agency (2016) Floating Foundations: A Game Changer for Offshore Wind Power [online] Available at: http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_Offshore_Wind_Floating_Foundations_2016.pdf (accessed 24/11/2017)

84 Carbon Trust (2015) Floating Offshore Wind Market Technology Review [online] Available at: https://www.carbontrust.com/media/670664/floating-offshore-wind-market-technology-review.pdf (accessed 24/11/2017)

85 ibid

86 International Renewable Energy Association (2016) Floating Foundations: A Game Changer for Offshore Wind Power [online] Available at: http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_Offshore_Wind_Floating_Foundations_2016.pdf (accessed 19/10/2017)

87 European Wind Energy Association (2013) Deep water – The next step for offshore wind energy [online] Available at: http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/reports/Deep_Water.pdf (accessed 18/10/2017)

88 OSPAR (2008) Assessment of the environmental impact of offshore wind farms [online] Available at: https://www.ospar.org/documents?v=7114 (accessed 22/11/2017)

89 International Renewable Energy Agency (2016) Floating Foundations: A Game Changer for Offshore Wind Power [online] Available at: http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_Offshore_Wind_Floating_Foundations_2016.pdf (accessed 24/11/2017)

90 NERC (2016) Environmental and Consenting Barriers to Developing Floating Wind Farms Including Innovative Solutions [online] Available at: https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/media.ore.catapult/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/17113725/Floating-Wind-Farms-Workshop-Dec-2016.pdf (accessed 21/11/2017)

91 NERC (2016) Environmental and Consenting Barriers to Developing Floating Wind Farms Including Innovative Solutions [online] Available at: https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/media.ore.catapult/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/17113725/Floating-Wind-Farms-Workshop-Dec-2016.pdf (accessed 21/11/2017)

92 SNH (2010) Literature review on the potential effects of electromagnetic fields and subsea noise from marine renewable energy developments on Atlantic salmon, sea trout and European eel [online] Available at: http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/401.pdf (accessed 22/11/2017)

93 COWRIE (2003) A Baseline Assessment of Electromagnetic Fields Generated by Offshore Windfarm Cables [online] Available at: https://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/media/5859/km-ex-pc-emf-072003-a-baseline-assessment-of-electromagnetic-fields-generated-by-offshore-windfarm-cables.pdf (accessed 22/11/2017)

94 Scottish Government (2011) Scotland’s Marine Atlas: Information for the National Marine Plan – Chapter 02 Physical Characteristics [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2011/03/16182005/23 (accessed 23/11/2017)

95 ibid

96 Scottish Government (2010) Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of Draft Plan for Offshore Wind Energy in Scottish Territorial Waters: Volume 1: Environmental Report [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/312161/0098588.pdf (accessed 21/11/2017)

97 Scottish Government (2013) Planning Scotland’s Seas: SEA of Plans for Wind, Wave and Tidal Power in Scottish Marine Waters Environmental Report [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0042/00428212.pdf (accessed 21/11/2017)

98 Scottish Government (2013) Planning Scotland’s Seas: SEA of Plans for Wind, Wave and Tidal Power in Scottish Marine Waters Environmental Report [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0042/00428212.pdf (accessed 21/11/2017)

99 See Table 4.2 (‘Proposed SEA Objectives)’ in ‘Scotland’s 2 ^nd Sectoral Marine Plan for Offshore Wind Energy – Strategic Environmental Assessment Screening and Scoping Report (August 2012)’: http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Environment/environmental-assessment/sea/SEAG

100 OSPAR Commission (2017) OSPAR Convention [online] Available at: https://www.ospar.org/convention (accessed 31/08/2017)

101 ibid

102 European Commission (2017) Our Oceans, Seas and Coasts [online] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/eu-coast-and-marine-policy/marine-strategy-framework-directive/index_en.htm (accessed 31/08/2017)

103 JNCC (2013) The Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (the OSPAR Convention) [online] Available at: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-1370 (accessed 31/08/2017)

104 JNCC (2016) EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive [online] Available at: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-5193 (accessed 25/01/2017)

105 European Commission (2014) Directive 2014/89/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 establishing a framework for maritime spatial planning [online] Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2014.257.01.0135.01.ENG%20 (accessed 01/09/2017)

106 European Commission (2017) Maritime spatial planning [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/policy/maritime_spatial_planning_en (accessed 07/12/2017)

107 Scottish Government (2015) UK Marine Policy Statement [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Topics/marine/seamanagement/international/MPS (accessed 01/09/2017)

108 Scottish Government (2017) Marine (Scotland) Act [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Topics/marine/seamanagement/marineact (accessed 01/09/2017)

109 ibid

110 ibid

111 Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009, 2009/Chapter 23 [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/23/introduction (accessed 07/12/2017)

112 Scottish Government (2014) Scotland’s National Marine Plan – A Single Framework for Managing Our Seas [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0047/00475466.pdf (accessed 01/09/2017)

113 European Commission (2014) Directive 2014/89/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 establishing a framework for maritime spatial planning [online] Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2014.257.01.0135.01.ENG%20 (accessed 01/09/2017)

114 Scottish Government (2014) Scotland’s National Marine Plan – A Single Framework for Managing Our Seas [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0047/00475466.pdf (accessed 01/09/2017)

115 Scottish Government (2015) Scotland’s National Marine Plan – 11. Offshore Wind and Marine Renewable Energy [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-national-marine-plan//12 (accessed 01/11/2017)

116 ibid

117 European Commission (2009) Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC [online] Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32009L0028 (accessed 02/11/2017)

118 European Commission (2014) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – A policy framework for climate and energy in the period from 2020 to 2030 [online] Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:52014DC0015 (accessed 02/11/2017)

119 Scottish Government (2009) Renewables Action Plan [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2009/07/06095830/0 (accessed 24/11/2017)

120 Scottish Government (2011) 2020 Routemap for Renewable Energy [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2011/08/04110353/0 (accessed 29/11/2017)

121 Scottish Government (2013) Electricity Generation Policy Statement – 2013 [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/publications/electricity-generation-policy-statement-2013/ (accessed 29/11/2017)

122 Scottish Government (2017) Scottish Energy Strategy: The future of energy in Scotland [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0052/00529523.pdf (accessed 29/11/2017)

123 This encompasses energy used for heat, transport, and electricity.

124 Scottish Government (2017) Marine (Scotland) Act [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Topics/marine/seamanagement/marineact (accessed 01/09/2017)

125 Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009, 2009/Chapter 23 [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/23/introduction (accessed 07/12/2017)

126 Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997, 1997/Chapter 8 [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1997/8 (accessed 29/11/2017)

127 Scottish Government (2006) A Strategic Framework for Scotland’s Marine Environment – Annex 3 – Marine Development Consents [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2004/04/19253/35971 (accessed 29/11/2017)

128 Scottish Government (2016) Natura 2000 [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Environment/Wildlife-Habitats/protectedareas/NATURA (accessed 29/03/2017)

129 European Commission (1992) The Habitats Directive [online] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm (accessed 29/03/2017)

130 European Commission (2009) The Birds Directive [online] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/birdsdirective/index_en.htm (accessed 29/03/2017)

131 Scottish Natural Heritage (2016) Sites of Special Scientific Interest [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/protecting-scotlands-nature/protected-areas/national-designations/sssis/ (accessed 29/03/2017)

132 Scottish Government (2013) 2020 Challenge for Scotland’s Biodiversity: A Strategy for the conservation and enhancement of biodiversity in Scotland [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0042/00425276.pdf (accessed 29/03/2017)

133 Convention on Biological Diversity (2010) Aichi Biodiversity Targets [online] Available at: https://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/default.shtml (accessed 29/03/2017)

134 European Commission (2011) European Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 [online] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/info/pubs/docs/brochures/2020%20Biod%20brochure%20final%20lowres.pdf (accessed 29/03/2017)

135 Scottish Government (2004) Scotland’s Biodiversity Strategy: It’s in Your Hands – A strategy for the conservation and enhancement of biodiversity in Scotland [online] Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/05/19366/37239 (accessed 26/10/2015)

136 European Commission (2012) Directive 2012/18/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on the control of major-accident hazards involving dangerous substances, amending and subsequently repealing Council Directive 96/82/EC [online] Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32012L0018 (accessed 29/11/2017)

137 The Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations 2015, SI 2015/483 [online] Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2015/483/introduction/made (accessed 29/11/2017)

138 European Commission (2006) Directive 2006/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 February 2006 concerning the management of bathing water quality and repealing Directive 76/160/EEC [online] Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32006L0007 (accessed 24/11/2017)

139 Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003, 2003 asp 2 [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2003/2/introduction (accessed 29/11/2017)

140 European Commission (2002) Directive 2002/49/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 June 2002 relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise – Declaration by the Commission in the Conciliation Committee on the Directive relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise [online] Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32002L0049 (accessed 29/11/2017)

141 Environmental Protection Act 1990, 1990/Chapter 43 [online] Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/43/introduction (accessed 29/11/2017)

142 The Environmental Noise (Scotland) Regulations 2006, 2006 SSI No. 465 [online] Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2006/465/introduction/made (accessed 29/11/2017)

143 European Commission (2016) Integrated Coastal Management [online] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/index_en.htm (accessed 21/11/2017)

144 European Commission (2014) Directive 2014/89/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 establishing a framework for maritime spatial planning [online] Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32014L0089

145 Scottish Government (2014) Managing Scotland’s Coastline [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Topics/marine/marine-environment/coast (accessed 28/11/2017)

146 Scottish Government (2009) The Scottish Soil Framework [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2009/05/20145602/0 (accessed 21/11/2017)

147 Scottish Government (2009) The Scottish Soil Framework [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2009/05/20145602/0 (accessed 21/11/2017)

148 Scottish Government (2016) Nature Conservation MPAs [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Topics/marine/marine-environment/mpanetwork/ncmpas (accessed 23/11/2017)

149 Scottish Government (2009) The Scottish Soil Framework [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2009/05/20145602/0 (accessed 21/11/2017)

150 MARPOL (2017) International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) [online] Available at: http://www.imo.org/en/about/conventions/listofconventions/pages/international-convention-for-the-prevention-of-pollution-from-ships-(marpol).aspx (accessed 29/11/2017)

151 European Commission (2000) Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy [online] Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32000L0060 (accessed 27/11/2017)

152 Water Environment and Water Services (Scotland) Act 2003, asp 3 [online] Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2003/3/pdfs/asp_20030003_en.pdf (accessed 21/11/2017)

153 SEPA (2016) River Basin Management Planning [online] Available at: http://www.sepa.org.uk/environment/water/river-basin-management-planning/ (accessed 21/11/2017)

154 The Water Environment (Controlled Activities) (Scotland) Regulations 2011, SSI No. 206 [online] Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2011/209/pdfs/ssi_20110209_en.pdf (accessed 21/11/2017)

155 The Pollution Prevention and Control (Scotland) Regulations 2012, SSI No. 306 [online] Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2012/360/introduction/made (accessed 21/11/2017)

156 European Commission (2007) The EU Floods Directive [online] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/flood_risk/ (accessed 21/06/2017)

157 Flood Risk Management (Scotland) Act 2009, asp 6 [online] Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2009/6/pdfs/asp_20090006_en.pdf (accessed 21/06/2017)

158 UNFCC (2016) The Paris Agreement [online] Available at: http://unfccc.int/paris_agreement/items/9485.php (accessed 22/06/2017)

159 European Commission (2016) Paris Agreement [online] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/international/negotiations/paris/index_en.htm (accessed 22/06/2017)

160 European Commission (2016) Paris Agreement [online] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/international/negotiations/paris/index_en.htm (accessed 22/06/2017)

161 The basket of Kyoto Protocol greenhouse gases comprises carbon dioxide (CO ₂), methane (CH ₄), and nitrous oxide (N ₂O), for which the baseline is 1990; and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs; C _nH _xF), perfluorocarbons (PFCs; C _xF _y), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF ₆), for which the baseline is 1995. Nitrogen triflouride (NF ₃) has subsequently been added and applies to the second commitment period of 2013-20.

162 Scottish Government (2017) Climate Change Bill – Consultation Paper [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/publications/climate-change-bill-consultation-paper//0 (accessed 02/11/2017)

163 Marine (Scotland) Act 2010, asp 5 [online] Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2010/5/pdfs/asp_20100005_en.pdf (accessed 04/09/2017)

164 Scottish Government (2015) Scotland's National Marine Plan [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-national-marine-plan/ (accessed 22/06/2017)

165 Scottish Government (2011) Sector Action Plans – Marine - Actions for Sector [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Environment/climatechange/scotlands-action/adaptation/AdaptationFramework/SAP/MarineandFisheries/Actions (accessed 01/09/2017)

166 Scottish Government (2014) Climate Ready Scotland Scottish Climate Change Adaptation Programme – Part 2 – The Adaptation Programme [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2014/05/4669/4 (accessed 01/09/2017)

167 ibid

168 ibid

169 UNESCO (2001) Text of the 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage [online] Available at: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/underwater-cultural-heritage/2001-convention/official-text/ (accessed 28/11/2017)

170 The Crown Estate (2006) Maritime Cultural Heritage & Seabed Development - JNAPC Code of Practice for Seabed Development – Joint Nautical Archaeology Policy Committee [online] Available at: http://www.jnapc.org.uk/jnapc_brochure_may_2006.pdf (accessed 29/11/2017)

171 COWRIE (2007) Historic Environment Guidance for the Offshore Renewable Energy Sector [online] Available at: https://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/media/5876/km-ex-pc-historic-012007-historic-environment-guidance-for-the-offshore-renewable-energy-sector.pdf (accessed 29/11/2017)

172 Protection of Wrecks Act 1973, 1973/Chapter 33 [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1973/33 (accessed 29/11/2017)

173 Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979, 1979/Chapter 46 [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1979/46 (accessed 29/11/2017)

174 Historic Environment (Amendment) (Scotland) Act (2011), asp 3 [online] Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2011/3 (accessed 29/03/2017)

175 Scottish Government (2014) Our Place in Time – The Historic Environment Strategy for Scotland [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/publications/place-time-historic-environment-strategy-scotland//0 (accessed 03/07/2017)

176 Historic Environment Scotland (2016) Historic Environment Scotland Policy Statement June 2016 [online] Available at: https://www.historicenvironment.scot/archives-and-research/publications/publication/?publicationId=f413711b-bb7b-4a8d-a3e8-a619008ca8b5 (accessed 03/07/2017)

177 Scottish Government (2014) National Planning Framework 3: A Plan for Scotland: Ambition, Opportunity, Place and Scottish Planning Policy [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/publications/national-planning-framework-3/ (accessed 03/07/2017)

178 Scottish Government (2014) Scottish Planning Policy [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-planning-policy/ (accessed 03/07/2017)

179 European Landscape Convention (2000) Text of the ELC [online] Available at: https://rm.coe.int/1680080621 (accessed 21/11/2017)

180 Scottish Government (2014) Scottish Planning Policy [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-planning-policy/ (accessed 03/07/2017)

181 Scottish Government (2014) National Planning Framework 3: A Plan for Scotland: Ambition, Opportunity, Place and Scottish Planning Policy [online] Available at: http://www.gov.scot/publications/national-planning-framework-3/ (accessed 03/07/2017)

182 SNH (2005) Statement: SNH’s Landscape Policy Framework [online] Available at: http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/polstat/Landscapepolicy.pdf (accessed 21/11/2017)

183 SNH (2012) Landscape policy: wild land [online] Available at: https://www.snh.scot/professional-advice/landscape-change/landscape-policy-and-guidance/landscape-policy-wild-land (accessed 21/11/2017)

184 SNH (2014) Siting and Designing Wind Farms in the Landscape – Version 2 [online] Available at: http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/strategy/renewables/Guidance_Siting_Designing_wind_farms.pdf (accessed 22/11/2017)

185 SNH (2012) Offshore Renewables – guidance on assessing the impact on coastal landscape and seascape [online] Available at: https://www.snh.scot/sites/default/files/2017-07/A702206%20-Offshore%20Renewables%20-%20guidance%20on%20assessing%20the%20impact%20on%20coastal%20landscape%20and%20seascpae%20-%20Guidance%20for%20scoping%20an%20Environmental%20Statement%20-%2013%20March%202012.pdf (accessed 07/12/2017)