Serious organised crime: communications evidence review

Footnotes

1. 'Serious crime gangs in Scotland 'diversifying'', BBC News, 18 June 2015, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-33183471 [accessed 18 October 2016]

2. 'Emerging Crimes', United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime, https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/organized-crime/emerging-crimes.html [accessed 18 October 2016]

3. Casey, Jane, et al; 'Assessing the Scale and Impact of Illicit Drug Markets in Scotland', Scottish Government Social Research, 2009, p. 66

4. 'UK fraud costing '£193bn a year', new study suggests', BBC News, 25 May 2016 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-36379546 [accessed 10 October 2016]

5. 'Drug-related Deaths in Scotland', National Records of Scotland, 17 August 2016, http://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/drug-related-deaths/15/drugs-related-deaths-2015.pdf [accessed 20 September 2016]

6. 'Scotland's Serious Organised Crime Strategy', 18 June 2015, p. 9 http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0047/00479632.pdf [accessed 5 October 2016]

7. 'Safe, Secure and Prosperous: A cyber resilience strategy for Scotland', Scottish Government, 17 November 2015, p. 17 http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0048/00489206.pdf [accessed 17 October 2016]

8. 'EU Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assessment (SOCTA)', Europol, 19 March 2013, pp. 15, 37

9. 'World Drug Report 2016', United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime, p. xxiii http://www.unodc.org/doc/wdr2016/WORLD_DRUG_REPORT_2016_web.pdf [accessed 17 October 2016]

10. 'EU Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assessment (SOCTA)', Europol, 19 March 2013, p. 37 https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/socta2013.pdf [accessed 12 October 2016]

11. 'Annual Police Plan 2016/17', Police Scotland, p. 27 http://www.scotland.police.uk/assets/pdf/138327/150739/police-scotland-annual-police-plan-2016-17?view=Standard

12. 'EU Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assessment (SOCTA)', Europol, 19 March 2013, pp. 5, 33 https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/socta2013.pdf [accessed 12 October 2016]

13. 'Serious crime gangs in Scotland 'diversifying'', BBC News, 18 June 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-33183471 [accessed 12 December 2016]

14. 'Individuals at risk of being drawn into Serious and Organised Crime – a Prevent Guide', Home Office, March 2015, pp. 9 – 13 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/408585/6_162_HO_SOC_PI_Guidance_Mar2015_v10_FINAL_270215_WEB__2_.pdf [accessed 14 December 2016]

15. 'Transforming Rehabilitation: a Summary of Evidence on Reducing Offending Ministry of Justice', Ministry of Justice, 2013, p. 35 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/243718/evidence-reduce-reoffending.pdf [accessed 14 December 2016]

16. Levy, L. et al, 'What Works to Reduce Crime?: A Summary of the Evidence', Scottish Government Social Research, 2014, p.35

17. 'Individuals at risk of being drawn into Serious and Organised Crime – a Prevent Guide', Home Office, March 2015, pp. 9 – 13 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/408585/6_162_HO_SOC_PI_Guidance_Mar2015_v10_FINAL_270215_WEB__2_.pdf [accessed 14 December 2016]

18. 'Inclusion offence' in this context refers to the offence committed which warranted the accused's inclusion in the study into organised crime groups

19. Francis, B. et al, 'Understanding Criminal Careers in Organised Crime', Home Office, October 2013, pp. 4-9 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246392/horr74.pdf [accessed 2 December 2016]

20. Coleman, G. 'Hacker, Hoaxer, Whistleblower, Spy: The Many Faces of Anonymous', Verso, 3 November 2015, p. 49

21. Bada, M. and Nurse, J., 'Profiling the Cybercriminal', Global Cyber Security Capacity Centre, 18 April 2016, https://www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/cybersecurity-capacity/system/files/ICIAC16_4A_NurseBada.PDF [accessed 2 December 2016]

22. Wall, D.S. 'Cybercrime, Media and Insecurity: the shaping of public perceptions of cybercrime', International Review of Law, Computers and Technology, 2008, vol. 22, nos. 1-2, pp. 45–63

23. Burn-Callander, R., 'Company reputation worth £1.7 trillion to the UK but quarter of firms ignore it', The Telegraph, 6 January 2016, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/businessclub/12084710/Company-reputation-worth-1.7-trillion-to-the-UK-but-quarter-of-firms-ignore-it.html [accessed 14 December 2016]

24. Levi, M. 'Money for Crime and Money from Crime: Financing crime and laundering crime proceeds', European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 21 (2), 2015, pp. 275-297

25. Glenny, Misha, 'Darkmarket – How hackers became the new mafia', 2011, pp. 190, 281-282

26. 'Shedding light on the dark web', The Economist, 16 July 2016, http://www.economist.com/news/international/21702176-drug-trade-moving-street-online-cryptomarkets-forced-compete [accessed 17 November 2016]

27. 'EU Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assessment (SOCTA)', Europol, 19 March 2013, p. 7 https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/ql3013253ene.epub [accessed 12 October 2016]

28. World Drug Report 2016', United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime, p.1 http://www.unodc.org/doc/wdr2016/WORLD_DRUG_REPORT_2016_web.pdf [accessed 17 October 2016]

29. 'Scottish Crime and Justice Survey 2014/15: Drug Use', The Scottish Government, 28 Jun 2016, p. 21

30. 'Scottish Crime and Justice Survey 2014/15: Drug Use', The Scottish Government, 28 Jun 2016, p. 28

31. 'Inquiry into Human Trafficking in Scotland', Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2011, p 30 https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/file/626/download?token=yym5UGG6 [accessed 15 October 2016]

32. 'EU Drug Markets Report - In-depth Analysis', EMCDDA/Europol, 2016, p. 12 http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/2373/TD0216072ENN.PDF [accessed 19 October 2016]

33. World Drug Report 2016', United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime, pp. xiii – xiv http://www.unodc.org/doc/wdr2016/WORLD_DRUG_REPORT_2016_web.pdf [accessed 17 October 2016]

34. Fraser, Fiona, 'New Psychoactive Substances – Evidence Review', Scottish Government Social Research, 2014, p. 4 http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00457682.pdf [accessed 19 October 2016]

35. 'Drug-related deaths in Scotland in 2015', National Records of Scotland, 17 August 2016, p. 38 https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/drug-related-deaths/15/drugs-related-deaths-2015.pdf [accessed 12 December 2016]

36. Fraser, F., 2014, p.1, 8

37. Fraser, F., 2014, p. 4

38. 'Ban on legal highs has 'significant effect' in Scotland', BBC News, 26 August 2016, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-37191023 [accessed 19 October 2016]

39. Travis, Alan, 'Bans on legal highs will drive booming trade underground, drug experts warn', Guardian, 4 June 2015 https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/jun/04/bans-legal-highs-drive-booming-trade-underground-drug-experts-warn-eu-report

40. 'Identifying the so-called legal highs', United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime, 1 July 2013, https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2013/July/identifying-the-so-called-legal-highs.html

41. 'New psychoactive substances in Europe - An update from the EU Early Warning System', European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, March 2015, p. 7

42. '2014 National Drug Report: Poland – New developments, trends, and in-depth information on selected issues,' European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction , 2015, p. 131. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/national-reports/poland-2014

43. 'Global Drug Survey 2015', https://www.globaldrugsurvey.com/the-global-drug-survey-2015-findings/

44. 'World Drug Report 2016', United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime, p. 24 http://www.unodc.org/doc/wdr2016/WORLD_DRUG_REPORT_2016_web.pdf [accessed 17 October 2016]

45. 'Global Action Against Dark Markets on Tor network', Europol, 7 November 2014, https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/global-action-against-dark-markets-tor-network [accessed 25 September 2016]

46. 'Darknets', Europol, https://www.europol.europa.eu/iocta/2015/darknets.html [accessed 19 October 2016]

47. 'A new approach to cyber security in the UK', GCHQ, 4 October 2016 https://www.gchq.gov.uk/news-article/new-approach-cyber-security-uk [accessed 14 December 2016]

48. Palin, A., 'HMRC signals the end of the tax return', Financial Times, 29 January 2016, https://www.ft.com/content/f5547c98-becd-11e5-9fdb-87b8d15baec2 [accessed 17 January 2017]

49. Wall, M., '2017 tech trends: 'A major bank will fail'', BBC News, 6 January 2017 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-38517517 [accessed 6 January 2017]

50. Glenny, Misha, 'Darkmarket – How hackers became the new mafia', 2011, p. xxi

51. 'Safe, Secure and Prosperous: A cyber resilience strategy for Scotland', Scottish Government, 17 November 2015, http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0048/00489206.pdf [accessed 17 October 2016]

52. 'Britain's cyber security bolstered by world-class strategy', HM Treasury, 1 November 2016 https://www.gov.uk/government/news/britains-cyber-security-bolstered-by-world-class-strategy [accessed 14 December 2016]

53. Bada, M. and Nurse, J., 'Profiling the Cybercriminal', Global Cyber Security Capacity Centre, 18 April 2016, https://www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/cybersecurity-capacity/content/profiling-cybercriminal [accessed 2 December 2016]

54. 'Comprehensive study on cybercrime: Draft', United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2013, p. 26

55. Ibid. p. 26

56. Pagliery, J., 'The Deep Web you don't know about', CNN, 10 March 2014, www.money.cnn.com/2014/03/10/technology/deep-web/index.html [accessed 10 October 2016]

57. Ibid.

58. 'Internet Organised Crime Threat Assessment', Europol, 2016, p. 48 https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/internet-organised-crime-threat-assessment-iocta-2016 [accessed 20 October 2016]

59. 'Shedding light on the dark web', The Economist, 16 July 2016, http://www.economist.com/news/international/21702176-drug-trade-moving-street-online-cryptomarkets-forced-compete [accessed 17 November 2016]

60. Glenny, Misha, 'Darkmarket – How hackers became the new mafia', 2011, p. 72

61. 'The Cybercrime Ecosystem: How the Internet May Support Criminal Behaviour Online', Global Cyber Security Capacity Centre, 22 July 2016, https://www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/cybersecurity-capacity/content/cybercrime-ecosystem-how-internet-may-support-criminal-behaviour-online-0 [accessed 5 December 2016]

62. 'What is the Dark Web? How to access the Dark Web. What's the difference between the Dark Web and the Deep Web?', PC Advisor, http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/how-to/internet/what-is-dark-web-how-access-dark-web-deep-joc-beautfiulpeople-3593569/ [accessed 21 October 2016]

63. 'Cyber crime 'evolving' ahead of Police Scotland', The Scotsman, 7 September 2016, http://www.scotsman.com/news/cybercrime-evolving-ahead-of-police-scotland-1-4223489 [accessed 20 October 2016]

64. 'Crime in England and Wales: year ending June 2016', Office for National Statistics, 20 October 2016, http://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/bulletins/crimeinenglandandwales/yearendingjune2016/pdf [accessed 20 October 2016]

65. Travis, A., 'Cybercrime figures prompt police call for awareness campaign', Guardian, 21 July 2016 https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jul/21/crime-rate-online-offences-cybercrime-ons-figures [accessed 19 December 2016]

66. Evans, M., 'Cyber crime: One in 10 people now victim of fraud or online offences, figures show', The Telegraph, 21 July 2016

67. Massey, N. 'Sextortion: Rise in blackmail-related suicides over sexual images shared online', The Independent, 30 November 2016, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/sextortion-rise-suicides-blackmailing-sexual-images-sharing-social-media-a7446776.html [accessed 1 December 2016]

68. 'Hundreds of men in Scotland at risk of 'sextortion'', BBC News, 14 December 2016, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-38313090 [accessed 19 December 2016]

69. Cacciottolo, M. and Rees, N., 'Online dating fraud victim numbers at record high', BBC News, 23 January 2017, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38678089 [accessed 24 janaury 2017]

70. Naysmith, Steven, 'Figures show more young children are being targeted online', The Herald, 21 June 2016, http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/14569168.Figures_show_more_young_children_are_being_targeted_online/ [accessed 21 October 2016]

71. Europol report reveals rise in child sex abuse online, BBC News, 28 September 2016, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-37494784 [accessed 21 October 2016]

72. 'Child sexual exploitation', Scottish Government, 28 January 2016, [accessed 20 October 2016]

73. 'Child Sexual Exploitation', Police Scotland, http://www.scotland.police.uk/keep-safe/young-people/supporting-children-and-young-people/child-sexual-exploitation [accessed 21 October 2016]

74. NCA Annual Plan 2016-17, National Crime Agency, p. 10 http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/publications/683-nca-annual-plan-2016-17/file [accessed 21 October 2016]

75. 'Online Child Sexual Abuse Images – Doing More to Tackle Demand and Supply', NSPCC, November 2016, https://www.nspcc.org.uk/globalassets/documents/research-reports/online-child-sexual-abuse-images.pdf
[accessed 8 November 2016]

76. Mueller, R., 'Combating Threats in the Cyber World: Outsmarting Terrorists, Hackers, and Spies', Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1 March 2012, https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/speeches/combating-threats-in-the-cyber-world-outsmarting-terrorists-hackers-and-spies [accessed 15 August 2016]

77. 'Cyber attacks: Two-thirds of big UK businesses targeted', BBC News, 8 May 2016, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-36239805 [accessed 2 December 2016]

78. Russel, Greg, 'Firms befuddled by cybercrime advice, says new report', The National, 1 June 2016, http://www.thenational.scot/business/firms-befuddled-by-cybercrime-advice-says-new-report.18230 [accessed 15 October 2016]

79. 'Over Half a Billion Personal Information Records Stolen or Lost in 2015', Symantec, April 2016, https://www.symantec.com/content/dam/symantec/docs/infographics/istr-reporting-breaches-or-not-en.pdf [accessed 2 December 2016]

80. 'Safe, Secure and Prosperous: A cyber resilience strategy for Scotland', Scottish Government, 17 November 2015, http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0048/00489206.pdf [accessed 17 October 2016]

81. 'Serious Organised Crime & Counter Terrorism', Scottish Crime and Business Resilience Centre, https://www.sbrcentre.co.uk/about-us/our-focus/soc-ct [accessed 20 October 2016]

82. 'Information security breaches survey 2015', HM Government, p. 7 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/432412/bis-15-302-information_security_breaches_survey_2015-full-report.pdf [accessed 20 October 2016]

83. Reynold, M,. 'Half a billion identities were stolen or exposed online in 2015', Wired Magazine, 12 April 2016, http://www.wired.co.uk/article/identity-theft-symantec-security-2015-amount [accessed 2 December 2016]

84. 'The dangers of "ransomware"', BBC News, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-38123403 [accessed 28 November 2016]

85. A worm is a malicious computer program which self-replicates and spreads across computers and other devices

86. Mathews, L. 'Angry Gamer Blamed For Most Devastating DDoS Of 2016', Forbes, 17 November 2016 http://www.forbes.com/sites/leemathews/2016/11/17/angry-gamer-blamed-for-most-devastating-ddos-of-2016/#758a135839e4 [accessed 1 December 2016]

87. Reynolds, M. '900,000 routers hit by huge Mirai worm cyber attack', Wired Magazine, 29 November 2016, http://www.wired.co.uk/article/deutsche-telekom-cyber-attack-mirai [accessed 1 December 2016]

88. Rawlinson, K. 'UK homes lose internet access after cyber-attack', The Guardian, 1 December 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/01/uk-homes-lose-internet-access-after-cyber-attack [accessed 2 December 2016]

89. Lee, D. 'Hackers hit San Francisco transport systems', BBC News, 28 November 2016 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-38127096 [accessed 28 November 2016]

90. Stavridis, J. 'Former NATO Supreme Commander on Trump and Security: Buckle Up', Time, http://time.com/4563998/national-security-president-donald-trump/ [accessed 28 November 2016]

91. 'We're in the middle of a cyberwar', Newsweek, 20 September 1999, http://europe.newsweek.com/were-middle-cyerwar-166196 [accessed 20 October 2016]

92. Slay, J. and Miller, M. , 'Conference paper: Lessons learned from the Maroochy Water breach', Critical Infrastructure Protection, 2007, http://www.ifip.org/wcc2008/site/IFIPSampleChapter.pdf [accessed 20 October 2016]

93. 'Newly nasty', The Economist, 24 May 2007, http://www.economist.com/node/9228757 [accessed 20 October 2016]

94. Glenny, M., 'Darkmarket – How hackers became the new mafia', 2011, p. 225

95. Zetter, K., 'An unprecedented look at Stuxnet, the world's first digital weapon', Wired Magazine, 3 November 2014, https://www.wired.com/2014/11/countdown-to-zero-day-stuxnet/ [accessed 20 October 2016]

96. Zetter, K., 'Inside the cunning, unprecedented hack of Ukraine's power grid', Wired Magazine, 3 March 2016 https://www.wired.com/2016/03/inside-cunning-unprecedented-hack-ukraines-power-grid/ [accessed 5 December 2016]

97. 'Terrorism most immediate threat to UK, says MI6', BBC News, 8 December 2016, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38250432 [accessed 8 December 2016]

98. Homer-Dixon, T., 'The Rise of Complex Terrorism', 1 January 2002, http://www.homerdixon.com/2002/01/01/the-rise-of-complex-terrorism/ [accessed 18 October 2016]

99. 'Inquiry into Human Trafficking in Scotland', Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2011, p 24 https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/file/626/download?token=yym5UGG6 [accessed 15 October 2016]

100. 'Action to Combat Human Trafficking', Scottish Government , http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Justice/policies/reducing-crime/human-trafficking [accessed 19 October 2016]

101. 'Human Trafficking Summit communiqué published', Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service, 17 October 2014, [accessed 25 October 2016]

102. 'Lord Advocate's Instructions for Prosecutors when considering Prosecution of Victims of Human Trafficking and Exploitation Offences', Letter to Justice Committee, 30 March 2015, http://www.parliament.scot/S4_JusticeCommittee/Inquiries/20150330_Lord_Advocate.pdf [accessed 25 October 2016]

103. 'Trafficking and Exploitation Strategy', Scottish Government http://www.gov.scot/publications/trafficking-exploitation-strategy/ [accessed 18 August 2017]

104. http://www.iccwbo.org/advocacy-codes-and-rules/bascap/ [accessed 17 December 2016]

105. '2015 Situation Report on Counterfeiting in the EU', Europol, p. 6 https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/2015_situation_report_on_counterfeiting_in_the_eu.pdf [accessed 20 October 2016]

106. '2015 Situation Report on Counterfeiting in the EU', Europol. p. 5

107. Phillips, T. 'Knockoff: The Deadly Trade in Counterfeit Goods: The True Story of the World's Fastest Growing Crime Wave', Kogan Page, 3 Mar 2007, p. 221

108. Robertson, A., 'Bargain or bust', Trading Standards Scotland, http://www.tsscot.co.uk/news/bargain-or-bust [accessed 21 October 2016]

109. 'Counterfeit good produced in EU on the rise', Europol, 29 April 2015, https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/counterfeit-goods-produced-eu-rise [accessed 10 October 2016]

110. Lewis, Kevin, 'The Fake and the Fatal: The Consequences of Counterfeits', The Park Place Economist, Volume XVII, 2009, p. 48, https://www.iwu.edu/economics/PPE17/lewis.pdf [accessed 5 October 2016]

111. 'Annual Fraud Indicator 2016', University of Portsmouth, May 2016, http://www.port.ac.uk/media/contacts-and-departments/icjs/ccfs/Annual-Fraud-Indicator-2016.pdf [accessed 5 December 2016]

112. Garner, S. et al, 'Organised Crime in Local Communities', The Police Foundation, August 2016, p. 2 http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/uploads/holding/projects/org_fraud_in_local_communities_final.pdf [accessed 5 December 2016]

113. Garner, S. et al., 2016, p. 3

114. Mills, H. et al., 'Understanding organised crime: estimating the scale and social and economic costs', Home Office, 2013, p. 9 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246390/horr73.pdf [accessed 5 December 2016]

115. Garner, S. et al., 2016, p. 1

116. Garner, S. et al., 2016, p. 5

117. 'Scotland in numbers', BBC News, 25 November 2013, http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-24866266 [accessed 5 December 2016]

118. '#GunsOffOurStreets', National Crime Agency, 31 October 2016, http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/news/946-gunsoffourstreets [accessed 6 December 2016]

119. O'Hare, P., 'Police reveal there are 277,000 guns in Scotland as they warn of thriving black market trade in firearms', Daily Record, 28 September 2015

120. 'Thousands of Scots in organised crime groups', BBC News, 4 December 2013, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-25208792 [accessed 6 December 2016]

121. Gallagher, M., 'Terrorism and Organised Crime: Cooperative Endeavours in Scotland?',Terrorism and Political Violence, 7 December 2013, p. 322

122. Bulman, M., 'Police fear terrorists using UK black market to buy weapons for Paris-style gun attack', Independent, 31 October 2016, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/mi5-chief-andrew-parker-foiled-terror-plots-guns-attack-latest-firearms-extremist-paris-attack-a7389891.html [accessed 6 December 2016]

123. Kennedy, D. , 'Fewer than half of Scots' are reading a daily newspaper', BBC News, 4 August 2015, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-33760071 [accessed 19 December 2016]

124. 'Less than half of Scots are now reading a daily newspaper, new findings from Scottish Social Attitudes shows', NatCen, 12 August 2015, http://www.natcen.ac.uk/news-media/press-releases/2015/august/less-than-half-of-scots-are-now-reading-a-daily-newspaper,-new-findings-from-scottish-social-attitudes-shows/ [accessed 19 December 2016]

125. 'UK and US see heaviest newspaper circulation declines', The Guardian, 17 June 2010, https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/jun/17/newspaper-circulation-oecd-report [accessed 14 November 2016]

126. 'HeraldScotland maintains 66% audience growth despite tighter paywall', The Herald, 26 Feb 2014, http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13147778.HeraldScotland_maintains_66__audience_growth_despite_tighter_paywall/ [accessed 27 January 2017]

127. News Consumption in the UK 2015: Executive summary', OFCOM, 16 December 2015, pp. 7-10 [accessed 13 November 2016]

128. 'News Consumption in the UK 2015: Executive summary', OFCOM, 16 December 2015, p. 19 [accessed 13 November 2016]

129. 'News Consumption in the UK 2015: Research report', OFCOM, 15 December 2015, p. 82 [accessed 13 November 2016]

130. 'Police firearms survey: Final report', Scottish Police Authority/TNS, 2014, pp. 5-7

131. Sherizen, S., 'Social Creation of Crime News: All the News Fitted to Print', in C. Winick (ed.), Deviance and Mass Media, 1978, pp. 203–24

132. Reiner, R. 'Media made criminality: The representation of crime in the mass media', 2007, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/30528841_Media_made_criminality_The_representation_of_crime_in_the_mass_media, p. 380 [accessed 14 November 2016

133. Katz, J. 'What makes crime "news"', Media, Culture & Society, 1987, p. 57 http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/faculty/katz/pubs/WhatMakesCrimeNews.pdf?origin, [accessed 15 November 2016]

134. Reiner. R., pp. 382, 384

135. Reiner. R., p. 380

136. Chibnall, S . 'Law-and-order News: An Analysis of Crime Reporting in the British Press', Routledge, 1977, pp. 22 - 38

137. McCombs, M. and Shaw, D., 'The agenda-setting function of mass media', The Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 36 No. 2, 1972, p. 176

138. 'Crime and Safety Debrief: Summary', Truth Consultancy, April 2013, p. 14

139. Reiner. R., p. 386

140. 'Overview of violent crime and sexual offences', Office for National Statistics, 11 February 2016, https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/compendium/focusonviolentcrimeandsexualoffences/yearendingmarch2015/chapter1overviewofviolentcrimeandsexualoffences#characteristics-associated-with-being-a-victim [accessed 7 December 2016]

141. Reiner. R., p. 387

142. Brivio, E., 'An EU press room perspective in anti-fraud communication strategy' in 'Deterring fraud by informing the public: Round-table on anti-fraud communication', European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), 2009, pp. 123-127

143. Self, W., 'Forget fake news on Facebook – the real filter bubble is you', New Statesman, 28 November 2016 http://www.newstatesman.com/science-tech/social-media/2016/11/forget-fake-news-facebook-real-filter-bubble-you [accessed 6 December 2016]

144. Ibid.

145. Unteanu. C., 'Possible interaction between television fiction and media reports', in 'Deterring fraud by informing the public: Round-table on anti-fraud communication', European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), 2009, p. 308

146. Reiner, R., p. 388-389

147. 'Crime fiction steals top slots in UK library loans', The Guardian, 5 February 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/feb/05/fiction-runs-away-with-uk-library-loans-lee-child [accessed 14 November 2016]

148. Whitney, R. 'Are women hardwired to love thrillers?', Telegraph, 28 February 2015, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11440540/Thrillers-and-crime-novels-Are-women-hardwired-to-love-them.html [accessed 7 December 2016]

149. Reiner. R., p. 391

150. 'From Fact to Fiction - Giving Writers an Inside Look at the FBI', Federal Bureau of Investigation, 10 June 2008, https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/stories/2008/october/writers_100608 [accessed 7 December 2016]

151. 'Working with the FBI: A Guide for Writers, Authors, and Producers', Federal Bureau of Investigation, October 2008, https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/stories/2008/october/a-guide-for-writers-authors-and-producers-1 [accessed 7 December 2016]

152. 'From Fact to Fiction - Giving Writers an Inside Look at the FBI', Federal Bureau of Investigation, 10 June 2008, https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/stories/2008/october/writers_100608 [accessed 7 December 2016]

153. It should be noted that the term 'Prevent', while originally associated with counter-terror work, in this context is used in much broader terms. It simply denotes a wide-ranging communications and engagement project, of which the ultimate goal is to reduce the number of crimes taking place - by reducing victimisation, the purchase of illegal products, and personal involvement in crime. In this sense it is an inherently separate project from operational law-enforcement, though in practice would be driven by operational intelligence and co-ordinated at least in part by enforcement agencies.

154. Schreiber, E.S, 'Reputation', Institute for Public Relations, 14 January 2014 http://www.instituteforpr.org/reputation/ [accessed 7 January 2017]

155. Murray, K., 'The value of understanding organised crime business structures and processes', European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2016, p. 12

156. Levi, M. 'Money for Crime and Money from Crime: Financing crime and laundering crime proceeds', European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 21 (2), 2015, pp. 275-297

157. 'Letting our Communities Flourish – A Strategy for Tackling Serious Organised Crime in Scotland', The Serious Organised Crime Taskforce, June 2009, pp. 3-5 http://www.gov.scot/resource/doc/274127/0081989.pdf [accessed 17 November 2016]

158. 'Scotland's Serious Organised Crime Strategy', Scottish Government, 18 June 2015, p. 2, 10 http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0047/00479632.pdf [accessed 5 October 2016]

159. ibid. p. 10

160. 'Safe, Secure and Prosperous: A cyber resilience strategy for Scotland', Scottish Government, 17 November 2015, p. 17 http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0048/00489206.pdf [accessed 17 October 2016]

161. 'Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service Strategic Plan 2015-2018', Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service, 2 February 2015, http://www.crownoffice.gov.uk/images/Documents/Business_Strategy_Plans/Strategic_Plans/COPFS%20Strategic%20Plan%202015-2018%20.pdf [accessed 7 December 2016]

162. 'Annual Police Plan 2016-17', Police Scotland, p. 34 http://www.scotland.police.uk/assets/pdf/138327/150739/police-scotland-annual-police-plan-2016-17?view=Standard [accessed 17 November 2016]

163. 'Transparency: The NCA Publication Approach', National Crime Agency, September 2014, p.2 http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/publications/433-transparency-the-nca-publication-approach/file [accessed 17 November 2016]

164. 'NCA Annual Plan 2016 – 17', National Crime Agency, 2016, p. 13, http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/publications/683-nca-annual-plan-2016-17/file [accessed 17 December 2016]

165. Dodd, V. 'Call for Prevent-style strategy to stop children engaging in cybercrime', The Guardian, 7 November 2016 https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/nov/07/call-prevent-style-strategy-stop-children-cybercrime-government [accessed 10 November 2016]

166. '2015 Situation Report on Counterfeiting in the EU', Europol, p. 6 https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/2015_situation_report_on_counterfeiting_in_the_eu.pdf [accessed 20 October 2016]

167. 'Human Trafficking', Scottish Government, http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Justice/policies/reducing-crime/human-trafficking [accessed 17 November 2016]

168. 'Scotland's Serious Organised Crime Strategy – 2016 Annual Report', Scottish Government, 3 November 2016, p. 14 http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509064.pdf [accessed 18 November 2016]

169. 'Reducing the damaging impact of drugs and alcohol', Scottish Government, http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Justice/policies/drugs-alcohol [accessed 7 December 2016]

170. 'Scottish Crime and Justice Survey 2014/15: Drug Use', Scottish Government, p. 52 http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00502173.pdf [accessed 12 December 2016]

171. Williams, M., 'Concern over lack of preventative action on Scotland's heroin island', The Herald, 28 August 2016 http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/14709298.Concern_over_lack_of_preventative_action_on_Scotland_s_heroin_island/ [accessed 12 December 2016]

172. 'Public perceptions of organised crime in Scotland', Scottish Government Social Research, 2013, p. 3 http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0043/00434422.pdf [accessed 7 November 2016]

173. '#Yourviewcounts in Scotland: National Survey April – September 2016', Police Scotland, November 2016, pp. 13-14 [accessed 14 November 2016]

174. 'CSE 2016 Campaign - Partner toolkit', CSE The Signs, January 2016 http://csethesigns.scot/assets/content_files/CSE28046_stakeholder_toolkit_A4_email_(2).pdf [accessed 10 December 2016]

175. http://csethesigns.scot/

176. 'Police Scotland launch Child Sexual Exploitation Campaign', Police Scotland, 7 September 2016, [accessed 10 December 2016]

177. 'Crime and Safety Debrief: Summary', Truth Consultancy, April 2013, p. 10 [unpublished]

178. Levi, M., 'Thinking about organised crime', The RUSI Journal, 159 (1), 2014, pp. 6-14

179. 'Public perceptions of organised crime in Scotland', Scottish Government Social Research, 2013, p. 3 http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0043/00434422.pdf [accessed 7 November 2016]

180. '#Yourviewcounts in Scotland: National Survey April – September 2016', Police Scotland, November 2016, pp. 13-14 [accessed 14 November 2016]

181. 'Public perceptions of organised crime in Scotland', Scottish Government Social Research, 2013, p. 6 http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0043/00434422.pdf [accessed 7 November 2016]

182. Wilson, C. 'The Public and the Justice System', Scottish Government Social Research, 2012, p. 39 http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0039/00396342.pdf [accessed 11 December 2016]

183. 'Public perceptions of organised crime in Scotland', Scottish Government Social Research, 2013, p. 5 http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0043/00434422.pdf [accessed 7 November 2016]

184. Ormston, R. et al, 'Scottish Social Attitudes Survey 2009: Public Attitudes to Drugs and Drug Use in Scotland', Scottish Government, 2010, pp. 33-34

185. Greenberg, A., 'Silk road reduced violence in the drug trade, study argues', Wired, 2014 https://www.wired.com/2014/06/silk-road-study/ [accessed 23 January 2017]

186. 'Public Attitudes Towards People with Drug Dependence and People in Recovery Progressive Partnership', Scottish Government, 2016, http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2016/06/3496/1 [accessed 22 January 2017]

187. Ormston, R. et al, 'Scottish Social Attitudes Survey 2009: Public Attitudes to Drugs and Drug Use in Scotland', Scottish Government, 2010, pp. 2-3

188. Ibid., pp. 14-16

189. Senthilingham, M., 'Germany becomes latest country to OK medical marijuana legalization', CNN, 20 January 2017 http://edition.cnn.com/2016/12/29/health/global-marijuana-cannabis-laws/ [accessed 22 January 2017]

190. Grice, A. 'Cannabis legalisation: 47% support sale of drug through licensed shops, poll reveals', Independent, 9 April 2016, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/legalising-cannabis-47-support-sale-of-drug-through-licensed-shops-poll-reveals-a6976796.html [accessed 21 January 2017]

191. Ormston, R. et al, 'Scottish Social Attitudes Survey 2009: Public Attitudes to Drugs and Drug Use in Scotland', Scottish Government, 2010, p. 3

192. Glenny, Misha, 'Darkmarket – How hackers became the new mafia', 2011, p. 226

193. 'Comprehensive study on cybercrime: Draft', United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2013, pp. 236 - 237

194. Sasse, A., 'Conference paper: Busting The Myth Of Dancing Pigs: Angela's Top 10 Reasons Why Users Bypass Security Measures', 2013

195. ' 'Security Fatigue' Can Cause Computer Users to Feel Hopeless and Act Recklessly, New Study Suggests', National Institute of Standards and Technology, 4 October 2016 https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2016/10/security-fatigue-can-cause-computer-users-feel-hopeless-and-act-recklessly [accessed 25 November 2016]

196. Sasse, A. and Bada, M. 'Cyber Security Awareness Campaigns: Why do they fail to change behaviour? (Draft working paper)', Global Cyber Security Capacity Centre, July 2014, p. 11 https://www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/cybersecurity-capacity/system/files/Awareness%20CampaignsDraftWorkingPaper.pdf [accessed 17 December 2016]

197. 'Statistical Bulletin: Internet users in the UK: 2016', Office for National Statistics, 20 May 2016, https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/itandinternetindustry/bulletins/internetusers/2016 [accessed 10 December 2016]

198. 'Skills Matter: Further Results from the Survey of Adult Skills', OECD Skills Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, 2016, p. 24 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264258051-en [accessed 10 December 2016]

199. Nielsen, J., 'The Distribution of Users' Computer Skills: Worse Than You Think', Nielsen Norman Group, 13 November 2016 https://www.nngroup.com/articles/computer-skill-levels/

200. 'Inquiry into Human Trafficking in Scotland', Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2011, pp. 13, 24-25, 60 https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/file/626/download?token=yym5UGG6 [accessed 15 October 2016]

201. 'Human trafficking - reading the signs', Police Scotland, 29 July 2013, http://www.scotland.police.uk/whats-happening/news/2013/july/180144/ [accessed 20 January 2017]

202. 'EU Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assessment (SOCTA)', Europol, 19 March 2013, p. 22

203. 'Counterfeiting links to organised crime highlighted," BBC News, 23 September 2013, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-24204559 [accessed 24 August 2016]

204. 'Research Report on Consumer Attitudes and Perceptions on Counterfeiting and Piracy', Business Action to Stop Counterfeiting and Piracy, November 2009, pp. 3, 87-88 http://www.iccwbo.org/Data/Documents/Bascap/Consumer-Perceptions/Consumer-Research-Report/ [accessed 1 October 2016]

205. 'Fake goods warning: Summit hears about perfume made with urine and dog skin boots', Daily Record, 6 March 2014, http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/crime/fake-goods-warning-summit-hears-3213531 [accessed 21 October 2016]

206. Gray, Rebecca, ' 'Toxic' fake medicine on sale in city could leave people permanently disfigured', Evening Times, 28 August 2015

207. 'Tackling serious organised crime', Scottish Government, 3 November 2016, /news/tackling-serious-organised-crime/ [accessed 28 November 2016]

208. 'Scottish Government Counter Fraud Strategy', Scottish Government, http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Government/Finance/spfm/fraud/fraudannexa [accessed 20 January 2017]

209. Sylvester, R., 'Stop refunding victims of online fraud, Met chief tells banks', The Times, March 24 2016, [accessed 20 January 2017]

210. Lloyd, R., 'Bernard Hogan-Howe is wrong: victims of online fraud are not to blame', The Guardian, 25 March 2016 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/mar/25/bernard-hogan-howe-victims-online-fraud [accessed 20 January 2017]

211. Flinders, K., 'Banks hide cyber crime losses, says City of London Police', Computer Weekly, 15 April 2015, http://www.computerweekly.com/news/4500244412/Banks-hide-cybercrime-losses-says-City-of-London-Police [accessed 5 December 2016]

212. Glenny, Misha, 'Darkmarket – How hackers became the new mafia', 2011, pp. 48-49

213. Flinders, K., 'Banks hide cyber crime losses, says City of London Police', Computer Weekly, 15 April 2015, http://www.computerweekly.com/news/4500244412/Banks-hide-cyber-crime-losses-says-City-of-London-Police [accessed 5 December 2016]

214. '#GunsOffOurStreets', National Crime Agency, 31 October 2016, http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/news/946-gunsoffourstreets [accessed 6 December 2016]

215. 'Scottish Crime and Justice Survey 2014/15: Main Findings', Scottish Government, p. 88 http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0049/00496532.pdf [accessed 8 December 2016]

216. Ibid. pp. 38, 89-90

217. Wilson, C. 'The Public and the Justice System: Attitudes, Drivers and Behaviour a literature review', Scottish Government Social Research, 2012, p. 43 http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0039/00396342.pdf [accessed 16 December 2016],

218. 'Public perceptions of organised crime in Scotland', Scottish Government Social Research, 2013, p. 8 http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0043/00434422.pdf [accessed 7 November 2016]

219. 'Public perceptions of organised crime in Scotland', Scottish Government Social Research, 2013, p. 7 http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0043/00434422.pdf [accessed 7 November 2016]

220. 'Increasing public confidence and reducing fear of crime', Scottish Government, http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Justice/policies/increasing-confidence [accessed 12 December 2016]

221. 'Public perceptions of organised crime in Scotland', Scottish Government Social Research, 2013, p. 5 http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0043/00434422.pdf [accessed 7 November 2016]

222. It should be noted that the "fear of crime" as defined here may not capture some fears that people have about becoming victims of cybercrime, for instance, and that more people than currently estimated may be victims of those types of crimes (see Chapter 1).

223. 'Scottish Crime and Justice Survey 2014/15: Main Findings', Scottish Government, pp. 38, 69-70 http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0049/00496532.pdf [accessed 8 December 2016]

224. 'Crime, Disorder and Danger - Crime Victimisation', Scottish Government, http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Crime-Justice/TrendCrimeVic [accessed 10 December 2016]

225. 'Scottish Crime and Justice Survey 2014/15: Main Findings', Scottish Government, pp. 42-43 http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0049/00496532.pdf [accessed 8 December 2016]

226. 'Increasing public confidence and reducing fear of crime', Scottish Government, http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Justice/policies/increasing-confidence [accessed 10 December 2016]

227. Davidson, N. 'Conference paper: Public confidence and fear of crime: what we knew (and what we didn't) pre RtP', Scottish Government, 24 November 2015, p. 3 http://www.bsc.scot/uploads/1/9/0/5/19054171/neil_davidson_sg.pdf [accessed 10 October 2016]

228. Ibid., p. 9

229. Cashmore, J. 'The 'fear of crime media feedback' cycle', Internet Journal of Criminology, 2014, [accessed 10 December 2016]

230. Duffy, B. et al, 'Closing the gaps: Crime and Public Perceptions', Ipsos MORI, 2007 [accessed 11 December 2016]

231. Wilson, C. 'The Public and the Justice System', Scottish Government Social Research, 2012, pp. 17 – 18 http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0039/00396342.pdf [accessed 11 December 2016]

232. Davidson, N. 'Conference paper: Public confidence and fear of crime: what we knew (and what we didn't) pre RtP', Scottish Government, 24 November 2015, p. 2 http://www.bsc.scot/uploads/1/9/0/5/19054171/neil_davidson_sg.pdf [accessed 10 October 2016]

233. Jackson, J. and Gray, E. 'Functional fear and public insecurities about crime', British Journal of Criminology, 2010 p. 8-9

234. 'EU Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assessment (SOCTA)', Europol, 19 March 2013, p. 15 https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/socta2013.pdf [accessed 12 October 2016]

235. Wilson, C. 'The Public and the Justice System: Attitudes, Drivers and Behaviour a literature review', Scottish Government Social Research, 2012, pp. 37-39 http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0039/00396342.pdf [accessed 16 December 2016]

236. 'Mindspace: influencing behaviour through public policy', Institute for Government, 2010, p. 15 https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/MINDSPACE.pdf [accessed 14 December 2016]

237. Fogg, B.J., 'Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change what We Think and Do', Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2003, p. 15

238. Tennenbaum, M., 'Will changing your Facebook profile picture do anything for marriage equality?', Scientific American, 28 March 2013 https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/psysociety/marriage-equality-and-social-proof/ [accessed 18 October 2016]

239. 'Mindspace: influencing behaviour through public policy', Institute for Government, 2010, p.p. 14- 15 https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/MINDSPACE.pdf [accessed 14 December 2016]

240. 'Mindspace: influencing behaviour through public policy', Institute for Government, 2010, p. 8 https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/MINDSPACE.pdf [accessed 14 December 2016]

241. Grenny, J, et al, 'Influencer: The New Science of Leading Change', McGraw-Hill Education, 2013, pp. 13 - 14

242. Robinson, A, 'Using Influence Strategies to Improve Security Awareness Programs', SANS Institute, 2013, p 4-5 https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/awareness/influence-strategies-improve-security-awareness-programs-34385 [accessed 14 December 2016]

243. Michie, S. et al, 'The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions', Implementation Science, 2011, p. 4

244. Cialdini, R. 'Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion', Collins, 1984, p. 4

245. Cialdini, R. 'Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion', Collins, 1984, p. 57, 67-69

246. 'Review of No Knives Better Lives: Final Report', Scottish Government, March 2015, p. 8

247. Robinson, A, 'Using Influence Strategies to Improve Security Awareness Programs', SANS Institute, 2013, p 4-5 https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/awareness/influence-strategies-improve-security-awareness-programs-34385 [accessed 14 December 2016]

248. Cialdini, R. 'Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion', Collins, 1984, p. 118-126

249. 'Research Report on Consumer Attitudes and Perceptions on Counterfeiting and Piracy', Business Action to Stop Counterfeiting and Piracy, November 2009, p. 5 http://www.iccwbo.org/Data/Documents/Bascap/Consumer-Perceptions/Consumer-Research-Report/ [accessed 1 October 2016]

250. 'EU Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assessment (SOCTA)', Europol, 19 March 2013, p. 15 https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/socta2013.pdf [accessed 12 October 2016]

251. 'Research Report on Consumer Attitudes and Perceptions on Counterfeiting and Piracy', Business Action to Stop Counterfeiting and Piracy, November 2009, pp. 5, 89 http://www.iccwbo.org/Data/Documents/Bascap/Consumer-Perceptions/Consumer-Research-Report/ [accessed 1 October 2016]

252. Ibid., pp. 14, 88

253. Ibid., pp. 1, 8, 15

254. Hallsworth, M. and Sanders, M., 'Beyond Behaviour Change: Key Issues, Interdisciplinary Approaches and Future Directions', Policy Press, February 2016, p. 117-118

255. 'Applying behavioural insights to reduce fraud, error and debt', Cabinet Office Behavioural Insights Team, February 2012, pp. 8 - 13

256. Thaler, R. and Sunstein, C., 'Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth and happiness', Penguin, 2008, pp.79-84

257. 'Applying behavioural insights to reduce fraud, error and debt', Cabinet Office Behavioural Insights Team, February 2012, pp. 22 - 23

258. 'The plastic bag levy: Helping the hoarders', The Economist, 3 October 2015, http://www.economist.com/news/britain/21670047-do-you-really-need-keep-40-carrier-bags-home-helping-hoarders [accessed 17 January 2017]

259. 'The Language of Persuasion', New Mexico Media Literacy Project

260. Sasse, A. and Bada, M. 'Cyber Security Awareness Campaigns: Why do they fail to change behaviour? (Draft working paper)', Global Cyber Security Capacity Centre, July 2014, p. 8 https://www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/cybersecurity-capacity/system/files/Awareness%20CampaignsDraftWorkingPaper.pdf [accessed 17 December 2016]

261. Witte, K. and Allen, M., 'A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeals: Implications for Effective Public Health Campaigns', Health Education & Behavior, Vol. 27 (5), October 2000, pp. 591-594

262. Ibid., p. 594

263. 'Smoking statistics – Who smokes and how much', Action on Smoking and Health, February 2016 http://ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_106.pdf [accessed 28 November 2016]

264. 'Timeline – Smoking and disease', BBC News, 30 June 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4377928.stm [accessed 28 November 2016]

265. Triggle, N., 'Smoking: Can the nation kick the habit?', BBC News, 2 January 2013 http://www.bbc.com/news/health-20780577 [accessed 17 December 2016]

266. Reiner, R., p. 397-398

267. Thompson L. E., et al, 'Scared straight? Fear-appeal anti-smoking campaigns, risk, self-efficacy and addiction', Health, Risk & Society, Vol. 11 , Iss. 2, 2009

268. O'Neil, M. at al, 'New Narratives: Changing the Frame on Crime and Justice', Frameworks Institute, July 2016, pp. 9, 14

269. Smith, M.S., Petty, E.R. 'Message Framing and Persuasion: A Message Processing Analysis', Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Issue 22(3), March 1996, p. 267

270. Manyiwa, S. and Brennan, R., 'Fear appeals in anti-smoking advertising: How important is self-efficacy?' Journal of Marketing Management, Volume 28 Issue 11-12, 2012

271. Bandura, A., 'Self-efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioural Change', Psychological Review, Vol. 84 No. 2, 1977, pp. 191-194

272. Myrick, J.G., 'The Role of Emotions in Preventative Health Communication', Lexington Books, 2015, p. 30

273. Wakefield, M. et al, 'Use of mass media campaigns to change health behaviour', Lancet, October 2010; pp. 1-6 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4248563/pdf/nihms643749.pdf [accessed 17 December 2016 from National Library of Medicine / National Institutes of Health]

274. 'Stop Smoking', National Health Service, http://www.nhs.uk/livewell/smoking/Pages/stopsmokingnewhome.aspx

275. Robinson, A, 'Using Influence Strategies to Improve Security Awareness Programs', SANS Institute, 2013, p. 2 https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/awareness/influence-strategies-improve-security-awareness-programs-34385 [accessed 14 December 2016]

276. Connolly, C. et al, 'An Overview of International Cyber-Security Awareness Raising and Educational Initiatives', Australian Communications and Media Authority, May 2011, p. 22

277. Beyer, M., et al, 'Awareness is only the first step: A framework for progressive engagement of staff in cyber security (Business White Paper)', Research Institute in Science of Cyber Security / Hewlett Packard, 2015 p. 3 http://www.riscs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Awareness-is-Only-the-First-Step.pdf [accessed 18 December 2016]

278. 'City of London Police reveals for the first time who is being targeted by cyber criminals', City of London Police, 10 March 2016 https://www.cityoflondon.police.uk/news-and-appeals/Pages/City-of-London-Police-reveals-for-the-first-time-who-is-being-targeted-by-cyber-criminals-.aspx [accessed 25 November 2016]

279. 'Cyber Streetwise – Open for Business', HM Government, 14 January 2014, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/273330/cyber_streetwise_open_for_business.pdf [accessed 25 November 2016]

280. 'Password Guidance: Simplifying Your Approach', Communications-Electronics Security Group (GCHQ), 8 September 2015 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/458857/Password_guidance_-_simplifying_your_approach.pdf [accessed 25 November 2016]

281. 'New campaign urges people to be 'Cyber Streetwise'', HM Government, 13 January 2014, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-campaign-urges-people-to-be-cyber-streetwise [accessed 25 November 2016]

282. 'Only 35% of people follow latest password advice', Action Fraud, 26 October 2016, http://www.actionfraud.police.uk/news/only-35-per-cent-of-people-follow-latest-password-advice-oct16 [accessed 24 November 2016]

283. Coventry, L, et al, 'Using behavioural insights to improve the public's use of cyber security best practices', Government Office for Science, 2014, p.15 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/309652/14-835-cyber-security-behavioural-insights.pdf [accessed 25 November 2016]