Single-Use Disposable Beverage Cups Charge Strategic Environmental Assessment: Environmental Report

Footnotes

1 Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009

2 Circular Economy (Scotland) Bill

3 Consumption of Single-use Disposable Beverage Cups in Scotland, 2023

4 Reusable coffee cups life cycle assessment and benchmark, Edge for KeepCup, 2018

5 Consumption of Single-use Disposable Beverage Cups in Scotland, 2023

6 Ibid

7 Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009

8 Circular Economy (Scotland) Bill

9 Environmental Protection (Single-use Plastic Products) (Scotland) Regulations 2021

10 Scottish Government, Single-Use Disposable Cups Charge Advisory Group

11 Single-use disposable cups: EPECOM recommendations, Scottish Government, 2019

12 How Incentive Framing Can Harness the Power of Social Norms. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 2019, Lieberman et al

¹³ Circular Economy (Scotland) Bill, Policy Memorandum, Scottish Parliament, 2023 – paragraph 63

14 Environmental Assessment (Scotland) Act 2005

15 Single-use disposable cups: EPECOM recommendations, Scottish Government, 2019

16 Consumption of Single-use Disposable Beverage Cups in Scotland, Zero Waste Scotland, 2022

17 Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009

18 Circular Economy (Scotland) Bill

19 Scotland’s Circular Economy and Waste Route Map to 2030, Scottish Government, 2024

20 Securing a green recovery on a path to net zero: climate change plan 2018–2032 - update - Scottish Government, 2020

21 Directive on the Reduction of the Impact of Certain Plastic Products on the Environment, 2019, The European Union

22 European Strategy for Plastics in the Circular Economy, European Commission

23 The Single-use Plastic Products (Scotland) Regulations 2021

24 Extended producer responsibility for packaging: who is affected and what to do, UK Government, 2022

25 Packaging (Essential Requirements) Regulations 2015

26 The Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009

27 The Climate Change (Emissions Reduction Targets) (Scotland) Act 2019

28 The Handbook of Climate Trends Across Scotland, SNIFFER, 2006

29 Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), IPCC, 2014

30 The Carbon Impacts of the Circular Economy, Zero Waste Scotland, 2015

31 Scottish Waste Environmental Footprint Tool: 2022 Household Waste Results Summary, Zero Waste Scotland, 2024

32 Scotland’s Biodiversity Strategy for 2045, Scottish Government, 2022

33 Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Update to the Climate Change Plan 2018-2032 Environmental Report, Scottish Government, 2020

34 Marine Litter Issues, Impacts and Actions, Marine Scotland, 2011

35 The Food Safety Act 1990

36 The Materials and Articles in Contact with Food (Scotland) Regulations 2012

37 Regulation (EU) 10/2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food, European Union, 2011

38 Scottish Litter Survey, Keep Scotland Beautiful, 2023

39 Pride in Place: Tackling Incivilities, Carnegie Trust UK, 2012

40 Factors That Can Undermine the Psychological Benefits of Coastal Environments: Exploring the Effect of Tidal State, Presence, and Type of Litter, Wyles et al., 2016

41 The European Water Framework Directive

42 Scotland's Freshwater, Scotland's Environment, 2023

43 Scotland’s State of the Environment Report 2014, Scotland’s Environment, 2014

44 Rivers and Canals, Scotland’s Environment, 2014

45 Environmental payback periods of reusable alternatives to single-use plastic kitchenware products, Fetner, H., Miller, S.A., 2021

46 Consumption of Single-use Disposable Beverage Cups in Scotland, Zero Waste Scotland, 2022

47 Environmental payback periods of reusable alternatives to single-use plastic kitchenware products, Fetner, H., Miller, S.A., 2021

48 Ibid

49 Consumption of Single-use Disposable Beverage Cups in Scotland, Zero Waste Scotland, 2022

50 Wet wipes containing plastic – proposed ban: strategic environmental assessment, Scottish Government, 2023

51 The EU Soil Strategy for 2030, European Commission, 2021

52 EU biodiversity strategy for 2030, European Commission

53 European Green Deal, European Commission

54 Scottish Soil Framework, Scottish Government, 2009

55 The State of Scotland's Soil, SEPA, 2011

56 Impacts of Microplastics on the Soil Biophysical Environment, Environmental Science & Technology, Anderson Abel de Souza Machado, et.al, 2018

57 Circular Economy (Scotland) Bill

58 Scotland’s Circular Economy and Waste Route Map to 2030, Scottish Government, 2024

59 The National Litter and Flytipping Strategy, Scottish Government, 2023

60 Towards a Litter-Free Scotland, Scottish Government, 2014

61 The Fourth National Planning Framework, Scottish Government, 2023

62 Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Update to the Climate Change Plan 2018-2032 Environmental Report, Scottish Government, 2020

63 NatureScot’s Landscape Policy Framework

64 The 2022 Scottish Litter Survey reported that only 25% respondents from urban areas reported seeing litter ‘rarely’ or ‘never’, compared to 39% of those responding in rural areas.

65 Composition of Litter in Scotland, Keep Scotland Beautiful, 2016

66 Introducing Market Restrictions on Problematic Single-Use Plastic Items in Scotland Strategic Environmental Assessment, Scottish Government, 2020

67 Scottish Litter Survey, Tracking public perceptions and attitudes towards litter and littering behaviour, Keep Scotland Beautiful, 2023

68 Consumption of Single-use Disposable Beverage Cups in Scotland, Zero Waste Scotland, 2022

69 Single-use Cups and On-the-Go Fibre-composite Food Packaging, WRAP, 2021

70 Reusable coffee cups life cycle assessment and benchmark, Edge for KeepCup, 2018

71 How small daily choices play a huge role in climate change: The disposable paper cup environmental bane, Foteinis, 2020

72 CupClub Sustainability Report 2018, CupClub, 2018

73 Case Study Ceramic cup vs. Paper cup, Martin, Bunsen, and Ciroth, 2018

74 New coffee cup study shows recycled paper coffee cup has 60% lower carbon footprint than normal cups and would save more than 200 billion litres of water and up to 200 million trees a year, Frugalpac, 2020

75 Carbon Footprint of the Circular Returnable Cup: A Preliminary Life Cycle Assessment, Prof Xiaoyu Yan, 2023

76It Doesn't Stack Up, Hope Solutions

77 Choice of materials for takeaway beverage cups towards a circular economy, Changwichan and Gheewala, 2020

78 Consumption of Single-use Disposable Beverage Cups in Scotland, Zero Waste Scotland, 2022

79 How small daily choices play a huge role in climate change: The disposable paper cup environmental bane, Foteinis, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020

80 Disposable Packaging: Coffee Cups, House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 2018

81 Scottish Waste Environmental Footprint Tool, Zero Waste Scotland, 2024

82 Consumption of Single-use Disposable Beverage Cups in Scotland, Zero Waste Scotland, 2022

83 Keep Scotland Beautiful, Litter Composition in Scotland 2023

84 Disposable Packaging: Coffee Cups, House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 2018

85 Marine Litter Issues, Impacts and Actions, Marine Scotland, 2011

86 Single-use take-away cups of paper are as toxic to aquatic midge larvae as plastic cups, Almroth et al, Environmental Pollution, 2023

87 Single-Use Cups and On-the-Go Fibre-composite Food Packaging, WRAP, 2021

88 Consumption of Single-use Beverage Cups in Scotland, Zero Waste Scotland, 2022

89 Paper & Packaging Report 2023, Bain & Company, 2023

90 It should be noted that these results include the impacts of the generation of this waste, and are not limited to direct impacts of disposal.

91 Reusable coffee cups life cycle assessment and benchmark, Edge for KeepCup, 2018

92 It should be noted that the study assumed lower levels of machine washing (5%) for ‘The Brew Cork’, as it was recommended to hand wash this particular design.

93 New coffee cup study shows recycled paper coffee cup has 60% lower carbon footprint than normal cups and would save more than 200 billion litres of water and up to 200 million trees a year, Frugalpac, 2020

94 Family spending workbook 4: expenditure by household characteristic, Office for National Statistics, 2020

95 At home with water, Energy Saving Trust, 2013

96 Food packaging: safety first, Zero Waste Europe, 2023

97 How “forever chemicals” might impair the immune system, Carolyn Beans, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2021

98 Test: Unwanted chemicals in colorful food packaging, Stine Müller,

Forbrugerrådet Tænk, 2019

99 Hazardous chemicals in recycled and reusable plastic food packaging, Geueke et al, Cambridge Prisms: Plastics, 2023

100 Release of microplastics from disposable cups in daily use, Chen et al, Science of The Total Environment, 2023

101 Notice to retailers: Plastic containers or utensils containing bamboo, Food Standards Agency, 2023

102 Call for Evidence: Plastic food contact materials containing bamboo and similar plant-based material as additives, Food Standards Agency, 2023.

103 Migration, Jane Muncke, Food Packaging Forum, 2013

104 Pride in Place: Tackling Incivilities, Carnegie Trust UK, 2012

105 Factors That Can Undermine the Psychological Benefits of Coastal Environments: Exploring the Effect of Tidal State, Presence, and Type of Litter, Wyles et al., 2016

106 Hazardous chemicals in recycled and reusable plastic food packaging, Geueke et al, Cambridge Prisms: Plastics, 2023

107 Consumption of Single-use Disposable Beverage Cups in Scotland, Zero Waste Scotland, 2022

108 Disposable Packaging: Coffee Cups, House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 2018

109 Litter Composition in Scotland 2023, Keep Scotland Beautiful, 2023

110 Scottish Litter Survey, Keep Scotland Beautiful, 2022

111 Transitioning beyond single-use plastic drinks cups: an emergent social marketing case study in Scotland, Carrigan, Wells, and Mackay, Emerald, 2023

112 Beachwatch 2022: What you found, Marine Conservation Society, 2022