Staying together and connected: getting it right for sisters and brothers: national practice guidance

Footnotes

1. Members of the National Advisory Group are included on page 5.

2. Page 9. Independent Care Review (2020b) The Promise. Glasgow: Independent Care Review. Available at: https://www.carereview.scot/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/The-Promise.pdf.

3. This statement of rights is inspired by "A Charter for Brothers and Sisters" by Beckett, S. (2021) Beyond Together or Apart: Planning for, Assessing and Placing Sibling Groups. Second ed. London: CoramBAAF. This was adapted for Scotland's context by the Consultants Group who made such valuable contributions to the development of this practice guidance.

4. The Scottish Government (no date) Human Rights: Children's Rights. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/policies/human-rights/childrens-rights/ (Accessed: 24 June 2021).

5. See for example, ABC v Principal Reporter [2020} UK Supreme Court 26, paragraph 28.

6. Independent Care Review (2020b) The Promise. Glasgow: Independent Care Review. Available at: https://www.carereview.scot/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/The-Promise.pdf.

7. Page 3. The Promise (2021) Plan 21-24. The Promise. Available at: https://thepromise.scot/plan-21-24-pdf-standard.pdf.

8. Page 62. Independent Care Review (2020b) The Promise. Glasgow: Independent Care Review. Available at: https://www.carereview.scot/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/The-Promise.pdf.

9. International comparisons of health and wellbeing in early childhood, Nuffield Trust 2018 https://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/research/international-comparisons-of-health-and-wellbeing-in-early-childhood

10. The term 'looked after' is used here because it has a specific legal meaning. Inclusive language is preferred and used wherever possible throughout this guidance. However, for the avoidance of doubt in relation to legal duties, at times it is necessary to use the language set out in legislation. For further details see 'The language used throughout this guidance' section at the beginning of the guidance.

11. Page 1468. Baker, C., Griesbach, D. and Waterton, J. (2019) 'Siblings: A Review of the Evidence on the Circumstances and Experiences of Siblings in the "Care System", and the Factors which Promote or Inhibit Relationships', in Independent Care Review (ed.) Evidence Framework Feb 2017 – Feb 2020. Glasgow: Independent Care Review, pp. 1451–1513. Available at: https://www.carereview.scot/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ICR_Evidence_Framework_v2-1.pdf.

12. Page 11. Saunders, H. and Selwyn, J. (2011) Adopting Large Sibling Groups: The Experience of Adopters and Adoption Agencies. London: BAAF Adoption and Fostering.

13. Jones, C. (2016) 'Sibling Relationships in Adoptive and Fostering Families: A Review of the International Research Literature', Children & Society, 30, pp. 324–334. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/chso.12146?casa_token=Lgu-TNyrX38AAAAA:7VbewsAoCjhJxNxlO7m6qf6C9JuTfMdp2SbsCpKT2xWcWHBQsi3GiNC5o2FaigNTeIX9ZNAke4FbAw.

14. Page 11. Beckett, S. (2021) Beyond Together or Apart: Planning for, Assessing and Placing Sibling Groups. Second ed. London: CoramBAAF.

15. Page 7. Saunders, H. and Selwyn, J. (2011) Adopting Large Sibling Groups: The Experience of Adopters and Adoption Agencies. London: BAAF Adoption and Fostering.

16. Page 12. Beckett, S. (2021) Beyond Together or Apart: Planning for, Assessing and Placing Sibling Groups. Second ed. London: CoramBAAF.

17. Office of the Guardian for Children and Young People (2011b) 'She's my sister and she will always mean something to me...': Report on the Inquiry into what Children Say about Contact with their Siblings and the Impact Sibling Contact has on Wellbeing. Adelaide, SA: Government of South Australia. Available at: https://www.gcyp.sa.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/2011-10-26-GCYP-sibling-contact-inquiry-report.pdf.

18. Meakings, S., Coffey, A. and Shelton, K. H. (2017) 'The influence of adoption on sibling relationships: Experiences and support needs of newly formed adoptive families', The British Journal of Social Work, 47(6), pp. 1781–1799. Available at: https://academic.oup.com/bjsw/article/47/6/1781/4554334.

19. Wojciak, A. S., McWey, L. M. and Waid, J. (2018) 'Sibling relationships of youth in foster care: A predictor of resilience', Children and Youth Services Review, 84, pp. 247–254. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740917307661?casa_token=gWRSlZP9Jz0AAAAA:dM9d7308QlP4cdm4dsB6KoBANx5ZGuFPCqSxT5jwW443QBy4BH0t-pkttB-8fFizqQN4HGnGEA.

20. Ashley, C. and Roth, D. (2015) What Happens to Siblings in the Care System? London: Family Rights Group and Kinship Care Alliance. Available at: https://frg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/siblings-in-care-final-report-january-2015.pdf.

21. Office of the Guardian for Children and Young People (2011a) Literature Review: Children in Care and Contact with their Siblings. Adelaide, SA: Government of South Australia. Available at: https://www.gcyp.sa.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/2011-07-22-Sibling-Contact-Literature-Review-final-1.pdf.

22. Page 1456. Baker, C., Griesbach, D. and Waterton, J. (2019) 'Siblings: A Review of the Evidence on the Circumstances and Experiences of Siblings in the "Care System", and the Factors which Promote or Inhibit Relationships', in Independent Care Review (ed.) Evidence Framework Feb 2017 – Feb 2020. Glasgow: Independent Care Review, pp. 1451–1513. Available at: https://www.carereview.scot/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ICR_Evidence_Framework_v2-1.pdf.

23. Page 19. Independent Care Review (2020b) The Promise. Glasgow: Independent Care Review. Available at: https://www.carereview.scot/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/The-Promise.pdf.

24. Page 1469. Baker, C., Griesbach, D. and Waterton, J. (2019) 'Siblings: A Review of the Evidence on the Circumstances and Experiences of Siblings in the "Care System", and the Factors which Promote or Inhibit Relationships', in Independent Care Review (ed.) Evidence Framework Feb 2017 – Feb 2020. Glasgow: Independent Care Review, pp. 1451–1513. Available at: https://www.carereview.scot/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ICR_Evidence_Framework_v2-1.pdf.

25. Section 13(2)(b), Children (Scotland) Act 2020

26. Jones, F. and Jones, C. (2018) Prioritising Sibling Relationships for Looked After Children. Edinburgh: Clan Childlaw. Available at: https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/63579/.

27. Baker, C., Griesbach, D. and Waterton, J. (2019) 'Siblings: A Review of the Evidence on the Circumstances and Experiences of Siblings in the "Care System", and the Factors which Promote or Inhibit Relationships', in Independent Care Review (ed.) Evidence Framework Feb 2017 – Feb 2020. Glasgow: Independent Care Review, pp. 1451–1513. Available at: https://www.carereview.scot/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ICR_Evidence_Framework_v2-1.pdf.

28. Stand Up For Siblings (2020) Justice Committee: Children (Scotland) Bill. Response from Stand Up For Siblings: REF NO. J/S5/19/CH/76. Edinburgh: The Scottish Government. Available at: https://archive2021.parliament.scot/S5_JusticeCommittee/Inquiries/JS519CH76_Stand_Up_for_Siblings.pdf.

29. Page 1. Beckett, S. (2021) Beyond Together or Apart: Planning for, Assessing and Placing Sibling Groups. Second ed. London: CoramBAAF.

30. Beckett, S. (2021) Beyond Together or Apart: Planning for, Assessing and Placing Sibling Groups. Second ed. London: CoramBAAF.

31. Groza, V. et al. (2003) 'Siblings and out-of-home placement: Best practices', Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 84(4), pp. 480–490. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1606/1044-3894.136?casa_token=2AGm4l0L_zsAAAAA:XrZ5ahGvLaT9O1jQrwbPHcDlmBJj7LIc2JPzxbTWUAcwtmiDvCzQAFwxTCgg2hM4BWA3rx_9tsv5.

32. Jones, C., Henderson, G. and Woods, R. (2019) 'Relative strangers: Sibling estrangements experiences by children in out-of-home care and moving towards permanence', Children and Youth Services Review, 103, pp. 226–235. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740918310685?casa_token=jdFFmgi4xngAAAAA:G77GKq2-hZk-kWmrPWL4UEDbWkQ4mORZqYUY0uewl9tz1vb-6H2vfrj8NHB8FL2YM6ix7jhdRg.

33. Page 47. The Promise (2021) Plan 21-24. The Promise. Available at: https://thepromise.scot/plan-21-24-pdf-standard.pdf

34. Page 42. Beckett, S. (2021) Beyond Together or Apart: Planning for, Assessing and Placing Sibling Groups. Second ed. London: CoramBAAF

35. Page 1. Beckett, S. (2021) Beyond Together or Apart: Planning for, Assessing and Placing Sibling Groups. Second ed. London: CoramBAAF.

36. Independent Care Review (2020b) The Promise. Glasgow: Independent Care Review. Available at: https://www.carereview.scot/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/The-Promise.pdf.

37. Contact After Adoption (2018b) Practice Guide: Listening to Very Young Children when Planning and Reviewing Contact. Available at: https://contact.rip.org.uk/topics/voice-of-the-child/#vc_prbr_listen (Accessed: 20 June 2021).

38. Contact After Adoption (2018b) Practice Guide: Listening to Very Young Children when Planning and Reviewing Contact. Available at: https://contact.rip.org.uk/topics/voice-of-the-child/#vc_prbr_listen (Accessed: 20 June 2021).

39. Baker, C. (2006) 'Disabled foster children and contacts with their birth families', Adoption & Fostering, 30(2), pp. 18–28. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/030857590603000204?casa_token=jBwk9HCd3WgAAAAA:lhfrWRp5p8PViKvqUHEhCaLmEv UJPzGty43PRzO4ytDTIv3QUYodI1HATiLVaoCNkav2CI9fvKdI.

40. Page 30. Independent Care Review (2020b) The Promise. Glasgow: Independent Care Review. Available at: https://www.carereview.scot/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/The-Promise.pdf.

41. Daly, A. (2016) ‘Hearing children in proceedings – What we can learn from global practice’, 26 Seen and Heard 42. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2762234.

42. We note that there will be circumstances where it will be in a child's best interest to see the people that are important to them, for example their brothers and/or sisters, without their parents present. There is further guidance on the importance of listening to and assessing children's needs around spending time together in Section 12.

43. The Scottish Government (2020) Advocacy in the Children's Hearings System: Guidance Document. Edinburgh: The Scottish Government. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/advocacy-childrens-hearings-system-national-practice-model-guidance/pages/4/

44. Page 25. Independent Care Review (2020b) The Promise. Glasgow: Independent Care Review. Available at: https://www.carereview.scot/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/The-Promise.pdf.

45. Page 12. Independent Care Review (2020b) The Promise. Glasgow: Independent Care Review. Available at: https://www.carereview.scot/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/The-Promise.pdf.

46. Page 79. Independent Care Review (2020b) The Promise. Glasgow: Independent Care Review. Available at: https://www.carereview.scot/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/The-Promise.pdf.

47. Page 74. Independent Care Review (2020b) The Promise. Glasgow: Independent Care Review. Available at: https://www.carereview.scot/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/The-Promise.pdf.

48. Page 76. Independent Care Review (2020b) The Promise. Glasgow: Independent Care Review. Available at: https://www.carereview.scot/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/The-Promise.pdf.

49. Beckett, S. (2021) Beyond Together or Apart: Planning for, Assessing and Placing Sibling Groups. Second ed. London: CoramBAAF.

50. Beckett, S. (2021) Beyond Together or Apart: Planning for, Assessing and Placing Sibling Groups. Second ed. London: CoramBAAF.

51. Page 76. Independent Care Review (2020b) The Promise. Glasgow: Independent Care Review. Available at: https://www.carereview.scot/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/The-Promise.pdf.

52. Beckett, S. (2021) Beyond Together or Apart: Planning for, Assessing and Placing Sibling Groups. Second ed. London: CoramBAAF.

53. Saunders, H., Selwyn, J. and Fursland, E. (2013) Placing Large Sibling Groups for Adoption. London: CoramBAAF.

54. Page 20. Independent Care Review (2020b) The Promise. Glasgow: Independent Care Review. Available at: https://www.carereview.scot/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/The-Promise.pdf.

55. Regulation 5A of the Looked After Children (Scotland) Regulations 2009, as amended by the Looked After Children (Scotland) Regulations 2021.

56. Saunders, H. and Selwyn, J. (2011) Adopting Large Sibling Groups: The Experience of Adopters and Adoption Agencies. London: BAAF Adoption and Fostering.

57. Groza, V. et al. (2003) 'Siblings and out-of-home placement: Best practices', Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 84(4), pp. 480–490. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1606/1044-3894.136?casa_token=2AGm4l0L_zsAAAAA:XrZ5ahGvLaT9O1jQrwbPHcDlmBJj7LIc2JPzxbTWUAcwtmiDvCzQAFwxTCgg2hM4BWA3rx_9tsv5.

58. Contact After Adoption (2018a) Practice Briefing: Sibling Contact. Available at: https://contact.rip.org.uk/topics/contact-with-siblings/ (Accessed: 29 June 2021).

59. Groza, V. et al. (2003) 'Siblings and out-of-home placement: Best practices', Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 84(4), pp. 480–490. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1606/1044-3894.136?casa_token=2AGm4l0L_zsAAAAA:XrZ5ahGvLaT9O1jQrwbPHcDlmBJj7LIc2JPzxbTWUAcwtmiDvCzQAFwxTCgg2hM4BWA3rx_9tsv5.

60. Schofield, G. and Simmonds, J. (2009) The Child Placement Handbook: Research, Policy and Practice. London: British Association of Adoption and Fostering.

61. Under Part 12 Services in Relation to Children at Risk of Becoming Looked After, etc, of the Children and Young People (Scotland) Act 2014 and the Relevant Services in Relation to Children at Risk of Becoming Looked After, etc. (Scotland) Order 2016.

62. Frost, N., Abram, F. and Burgess, H. (2014) 'Family group conferences: Evidence, outcomes and future research', Child & Family Social Work, 19, pp. 501–507. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/cfs.12049?casa_token=auOWpAIViGkAAAAA:siSzsUuHgycJvVjALX7r_l4foMPhLflR5fMk0DPL0x_WMSsBSShrBv0ubEODW34krLjZOxFlpdI2Qg.

63. Contact After Adoption (2018c) Practice Guide: Supporting Direct Contact Between Siblings. Available at: https://contact.rip.org.uk/topics/contact-with-siblings/ (Accessed: 29 June 2021).

64. For a comprehensive overview, see Section 4 in Beckett, S. (2021) Beyond Together or Apart: Planning for, Assessing and Placing Sibling Groups. Second ed. London: CoramBAAF.

65. Beckett, S. (2021) Beyond Together or Apart: Planning for, Assessing and Placing Sibling Groups. Second ed. London: CoramBAAF.

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67. Saunders, H. and Selwyn, J. (2011) Adopting Large Sibling Groups: The Experience of Adopters and Adoption Agencies. London: BAAF Adoption and Fostering.

68. City of Edinburgh Council (2014) Keeping in Touch: Managing Contact for Looked After Children. Edinburgh: City of Edinburgh Council. Available at: https://www.standupforsiblings.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Keeping-In-Touch-Guidance-Edinburgh-City-Council.pdf.

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74. Regulation 5A(4) of the Looked After Children (Scotland) Regulations as amended by the Looked After Children (Scotland) Regulations 2021.

75. Groza, V. et al. (2003) 'Siblings and out-of-home placement: Best practices', Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 84(4), pp. 480–490. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1606/1044-3894.136?casa_token=2AGm4l0L_zsAAAAA:XrZ5ahGvLaT9O1jQrwbPHcDlmBJj7LIc2JPzxbTWUAcwtmiDvCzQAFwxTCgg2hM4BWA3rx_9tsv5.

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108. Child Welfare Information Gateway (2019) Sibling Issues in Foster Care and Adoption: Bulletin for Professionals. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children's Bureau. Available at: https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/siblingissues/.

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116. section 13, which amends section 17 of the Children (Scotland) Act 1995.

117. Baker, C. (2017) 'Literature Review: What Would the Best Care System in Scotland Look Like to You? The Views of Children and Poung People, their Parents, Carers and Professionals', in Independent Care Review (ed.) Evidence Framework Feb 2017 – Feb 2020. Glasgow: Independent Care Review, pp. 224–306. Available at: https://www.carereview.scot/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ICR_Evidence_Framework_v2-1.pdf.

118. We note that this may not be possible in every circumstance, such as if a carer has other children or commitments. Additional support and/or resource may be required to support this practice. Section 13 outlines further guidance on how practitioners can support families.

119. Contact After Adoption (2018a) Practice Briefing: Sibling Contact. Available at: https://contact.rip.org.uk/topics/contact-with-siblings/ (Accessed: 29 June 2021).

120. City of Edinburgh Council (2014) Keeping in Touch: Managing Contact for Looked After Children. Edinburgh: City of Edinburgh Council. Available at: https://www.standupforsiblings.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Keeping-In-Touch-Guidance-Edinburgh-City-Council.pdf.

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123. Parker, P. and McLaven, G. (2018) '"We all belonged in there somewhere": Young people's and carers' experiences of a residential sibling contact event', Adoption & Fostering, 42(2), pp. 108–121. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0308575918773037?casa_token=yPm4RsWn5eIAAAAA:KLENv06sysjjo55Kv48Pmvu0KaECn0kgKmsVGj91UUMbQk0QgOca7kQIgjSRw-gp-4lhvJB8vs54.

124. Contact After Adoption (2018a) Practice Briefing: Sibling Contact. Available at: https://contact.rip.org.uk/topics/contact-with-siblings/ (Accessed: 29 June 2021).

125. Neil, E., Copson, R. and Sorensen, P. (2020) Contact During Lockdown: How are Children and their Birth Families Keeping in Touch? London: Nuffield Family Justice Observatory. Available at: https://www.nuffieldfjo.org.uk/resource/lockdown-keeping-in-touch.

126. Neil, E., Copson, R. and Sorensen, P. (2020) Contact During Lockdown: How are Children and their Birth Families Keeping in Touch? London: Nuffield Family Justice Observatory. Available at: https://www.nuffieldfjo.org.uk/resource/lockdown-keeping-in-touch.

127. Neil, E., Copson, R. and Sorensen, P. (2020) Contact During Lockdown: How are Children and their Birth Families Keeping in Touch? London: Nuffield Family Justice Observatory. Available at: https://www.nuffieldfjo.org.uk/resource/lockdown-keeping-in-touch.

128. Neil, E., Copson, R. and Sorensen, P. (2020) Contact During Lockdown: How are Children and their Birth Families Keeping in Touch? London: Nuffield Family Justice Observatory. Available at: https://www.nuffieldfjo.org.uk/resource/lockdown-keeping-in-touch.

129. Contact After Adoption (2018a) Practice Briefing: Sibling Contact. Available at: https://contact.rip.org.uk/topics/contact-with-siblings/ (Accessed: 29 June 2021).

130. Neil, E., Copson, R. and Sorensen, P. (2020) Contact During Lockdown: How are Children and their Birth Families Keeping in Touch? London: Nuffield Family Justice Observatory. Available at: https://www.nuffieldfjo.org.uk/resource/lockdown-keeping-in-touch.

131. Contact After Adoption (2018a) Practice Briefing: Sibling Contact. Available at: https://contact.rip.org.uk/topics/contact-with-siblings/ (Accessed: 29 June 2021).

132. Contact After Adoption (2018a) Practice Briefing: Sibling Contact. Available at: https://contact.rip.org.uk/topics/contact-with-siblings/ (Accessed: 29 June 2021).

133. Beckett, S. (2021) Beyond Together or Apart: Planning for, Assessing and Placing Sibling Groups. Second ed. London: CoramBAAF.

134. Contact After Adoption (2018c) Practice Guide: Supporting Direct Contact Between Siblings. Available at: https://contact.rip.org.uk/topics/contact-with-siblings/ (Accessed: 29 June 2021).

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136. Beckett, S. (2021) Beyond Together or Apart: Planning for, Assessing and Placing Sibling Groups. Second ed. London: CoramBAAF.

137. Sebba, J. (2017) Evaluation of the Siblings Together Buddy Project: Final Report. Oxford: Rees Centre, University of Oxford. Available at: http://www.education.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Siblings-Together-Final-Report.pdf. In Beckett, S. (2021) Beyond Together or Apart: Planning for, Assessing and Placing Sibling Groups. Second ed. London: CoramBAAF.

138. Looked After Children Strategic Implementation Group [LACSIG] (2013) National Foster Care Review: Final Report. Edinburgh: LACSIG. Available at: https://hub.careinspectorate.com/media/1277/national-foster-care-review-final-report.pdf.

139. The Scottish Government (2014) Scottish Government Response to the Findings by the Foster Care Review. Edinburgh: The Scottish Government. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/corporate-report/2014/01/scottish-government-response-findings-foster-care-review/documents/00442537-pdf/00442537-pdf/govscot%3Adocument/00442537.pdf.

140. Under paragraph 1(8) of the Transitional and Savings Provisions Schedule of the Coronavirus (Extension and Expiry) (Scotland) Bill, available at https://www.parliament.scot/-/media/files/legislation/bills/s6-bills/coronavirus-extension-and-expiry-scotland-bill/stage-3/bill-as-passed.pdf

141. Article 12, United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) (UNCRC)

142. The Scottish Government (2017) Health and Social Care Standards: My Support, My Life. Edinburgh: The Scottish Government. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/advice-and-guidance/2017/06/health-social-care-standards-support-life/documents/00520693-pdf/00520693-pdf/govscot%3Adocument/00520693.pdf.

143. Care Inspectorate (2021) A Quality Framework for Fostering, Adoption and Adult Placement Services: For Use in Self-Evaluation, Scrutiny and Improvement Support. Dundee: Care Inspectorate. Available at: https://www.careinspectorate.com/images/documents/6098/A quality framework for fostering and adoption and adult placement services_May2021.pdf.